树附生苔藓植物多样性及其影响因素

树附生苔藓植物是一类附生在树木上的苔藓植物,是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持生物多样性和生态系统功能等方面发挥着重要的作用。由于树附生苔藓植物结构简单,对环境变化尤为敏感,常在大气污染、气候变化、森林干扰等方面作为指示生物。随着全球变化的加剧,其多样性势必会受到影响。因此,研究树附生苔藓植物多样性分布及其对不同环境因子的响应,对于全球变化背景下树附生苔藓植物的保护和利用具有重要的指导性意义。首先对树附生苔藓植物多样性和空间分布现状进行阐述,然后从附主树木特征、森林群落特征和全球变化等3个方面探讨树附生苔藓植物多样性与影响因素之间的关系,以期从"个体-群落-全球"不同尺度进行分析,为树附生苔藓植物的保护和利用等研究提供借鉴和参考。     

藏东南色季拉山(西坡)地面生藓类植物物种组成的初步研究

正苔藓植物能适应多种环境,裸露的岩石、干热的沙漠、寒冷的极地、各种类型的森林、沼泽和各种水体均有分布,同时也是生物多样性的重要组成成分,与森林演替密切相关[1-2]。苔藓植物对环境变化敏感,在植被变迁、水土保持、环境监测和森林更新等方面有重要指示作用。随着社会经济发展,环境不断恶化,苔藓植物的生存与发展受到严重威胁,许多特有属明显衰减,苔藓植物多样性的保护受到极大关注[3-7]。西藏色季拉山广泛分布原始森林和苔藓植物,为研究亚     

苔藓植物化石的研究进展及应用

苔藓植物化石为探索植物界物种进化发展和重建古气候环境提供了重要的科学基础。该文通过大量的化石资料,结合当今前沿科学技术和热点问题,从苔藓植物起源分化及物种多样性分布、形态表现及分子进化及古气候环境的重建等方面对该领域的研究成果进行了综述和总结。(1)苔藓植物起源于早古生代的赤道低纬度区,至少在奥陶纪时期就有了苔类与藓类的分化;其物种多样性总体上呈增加趋势,并具有低纬度区物种多样性高的特点,但个别地质年代苔类与藓类的物种多样性具有明显差异,凸显了二者对气候环境的敏感程度不同。(2)苔藓植物具有缓慢的形态和分子进化,其中苔类的进化速率相对较快。(3)对于显生宙古气候环境的变迁及重建,苔藓植物化石自身的形态特征、孢粉学和古分子化石的分析、以及碳和氧同位素的测量均提供了重要的科学依据。针对苔藓植物化石研究中存在的问题,作者提出了自己的观点。     

哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林不同生长基质苔藓植物的组成与分布特征

苔藓植物是构成山地原生常绿阔叶林结构及景观的重要组分之一,在生态系统生物多样性的维系等方面发挥重要的生态功能。本研究以云南哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林为对象,对林冠树干和林下木质残体、林地及岩石表面四类不同生长基质上苔藓植物的物种分布特征进行了调查研究,并运用Kendall一致性指数计算了各生长基质上苔藓植物物种之间的相关联程度,用聚类的方法对不同生长基质上苔藓植物物种进行了分类。研究结果表明：本区山地森林具有丰富的苔藓植物,共记录141种,分属38科69属,其中林冠树干上分布的苔藓植物的物种数量最多,为94种,林地上最少,仅29种;有27种苔藓植物同时分布在这3种以上的生长基质上。通过对不同类型生长基质之间苔藓植物种间关联程度的分析,发现在微生境的尺度上,随着优势苔藓植物种类间的关联程度的增加,苔藓植物多样性呈现出逐渐减少的趋势。     

安徽石台县与青阳县苔藓植物多样性

生物多样性保护优先区域代表了生物多样性富集区、典型生态系统与关键物种分布区, 对于生物多样性保护具有重要意义, 但优先区域内自然保护地覆盖率通常较低, 存在很大的保护空缺。苔藓植物作为生物多样性的一个重要组成部分, 在生态系统中发挥着重要作用, 但由于个体细小、分类鉴定困难等, 使得其多样性保护成为整个生物多样性保护中较为薄弱的一环。为了了解我国生物多样性保护优先区域苔藓植物多样性及受保护情况, 本文以黄山-怀玉山生物多样性保护优先区域内的石台县和青阳县为例, 通过系统的样线法调查优先区域内自然保护地内、外的苔藓植物多样性, 比较了其物种组成特点及相似性。结果表明, 该区域共有苔藓植物64科140属344种, 包括苔类植物27科40属106种、藓类植物37科100属238种, 其中有5种为濒危物种。自然保护地内有60科120属270种, 保护地外有46科90属185种, 保护地内、外苔藓植物科、属、种的Jaccard相似性系数分别为0.66、0.50和0.32, 表明自然保护地内、外物种组成差异很大。与石台县和青阳县苔藓植物历史数据相比, 本研究新增苔藓植物14科64属273种, 其中包括安徽省新记录2科9属96种, 而且有18种仅分布于自然保护地外。根据对该区域物种累积曲线及外推估计分析, 当采集足够充分时, 基于标本数的物种多样性预测值为485种, 基于样线数的预测值为563种, 说明石台县和青阳县的苔藓植物多样性仍存在被低估的可能。本研究结果一方面表明了自然保护地之外的苔藓植物在保护中有重要价值, 另一方面也反映了苔藓植物的野外就地保护存在空缺。建议在我国其他生物多样性保护优先区域开展类似的调查和研究, 以期为今后对苔藓植物的分布规律及保护研究提供翔实的基础数据。     

祁连山不同景观类型中苔藓植物物种多样性研究

通过对祁连山不同景观类型中的苔藓植物进行样方调查与物种组成统计,采用物种相似性系数、多样性指数对苔藓植物物种多样性进行了分析。结果表明,30个10 m×10 m的样地内共计苔藓植物19科34属48种,其中优势科(≥3种)有6科,含19属31种,分别占本地区苔藓植物总属数和总种数的55.88%和64.58%。在5种景观类型中,针叶林带和高山灌丛带分布的苔藓植物物种相似性最高(相似性系数为0.5357);河岸带和高山草甸带分布的苔藓植物物种相似性最低(为0),表现出祁连山地区苔藓植物分布的丰富性和复杂性;高山灌丛带分布的苔藓植物物种多样性指数最高,但针叶林带苔藓植物最为丰富,是祁连山苔藓物种多样性保护的关键区域。     

千岛湖生境片断化对苔藓植物多样性的影响

选取浙江千岛湖东南湖区的10个岛屿和1个半岛,详细研究了苔藓植物组成及生境片断化对其多样性的影响。研究结果表明：该区域有苔藓植物37科71属129种,其中浙江新记录3种。群落类型主要包括土生群落、石生群落和树生群落。苔藓植物区系以东亚成分为主,其次为北温带成分和热带亚洲分布,分别占总种数的39.45%、20.18%和18.35%,说明该地区苔藓植物区系具有典型的东亚特征。岛屿面积对苔藓植物分布影响结果显示：不受岛屿面积影响的苔藓植物有29种,受岛屿面积影响的苔藓植物有58种;各岛屿苔藓植物物种数与岛屿累加面积存在明显正相关。     

武汉市城区苔藓植物多样性和分布及与环境因子的关系

对武汉市7个中心城区和部分远郊城区共26个样点73个样地的苔藓群落进行调查,采集苔藓植物样本共431份。经鉴定调查区内共有苔藓植物20科35属91种,其中狭叶小羽藓（Haplocladium angustifolium（Hampe et C.Muell.）Broth.）和钝叶绢藓（Entodon obtusatus Broth.）等为优势种,分布于其中的24个样点。多样性指数分析结果显示,位于青龙山国家森林公园的α多样性Patrick和Shannon-Wiener指数最高,说明该样点苔藓植物群落的复杂程度高,群落所含信息量大。Patrick指数与环境因子的Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤含水率和与主要干道距离是显著影响地面生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子,而显著影响树附生苔藓植物多样性的环境因子仅与距主要干道距离相关。用典范对应分析法（CCA）研究26个样点中苔藓植物的盖度与主要环境因子的关系,结果发现人为干扰程度、草本盖度、与城市主要干道的距离等对地面生和树附生苔藓植物的分布都有显著影响。其中地面生苔藓植物的分布受人为干扰和草本盖度影响最为显著;而树附生苔藓植物的分布受附生树干胸径及与主要干道距离影响最为显著。研究结果表明武汉市区苔藓植物的多样性和分布受人为干扰较大,树附生苔藓对汽车尾气等因素更为敏感。     

新疆博格达山地面生苔藓植物物种多样性研究

采用相似性系数和物种多样性指数对新疆博格达山地面生苔藓植物的物种多样性进行了研究．结果表明,博格达山地区苔藓植物区系具有丰富性和复杂性的特点,共有地面生苔藓植物32科73属186种(含变种、变型);山地荒漠带和山地草原带苔藓植物物种相似性最高,为0．6809,山地森林带和高山垫状植被带相似性最低,仅为0．1342;山地森林带苔藓植物在整个博格达山地面生苔藓植物群落中占据优势地位;山地森林带苔藓植物物种多样性最为丰富,为该山地苔藓植物多样性的分布中心,是苔藓植物多样性保护的关键地区．     

生物多样性保护优先区对重庆苔藓植物多样性保护的重要性

生物多样性保护优先区的生物多样性十分丰富, 对于生物多样性保护具有重要意义。本文基于野外调查数据和文献资料, 整合大巴山和武陵山两个中国生物多样性保护优先区重庆境内的苔藓植物名录, 通过分析物种丰富度、中国特有种和受威胁物种, 比较了这两个地区的苔藓植物组成特点和相似性。结果显示, 两个保护优先区重庆境内共有苔藓植物77科221属722种, 其物种数分别占重庆市和中国苔藓植物总种数的76.0%和23.9%。两个区域分布有中国特有苔藓植物56种, 占中国苔藓植物总种数的1.9%; 分布有极危苔藓植物1种、濒危4种和易危3种。科、属、种的Jaccard相似性系数分别为0.7、0.6和0.3, 表明两个区域物种组成差异较大。大巴山和武陵山两个中国生物多样性保护优先区都具有较高的苔藓植物物种多样性, 其种类组成具有一定代表性, 对重庆市和中国苔藓植物多样性保护具有重要价值。     

Diversity and distribution pattern of epiphyllous liverworts and its ecological determinants

Epiphyllous liverworts form a special group of bryophytes that primarily grow on leaves of understory vascular plants, occurring in constantly moist and warm evergreen forest in tropical and subtropical regions. Epiphyllous liverworts may influence ecosystem processes including carbon, nitrogen and water cycles. Furthermore, they are very sensitive to climate change and forest fragmentation, and can be used as bioindicators for changes in ecological conditions and escalating loss of biodiversity. In this paper, we reviewed studies on morphological traits, species diversity, geographical distribution and environmental conditions (including characteristics of hosts and habitats) of epiphyllous liverworts, discussed the possible reasons for the mechanisms underlying the diversity pattern of epiphyllous liverworts. According to these studies, we proposed that further ecological studies on epiphyllous liverworts should be more focused on their formation, mechanisms of matter exchange and energy flux, ecological functions in forest ecosystem, the response to climate changes and their broader-scale ecology.     

叶附生苔植物物种多样性分布格局及生态成因

叶附生苔植物(以下简称叶附生苔)是一类附生在维管植物叶片表面的、一般只出现在热带雨林和常绿阔叶林中的苔类植物。它们具有重要的生态功能, 如影响碳、氮、水循环, 对气候变化和森林破碎化反应敏感, 可用作环境变化的指示植物。该文对叶附生苔的形态特性、物种多样性的研究历史和进展、地理分布格局, 以及对环境的要求(附主和生境的特性)等进行了综述, 探讨了叶附生苔多样性分布格局形成的可能原因, 即环境(空气湿度高、林冠层发育好、干扰少)和适应特征(无性繁殖、形体微小)的选择。根据全球叶附生苔研究进展状况及所存在的问题提出未来可开展的研究方向, 如叶附生苔的形成原因、与附主间的物质交换和能量流动机制、在森林生态系统中的生态功能、气候变化指示作用研究等, 大尺度上的研究也值得关注。     

Conservation of Portuguese red-listed bryophytes species in Portugal: Promoting a shift in perspective on climate changes

Knowledge of bryophyte diversity can be an important tool for identifying overall biodiversity hotspots. The distribution of red-listed species is an essential data for biodiversity conservation actions, and the assessment of species' response to climate change scenarios is also a key tool in future conservation strategies. In this study, we examine the response of four phytogeographic assemblages of all Portuguese red-listed bryophytes whose distributions are well documented in Portugal. The red-listed species were selected based on their vulnerability as listed in the new Atlas and Red Data book of Portuguese bryophytes according to the IUCN criteria. The main purpose of this study is to develop predictive distributions of threatened bryophytes grouped according to phytogeographic trends aiming to conserve this bryoflora in future. This is achieved by the identification of relationships between specimens' distributions and environmental ecologically meaningful data, which is known to influence different phytogeographic assemblages. Significant differences were found in all distribution models based on future climate scenarios. Several variables play a vital role in the species' distribution models in present and future environmental conditions.     

苔藓植物的多样性研究

苔藓是具有较多种类的一类绿色植物群,是生物多样性的重要组成成分。缘于苔藓的可变水性、体表直接吸收水分和营养以及独特的繁殖与传播方式,苔藓几乎存在于所有的生态系统之中。除极地冻原、温带苔藓沼泽等以苔藓为优势的植被类型外,苔藓还通常在维管束植物群落中形成自己的群落。苔藓是重要的初级生产者之一,在物质循环中起着重要的作用,影响森林植被的水分平衡,也是某些演替过程中的重要先锋植物。苔藓与其它生物类群的生活和生存有密切联系,尤其是苔藓群落所营造的生境,促进和保护了生物多样性。苔藓与人类生活的关系日益密切。由于苔藓与生境的强烈相关性,其多样性所受到的威胁主要源于生境的破坏,加之人们对苔藓的了解远远少于其它高等植物,这种威胁更应引起关注。     

Projected Range Contractions of European Protected Oceanic Montane Plant Communities: Focus on Climate Change Impacts Is Essential for Their Future Conservation

Global climate is rapidly changing and while many studies have investigated the potential impacts of this on the distribution of montane plant species and communities, few have focused on those with oceanic montane affinities. In Europe, highly sensitive bryophyte species reach their optimum occurrence, highest diversity and abundance in the north-west hyperoceanic regions, while a number of montane vascular plant species occur here at the edge of their range. This study evaluates the potential impact of climate change on the distribution of these species and assesses the implications for EU Habitats Directive-protected oceanic montane plant communities. We applied an ensemble of species distribution modelling techniques, using atlas data of 30 vascular plant and bryophyte species, to calculate range changes under projected future climate change. The future effectiveness of the protected area network to conserve these species was evaluated using gap analysis. We found that the majority of these montane species are projected to lose suitable climate space, primarily at lower altitudes, or that areas of suitable climate will principally shift northwards. In particular, rare oceanic montane bryophytes have poor dispersal capacity and are likely to be especially vulnerable to contractions in their current climate space. Significantly different projected range change responses were found between 1) oceanic montane bryophytes and vascular plants; 2) species belonging to different montane plant communities; 3) species categorised according to different biomes and eastern limit classifications. The inclusion of topographical variables in addition to climate, significantly improved the statistical and spatial performance of models. The current protected area network is projected to become less effective, especially for specialised arctic-montane species, posing a challenge to conserving oceanic montane plant communities. Conservation management plans need significantly greater focus on potential climate change impacts, including models with higher-resolution species distribution and environmental data, to aid these communities'' long-term survival.     

Bryophyte diversity and distribution along an altitudinal gradient on a lava flow in La Réunion

Non‐vascular plant distribution patterns were examined in three microhabitats along an altitudinal gradient on a recent lava flow of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano (La Réunion, Mascarene archipelago). The uniform nature of the lava flow provides an excellent system to study the relationship between altitude and species diversity and distribution, and at the same time avoiding confusing multiple effects of substrate and vegetation heterogeneity. Non‐vascular plants were surveyed with quadrats within an altitudinal range from 250 m to 850 m a.s.l. Fine‐scale variations in bryophyte communities between three ecological microhabitats (the ground and on the rachises of two fern species) were investigated. Three specific questions were addressed: (1) What is the species diversity of bryophyte communities on a 19‐year‐old lava flow? (2) How does altitude influence the diversity and distribution of bryophytes on a lava flow? (3) Does microhabitat variation control bryophyte diversity? In our study, bryophyte diversity increased with altitude. Unexpectedly, species richness was very high; 70 species of bryophytes were recorded including nine new records for the island. Diversity was also controlled by ecological microhabitats. Bryophyte species were structured into six categories according to altitude and microhabitat preferences. Results suggested that the high diversity of these cryptic organisms on this lava flow is fostered in part by their host substrate and their adaptative strategies on new substrates. On a broader scale, it was concluded that lava flows as primary mineral environments are important to conserve, as they support a high diversity of pioneer organisms that constitute the early stages of the development of La Réunion's remnant lowland rainforest.     

Liverworts of southwest Ethiopian montane forests: ecological and biogeographical notes

Abstract

Ethiopia has diverse topographic features and climatic conditions with a diverse flora. The liverwort flora of southwest Ethiopia is practically unknown, despite a favourable climate and the occurrence of suitable ecosystems such as montane rainforests. During an ecological study of diversity patterns of bryophytes and vascular plants in relation to land use, we recorded many bryophyte species. In this paper we report the finding of 89 species of liverworts, and give short ecological notes and describe the distribution (locally and in Africa) for each species. Of these, 51 species are newly reported from Ethiopia. It is thus obvious that Ethiopia is considerably richer in liverworts than might be expected from previous checklists.     

干旱与半干旱地区苔藓植物生态学研究综述

苔藓植物一般生活在阴湿的地方,但也有不少种类具有极强的耐旱性,在干旱和半干旱地区也有分布,在干旱和半干旱地区,影响苔藓植物分布的环境因子包括降水,pH值,CaCO3含量,植被盖度,有机质含量以及土壤质地等,其中起沙,固沙和生态小环境的改善中发挥着不可替代的作用。     

长白山森林生态系统腐木生苔藓植物生态分布的DCA排序研究

应用除趋势对应分析（ＤＣＡ）对长白山不同森林类型腐木生苔藓植物分布研究表明,长白山红松阔叶混交林、暗针叶林以及两者之间的过渡林林下腐木生苔藓植物组成明显不同．红松阔叶混交林以尖叶匍灯藓、毛尖羽藓、细枝青藓等为主;过渡林以尖叶匍灯藓、鞭枝疣灯藓、羽藓、腐木藓、塔藓等为主;暗针叶林的以塔藓、钩枝镰刀藓、拟垂枝藓、曲背藓、毛梳藓等为主．暗针叶林林下腐木生苔藓植物发生量最大,物种的多样性也最高．海拔高度和林冠郁闭度是影响长白山森林林下腐木生苔藓植物生态分布的主要因素．