共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Patrick Forber 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(2):247-266
Evolutionary biology, indeed any science that attempts to reconstruct prehistory, faces practical limitations on available
data. These limitations create the problem of contrast failure: specific observations may fail to discriminate between rival evolutionary hypotheses. Assessing the risk of contrast failure
provides a way to evaluate testing protocols in evolutionary science. Here I will argue that part of the methodological critique
in the Spandrels paper involves diagnosing contrast failure problems. I then distinguish the problem of contrast failure from the more familiar
philosophical problem of underdetermination, and demonstrate how contrast failure arises in scientific practice with an investigation
into Lewontin and White’s (Evolution 14:116–129, 1960) estimation of an adaptive landscape.
相似文献
Patrick ForberEmail: |
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The effects of physical and mental countermeasures on the accuracy of the concealed information test (CIT) were examined in
a mock crime experiment with 64 participants. To combat countermeasures, two covert respiration measures, hidden in the seat
and back of the examination chair, were used in addition to the standard physiological measures (SCR, FPWL, RLL). Some guilty
participants were trained to use either physical or mental countermeasures and apply them to distort the outcomes of the CIT.
In the second phase of the experiment participants were detached from the standard polygraph devices and examined solely with
the two covert measures. Results indicated that physical countermeasures lowered SCR accuracy but had a relatively small effect
on the other standard measures. On the other hand, SCR was relatively resistant to mental countermeasures. Both covert measures
were resistant to physical countermeasures in the polygraph phase. When the standard devices were removed, the covert seat
measure was effective in the no countermeasure and in the mental countermeasure conditions but not when physical countermeasures
were applied. The back measure was entirely ineffective.
相似文献
Eitan ElaadEmail: |
5.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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Gérard Battail 《Biosemiotics》2008,1(2):221-238
This paper is intended to complement our previous works on the necessary existence of error-correcting codes endowing genomes
with the ability of being regenerated, not merely copied. It sketchily recalls some fundamental definitions and results of
information theory and error-correcting codes; provides an overview of our research; shows that the disjunction of replication
and regeneration enlightens the divide between germinal and somatic cells; suggests that some phenomena referred to as epigenetic
may possibly find an explanation within the framework of error-correcting codes; points out some difficulties, especially
those related to sexual reproduction; criticizes the template-replication paradigm, and prompts geneticists to become familiar
with information theory.
相似文献
Gérard BattailEmail: |
8.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
9.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
10.
Terry Harmer 《Cluster computing》2007,10(3):277-285
Gridcast is an R&D project investigating grid ideas and technologies in the broadcasting technical infrastructure. In this
paper I discuss the business and technical issues in building infrastructures to support broadcasters and outline the structure
of the Gridcast grid-based service oriented architecture for broadcasting playout support.
相似文献
Terry HarmerEmail: |
11.
A key point in the analysis of dynamical models of biological systems is to handle systems of relatively high dimensions.
In the present paper we propose a method to hierarchically organize a certain type of piecewise affine (PWA) differential
systems. This specific class of systems has been extensively studied for the past few years, as it provides a good framework
to model gene regulatory networks. The method, shown on several examples, allows a qualitative analysis of the asymptotic
behavior of a PWA system, decomposing it into several smaller subsystems. This technique, based on the well-known strongly
connected components decomposition, is not new. However, its adaptation to the non-smooth PWA differential equations turns
out to be quite relevant because of the strong discrete structure underlying these equations. Its biological relevance is
shown on a 7-dimensional PWA system modeling the gene network responsible for the carbon starvation response in Escherichia coli.
相似文献
Laurent Tournier (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jean-Luc GouzéEmail: |
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The branch of evolutionary theory known as signaling theory attempts to explain various forms of communication. Social scientists
have explained many traditional rituals as forms of communication that promote cooperative social relationships among participants.
Both evolutionists and social scientists have realized the importance of trust for the formation and maintenance of cooperative
social relationships. These factors have led to attempts to apply signaling theory to traditional cultural rituals in various
ways. This paper uses the traditional ritual of mumming in small Newfoundland fishing villages to evaluate alternative hypotheses
about the connection between rituals, communication, trust, and cooperation. Mumming is found to be most consistent with the
hypothesis that it is a ritual of trust wherein participants take a specific type of risk: the risk of harm at the hands of
other participants. Individuals who take this risk actively signal their trust. Conversely, individuals who restrain themselves
from inflicting harm on other participants actively signal their trustworthiness.
相似文献
Christina Nicole PomianekEmail: |
14.
Sarah Horton 《Culture, medicine and psychiatry》2009,33(1):21-40
Although recent scholarship on transnational mothers has rigorously examined the effect of migration on gender constructs
and ideologies, it neglects analysis of the lived experience of separated mothers and children. In privileging the exploration
of transnational separations through the single analytical lens of gender, such research reduces the embodied distress of
mothers and children to mere “gender false consciousness.” This paper calls upon anthropologists to redress this oversight
by undertaking a phenomenological analysis of the lived experience of transnational motherhood. Eschewing an analysis of mothers
and children as isolated social roles, I show that the suffering of mothers and children is profoundly relational. Through
analysis of the narratives of undocumented Salvadoran mothers residing in the U.S., I show how the strain of such mothers’
undocumented status is lived and shouldered within the intersubjective space of the family.
相似文献
Sarah HortonEmail: |
15.
Heather Rupp Giliah R. Librach Nick C. Feipel Ellen D. Ketterson Dale R. Sengelaub Julia R. Heiman 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2009,20(1):93-104
Previous research has demonstrated that hormones, relationship goals, and social context influence interest in the opposite
sex. It has not been previously reported, however, whether having a current sexual partner also influences interest in members
of the opposite sex. To test this, we obtained explicit and implicit measures of interest by measuring men’s and women’s subjective
ratings and response times while they evaluated photos of opposite-sex faces. Fifty-nine men and 56 women rated 510 photos
of opposite-sex faces for realism, masculinity, attractiveness, or affect. We found that these subjective ratings were not
influenced by partner status in either men or women. However, women who did not report having a current sexual partner spent
more time evaluating the photos than women who did have partners, demonstrating greater interest in the photos. Sexual partner
status did not predict men’s response times. These findings may reveal that relationship commitment in women suppresses interest
in alternative partners.
相似文献
Heather RuppEmail: |
16.
Roger Sansom 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(4):475-491
I show that gene regulation networks are qualitatively consistent and therefore sufficiently similar to linearly seperable
connectionist networks to warrant that the connectionist framework be applied to gene regulation. On this view, natural selection
designs gene regulation networks to overcome the difficulty of development. I offer some general lessons about their evolvability
that can be learned by examining the generic features of connectionist networks.
相似文献
Roger SansomEmail: |
17.
Causal Explanation of Indonesian Forest Fires: Concepts, Applications, and Research Priorities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Andrew P. Vayda 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》2006,34(5):615-635
Problems with studies, claims, and assumptions that have been made about the causes of fires in Indonesia's tropical moist forests are identified, and the kinds of concepts, methods, prioritizing, and data needed to resolve the problems are discussed. Separate sections are devoted to studying ignitions, studying fire susceptibility and fire behavior, and using the goal of causal explanation to guide interdisciplinary research.
相似文献
Andrew P. VaydaEmail: |
18.
Francois B. Vialatte Justin Dauwels Monique Maurice Yoko Yamaguchi Andrzej Cichocki 《Cognitive neurodynamics》2009,3(3):251-261
In this paper, we investigate the large-scale synchrony of EEG oscillatory bursts, during stimulation by a flickering square
of light. Whereas most studies focus on averaged raw EEG responses, this study considers oscillatory events within EEG of single trials, which leads to various new insights. We recorded EEG signals before, during and after stimulation by a flickering
square of light in medium (16 Hz) and high frequency (32 Hz) ranges. Similar oscillatory bursts, to those observed in spontaneous
EEG, can be found in single-trial synchrony of steady state visual evoked potentials (SSVEP). These bursts are extracted from
the EEG of single trials using bump modeling. Stochastic event synchrony method is applied to those events, which quantifies
synchronies of oscillatory bursts on a large-scale basis. Those oscillatory patterns have a significantly higher degree of
co-occurrence during SSVEP, uncorrelated with ongoing signal synchrony. It means that EEG oscillatory patterns are presumably
an outcome of brain activity, rather than a mere side effect of ongoing EEG. They undergo a consistent reorganization during
visual stimulation, preferentially along the visual pathway, depending on magno or parvo stimulations. Flickering stimuli
may induce some cognitive side-effects depending on the stimulation frequency.
相似文献
Francois B. VialatteEmail: |
19.
Steve Stewart-Williams 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2008,19(4):414-425
Inclusive fitness theory provides a compelling explanation for the evolution of altruism among kin. However, a completely
satisfactory account of non-kin altruism is still lacking. The present study compared the level of altruism found among siblings
with that found among friends and mates and sought to reconcile the findings with an evolutionary explanation for human altruism.
Participants (163 males and 156 females) completed a questionnaire about help given to a sibling, friend, or mate. Overall,
participants gave friends and mates as much or more help than they gave siblings. However, as the cost of help increased,
siblings received a progressively larger share of the help, whereas friends and mates received a progressively smaller share,
despite the fact that participants were closer emotionally to friends and mates than they were to siblings. These findings
help to explain the relative standing of friends and mates as recipients of altruistic aid.
相似文献
Steve Stewart-WilliamsEmail: |
20.
Event-related brain potentials (ERP) are important neural correlates of cognitive processes. In the domain of language processing,
the N400 and P600 reflect lexical-semantic integration and syntactic processing problems, respectively. We suggest an interpretation
of these markers in terms of dynamical system theory and present two nonlinear dynamical models for syntactic computations
where different processing strategies correspond to functionally different regions in the system’s phase space.
相似文献
Peter beim GrabenEmail: |