注射热损伤大鼠纹状体mRNA的爪蟾卵母细胞对多巴胺的反应

将从正常大鼠和热损伤大鼠的中枢纹状体提取的poly(A) mRNA ,注入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达。用电生理方法检测多巴胺诱发的膜电位和电流的变化 ,分析热损伤对中枢多巴胺受体表达的影响。结果表明 ,注射大鼠纹状体mRNA后 ,卵母细胞的静息电位与注射前没有变化 ,但多巴胺能诱发膜电流。经验证 ,此受体电流的主要载流离子是Cl-。注射热损伤大鼠纹状体mRNA的卵母细胞对多巴胺反应的敏感性降低 ,与正常大鼠组相比有显著性差异。因此可以断定 ,热损伤对大鼠纹状体中多巴胺受体的基因表达产生了明显的影响 ,并可能有离子通道的参与。     

鲫鱼脑氨基酸类神经递质受体在两栖类卵母细胞中的表达

两栖类卵母细胞表达系统经注射鲫鱼脑ｍＲＮＡ后可表达多种神经递质受体和某些离子通道。本工作利用电压箝方法结合药理学手段对ＧＡＢＡ受体和谷氨酸离子型受体作了较详细的研究。结果表明,由ＧＡＢＡ诱发的电流反应中,约９０％由ＧＡＢＡＡ受体介导,乘余约１０％的成分对ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的专一性拮抗剂Ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ不敏感,而ＧＡＢＡＢ受体的专一性激动剂Ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ不能引进电流反应,因此这部分受体特性与ＧＡ     

注射羊外周血淋巴细胞mRNA的爪蟾卵母细胞M型乙酰胆碱电流基本特性

将着外周血淋巴细胞ｍＲＮＡ注入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞胞乐内,借助卵母细胞折翻译系统,表达羊外周血淋巴细胞的Ｍ型乙酰胆碱受体并移植到卵母细胞膜上,用电压钳位仪检测表达受体电源。结果发现Ａｃｈ可诱发卵母细胞产生电流反应,该反应能被Ｍ型Ａｃｈ受体阻断剂硫酸阿托品阻断,但不能被Ｎ型受体阻断剂氯化筒箭毒阻断。     

鸡视网膜甘氨酸受体,乙酰胆碱受体及离子通道在两栖类卵母细胞中的表达和

利用两栖类卵母细胞表达鸡视网膜ｍＲＮＡ,借助电压箝方法研究鸡视网膜中的神经递质受体和离子通道。结果表明,鸡视网中存在甘氨酸受体和Ｎ型的乙酰胆碱受体。但天冬氨酸和５－ＨＴ、多巴胺未能诱导电流反应,此外还检测到电压依赖性的离子流、主要为延迟整流的外向钾电流和快速的内向钠电流。     

鸡视网膜甘氨酸受体、乙酰胆碱受体及离子通道在两栖类卵母细胞中的表达和初步研究

利用两栖类卵母细胞表达鸡视网膜ｍＲＮＡ,借助电压箝方法研究鸡视网膜中的神经递质受体和离子通道、结果表明,鸡视网膜中存在甘氨酸受体和Ｎ型的乙酰胆碱受体。但天冬氨酸和５－ＨＴ、多巴胺未能诱导电流反应。此外还检测到电压依赖性的离子流,主要为延迟整流型的外向钾电流和快速的内向钠电流。     

Zn2+对爪蟾卵母细胞表达鲫鱼脑GABA受体的调制作用

爪蟾卵母细胞注射鲫鱼脑ｍＲＮＡ后表达的ＧＡＢＡ受体中约８５％为ＧＡＢＡＡ受体。约１５％的成分为ＧＡＮＡＣ受体。本文利用双电极电压箝方法结合药物灌流研究了Ｚｎ６２＋对这两型受体的作用。我们观察到了Ｚｎ＾２＋对它们的调制都是可抑制性的,可逆的。     

大鼠纹状体脑片热损伤模型的建立

热损伤是环境医学领域的重要课题。据报道 ,脑内多巴胺受体与热损伤有密切关系。由于多巴胺受体主要集中分布于纹状体 ,为此 ,本实验建立了离体大鼠纹状体脑片胞外记录模型 ,以观察热损伤对离体大鼠纹状体脑片电位的影响。1　材料与方法将成年大鼠 (Ｗｉｓｔａｒ)在乙醚麻醉下断头取脑 ,分离出纹状体 ,于 4℃供氧条件下用国产震动切片机将其切成厚约 35 0 μｍ的脑片 ,并迅速置于 32℃恒温供氧条件下的人工脑脊液 (ＡＣＳＦ)中孵育 1ｈ。ＡＣＳＦ液成份 (ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ) :ＮａＣｌ 1 2 0 .0 ,ＫＣｌ 3.3,ＫＨ2 ＰＯ4 1 2 ,ＮａＨＣＯ3 2 6 .…     

胎脑黑质脑内移植矫正PD鼠纹状体内脑啡肽mRNA过度表达

用６－ＯＨＤＡ损毁大鼠一侧黑质—纹状体通路可引起ＰＤ模型鼠脑纹状体内多巴胺匿乏．同时,亦可导致脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ过度表达。我们用地高辛标记的ｃＲＮＡ探针对纹状体内脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ含量进行了斑点杂交定量研究,发现损伤侧脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ含量较健侧增高８０％,胎中脑移植到失神经支配的纹状体内,脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ过度表达得以矫正至正常水平,说明胎多巴胺能神经元脑内移植能够调节脑啡肽基因表达,提供了移植物能与宿主发生神经整合、建立突触联系的间接证据。     

鸡视网膜谷氨酸受体和GABA受体在两栖类卵母细胞中的表达

本工作利用两栖类卵母细胞作为功能表达系统,对鸡视网膜中的谷氨酸受体和ＧＡＢＡ受体的类型和基本性质进行了研究。在注射鸡视网膜ｍＲＮＡ的卵母细胞上,谷氨酸受体有明显的表达。Ｌ－Ｇｌｕ及其类似物ＫＡ,ＡＭＰＡ,ＱＡ都毫无例外地能诱导卵母细胞产生快速平滑的去极化电流,而ＮＭＤＡ,Ｌ－ＡＰ４,ＡＣＰＤ以及天冬氨酸不能诱导明显的电流反应。并且ＡＭＰＡ,ＱＡ对ＫＡ反应存在一定的抑制作用,提示ＡＭＰＡ,ＱＡ可能与ＫＡ作用于同一受体。抑制性氨基酸ＧＡＢＡ的受体被证明大部分为ＧＡＢＡＡ亚型,但有小部分的ＧＡＢＡ反应不能为荷包牡丹碱（ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ）所阻断。     

鲫鱼视网膜谷氨酸受体和GABA受体在爪蟾卵母细胞中的表达

我们以两栖类卵母细胞为功能表达系统,通过注射鲫鱼（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓ）视网膜ｍＲＮＡ,利用电压箝及药物灌流手段,系统地研究了鲫鱼视网膜内氨基酸受体的类型和特征,结果如下：（１）Ｇｌｕ受体：ＫＡ可以诱发明显的去极化电流,而且Ｄｉａｚｏｘｉｄｅ能增强ＫＡ诱导的反应,这提示鲫鱼视网膜内某些Ｃｌｕ受体是ＡＭＰＡ选择性亚型（ＡＭＰＡ－ｐｒｅｆｅｒｒｉｎｇｓｕｂｔｙｐｅ）。（２）ＣＡＢＡ受体：ＧＡＢＡ能诱发一个快速、光滑的内向电流,绝大部分对ＧＡＢＡ的反应可被ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ所压抑,而ＧＡＢＡ＿Ｂ受体的激动剂ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ则无任何作用,这提示,鲫鱼视网膜内大部分是ＧＡＢＡ＿Ａ受体。     

Expression of GABA and glycine receptors by messenger RNAs from the developing rat cerebral cortex

The ontogenesis of mRNAs coding for GABA and glycine receptors in the cerebral cortex of the rat was examined by extracting poly(A)+ mRNA from the brains of embryonic, postnatal or adult rats and injecting it into Xenopus oocytes. The ability of a messenger to express functional receptors was then assayed by measuring the membrane currents elicited by the agonists. The size of the GABA-induced current increased progressively with age, being undetectable in oocytes injected with mRNA from embryonic day 15 and reaching a maximum in oocytes injected with mRNA from postnatal day 30. In contrast, the glycine-induced response was negligible in oocytes injected with mRNA from the cerebral hemispheres of embryos 15 days old; it increased sharply to a maximum with newborn animals and then decreased with age to become very small with mRNA from adult cortex. GABA and glycine receptors induced by mRNA from the cerebral cortex of all ages are associated with chloride channels.     

Expression of Functional Bradykinin Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes

mRNA prepared from various tissues and cultured cells was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes. Three to five days after injection, the response of the oocytes to the peptide bradykinin was monitored. The oocytes were voltage clamped and the membrane currents generated on application of agonist were recorded. mRNA from NG108-15, rat uterus, and human fibroblast cell line WI38 gave similar responses to bradykinin (1 microM), with an initial inward current (10-20 nA) followed by a prolonged period of membrane current oscillations. The same pattern of response was given by total RNA from rat dorsal root ganglia. No response to bradykinin (10 microM) was recorded from oocytes injected with rat brain mRNA, although these oocytes gave peak inward currents of about 75 nA in response to serotonin (10 microM). mRNA from both NG108-15 cells and rat uterus was fractionated on sucrose gradients. This resulted in an approximately five-fold increase in the size of the response compared to that given by unfractionated mRNA. The largest responses were given by mRNA fractions with a size of approximately 4.5 kb. Data were obtained consistent with the expression of both B1 and B2 receptors by WI38 human fibroblasts and with the expression of only the B2 type of receptor by NG108-15 cells.     

红藻氨酸和GABA受体在中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞的表达

本文报道了利用中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞作为外源性膜蛋白的表达及其功能特性研究的模式系统。将大鼠脑的mRNA微量注入蟾蜍卵母细胞(每个卵母细胞注射50ng),在19℃下经48h以上培养后,由外源mRNA表达的大鼠脑的红藻氨酸和γ-氨基丁酸受体被整合到了卵母细胞膜上。红藻氨酸(5×10~(-5)mol/L)和γ-氨基丁酸(10~(-4)mol/L)所诱导的膜电流分别达到294.0±6.4nA(n=5)和309.5±4.9nA(n=4)。红藻氨酸浓度在10~(-3)mol/L时,其诱导的膜电流达最大值。进而,注射mRNA的卵母细胞,~(36)Cl~-流入速度比对照组高一倍多。这些结果表明,中华大蟾蜍卵母细胞,如同爪蟾卵母细胞一样,能表达具有功能的外源膜蛋白(受体蛋白和离子运输蛋白)。     

Expression of Olfactory Receptors in Xenopus Oocytes

The rat olfactory epithelium and the amino acid-sensitive catfish olfactory system have been used as models to study the molecular mechanisms of olfactory transduction. Here we report the functional expression of rat and catfish olfactory receptors in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA isolated from the respective tissues. Application of odor ligands to injected oocytes, monitored by two-electrode voltage clamp, activates stimulus-dependent transmembrane currents that reverse direction at about the chloride equilibrium potential. The currents show characteristic secondary oscillations that are presumed to reflect underlying Ca2+ oscillations. Similar ligand-activated membrane currents induced in oocytes after injection of other mRNAs have been shown to be due to activation of endogenous Ca(2+)-activated chloride channels. In summary, our results demonstrate the usefulness of the Xenopus oocyte expression system for cloning and characterization of olfactory receptors in both fish and mammalian species.     

Responses to GABA, glycine and beta-alanine induced in Xenopus oocytes by messenger RNA from chick and rat brain

Poly (A)+ messenger RNA (mRNA) was extracted from rat and chick brains, and injected into oocytes of Xenopus laevis. This led to the expression of receptors that evoked membrane currents in response to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine and beta-alanine. These currents all inverted at about the chloride equilibrium potential in the oocyte, and showed a marked rectification at negative potentials. Oocytes injected with mRNA from chick optic lobe gave large responses to GABA and beta-alanine, but small responses to glycine. In contrast, one fraction of mRNA from rat cerebral cortex (obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation) caused oocytes to develop sensitivity to GABA, glycine and beta-alanine, but very little to GABA. The pharmacological properties of the three amino acid responses also differed. Barbiturate and benzodiazepines potentiated the responses to GABA and beta-alanine, but not to glycine. Strychnine reduced the responses to glycine and beta-alanine, but not to GABA, whereas bicuculline reduced the responses to GABA and beta-alanine, but not to glycine. We conclude that different species of mRNA code for receptors to GABA and glycine, and possibly also for separate beta-alanine receptors.     

Changes in messenger RNAs coding for neurotransmitter receptors and voltage-operated channels in the developing rat cerebral cortex.

The ontogenetic development of poly(A)+ mRNAs coding for receptors to several neurotransmitters (kainate, glutamate, acetylcholine, and serotonin) and voltage-operated channels (sodium and calcium) was studied by isolating total poly(A)+ mRNA from the brains of rats at various developmental stages and injecting it into Xenopus oocytes. The oocytes translated the foreign mRNA and incorporated functional receptor/ion channel complexes into the cell membrane. Thus, recording of induced membrane currents in voltage-clamped oocytes gave a measure of the relative amounts of the different messengers. Responses induced by kainate, glutamate, acetylcholine, and serotonin all increased with age and reached a maximum in oocytes injected with mRNA from adult cortex. Messenger RNAs for the earliest ages examined, Embryonic Days 15 and 18, expressed little or no response to kainate, glutamate, or acetylcholine, while 50-70% of the adult response was reached by Postnatal Day 10. In contrast, the serotonin-induced response was already comparatively large (16% of the adult level) in oocytes injected with mRNA from Embryonic Day 15 brain and increased postnatally to adult levels. The expression of voltage-dependent sodium and calcium channels was small in oocytes injected with mRNA from embryonic animals and increased postnatally to reach a maximum in oocytes injected with mRNA from adult animals.     

Serotonin receptors induced by exogenous messenger RNA in Xenopus oocytes

When poly(A)+-mRNA, extracted from rat brain, was injected into Xenopus laevis oocytes, it induced the appearance of serotonin receptors in the oocyte membrane. Application of serotonin to injected oocytes elicited, after a long delay, oscillations in membrane current. The equilibrium potential of this current corresponded with the chloride equilibrium potential. It appears that rat brain mRNA encodes the translation of serotonin receptors into the oocyte membrane. The combination of serotonin with these receptors leads to the opening of membrane channels.     

Expression of ACh-activated channels and sodium channels by messenger RNAs from innervated and denervated muscle

Xenopus oocytes were used to express polyadenylated messenger RNAs (mRNAs) encoding acetylcholine receptors and voltage-activated sodium channels from innervated and denervated skeletal muscles of cat and rat. Oocytes injected with mRNA from denervated muscle acquired high sensitivity to acetylcholine, whereas those injected with mRNA from innervated muscle showed virtually no response. Hence the amount of translationally active mRNA encoding acetylcholine receptors appears to be very low in normally innervated muscle, but increases greatly after denervation. Conversely, voltage-activated sodium currents induced by mRNA from innervated muscle were about three times larger than those from denervated muscle; this result suggests that innervated muscle contains more mRNA coding for sodium channels. The sodium current induced by mRNA from denervated muscle was relatively more resistant to block by tetrodotoxin. Thus a proportion of the sodium channels in denervated muscle may be encoded by mRNAs different from those encoding the normal channels.