国产杜鹃花叶解剖与分类群

报道了分别隶属于杜鹃花属 ( Rhododendron)中 8个亚属的国产 33个种叶片的解剖特征。根据中脉维管束结构特点 :木质部与韧皮部的位置 ,木质部的形状 ,木射线排列的方式 ,可分为 5个类型 :( 1)圆形周韧维管束 ;( 2 )羽线肾形周韧维管束 ;( 3)扇线肾形周韧维管束 ;( 4 )近周韧维管束 ;( 5)下韧维管束。讨论了中脉维管束类型可能的演化趋势 :周韧维管束→近周韧维管束→下韧维管束。还讨论了 8个亚属中脉维管束所处的演化阶段     

刺槐叶的亚显微结构与耐旱性的关系

刺槐（RobiniapseudoacaciaLinn．）虽然引自北美,但现在已成为西北干旱半干旱地区的主要造林树种。叶片形状为羽状复叶,小叶呈椭圆形,叶面积与体积之比为5．6。叶表面具蜡质壳状、管状毛和鳞片状纹饰。叶片与叶柄被以毛状体;叶背面有浅内陷气孔,具大孔下室。上下表皮细胞外壁具明显的角质层加厚;上表皮细胞呈椭圆形,下表皮细胞呈乳头状;栅栏组织与海绵组织之间界限不明显,栅栏组织较为发达,排列紧密,约2—3层细胞,海绵组织有退化的趋势;中脉和叶柄维管束均有厚壁组织细胞组成的维管束鞘;薄壁组织细胞中含有大量的晶体和淀粉粒,叶片已具有许多旱生特征。     

江西产酸模属植物叶片比较解剖学研究

对江西产酸模属(Rumex L.)7种植物进行了叶形态结构的显微观察.结果表明:(1)叶片上表皮均有气孔器分布,表皮上普遍具有腺体和异细胞,叶肉中均含有晶体细胞,晶体类型为簇晶;(2)下表皮细胞特征及气孔类型、叶肉细胞的分化及排列方式、中脉维管束数目等特征具有明显的种间差异,可以作为属下种级鉴定指标;(3)小酸模在气孔类型、栅栏组织和海绵组织排列紧密程度、中脉形状及维管束数量等特征上与同属其它种类具有显著的差异,形态解剖学证据支持小酸模亚属(Subgen.Acetosella(Meisn.)Rech.)的成立;(4)根据酸模属植物气孔器类型的演化阶段,并结合孢粉学、形态学等证据,认为酸模属处于蓼科植物系统演化的较低或中等地位.通过对酸模属植物叶形态结构的比较观察,为探讨该属的系统演化关系及属下分类提供叶解剖学证据.     

白蜡虫7种寄主植物叶片解剖结构与寄主选择性的关系

用石蜡切片法在显微镜下观察白蜡虫[Ericerus pela(Chavannes)]7种寄主植物叶的解剖结构。结果表明,寄主植物的叶脉、表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织、维管束解剖结构及数量性状特征在属、种间存在显著差异。7种寄主植物中,华南小蜡(Ligustrum calleryanum Decne.)和白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.)表皮被毛,华南小蜡表皮毛浓密,白蜡树表皮毛稀疏,其它寄主植物表皮无毛;女贞树(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉的厚度最厚、维管束直径最大,其它寄主植物相对较小。因此,叶片表面光滑、叶脉发达、叶片肥厚是白蜡虫优良寄主植物的重要解剖学特征。7种寄主植物中脉和侧脉发达,近轴面凹陷,远轴面突起,肉脉包埋在叶肉中,推测叶脉突起和凹槽可能是白蜡虫固定位点选择的关键线索。     

落葵薯粘液细胞分布及发育的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片法对落葵薯(Anredera cordifolia(Tenore)Steenis)粘液细胞的分布及发育进行了研究。结果表明,粘液细胞普遍存在于落葵薯的茎、叶、叶柄中,粘液细胞单个散生分布于茎的髓及皮层组织中;叶的栅栏组织和海绵组织中都可见粘液细胞,且海绵组织中的数量明显多于栅栏组织中的;叶柄中的粘液细胞不多,主要分布在维管束四周的皮层组织中。粘液细胞的发育分为4个阶段:原始细胞阶段、液泡化阶段、成熟阶段和细胞质解体阶段。粘液细胞最早出现于第六叶原基,且其发育与茎、叶器官的组织分化不同步。     

国产杜鹃共叶解剖与分类群

报道了分别隶属于杜鹃花属（Ｒｈｏｄｏｄｅｎｄｒｏｎ）中８个亚属的国产３３个种叶片的解剖特征。根据中脉维管束结构特点：木质部与韧皮部的位置,木质部的形状,木射线排列的方式,可分为５个类型：（１）圆形周韧维管束;（２）羽线肾形周韧维管束;（３）扇线肾形周韧维管束;（４）近周韧维管束;（５）下韧维管束。讨论了中脉维管束类型可能的演化趋势：周韧维管束→近周韧维管束→下韧维管束。还讨论了８个亚属中脉维管束所     

石蒜属12 种植物叶片比较解剖学研究

 对石蒜属( Lycoris Herb. ) 12 种植物叶片的比较解剖学研究表明: (1) 石蒜属植物叶片横切面的端部、中部及基部的轮廓基本呈浅“W”或“V”字型, 有些种的表皮细胞上具有明显的尖刺状乳突; ( 2)石蒜属植物均为异面叶, 叶肉组织有一定的栅栏组织和海绵组织分化, 但二者的厚度、叶肉中所占比例及栅栏组织的细胞层数在种间有一定的差异; (3) 海绵组织发达、具有大而明显的薄壁细胞或细胞裂溶后形成空腔(分泌腔或气腔); (4) 叶片中维管束数目大多为奇数, 叶脉维管束鞘由薄壁细胞组成; (5) 石蒜属植物横切面上叶缘的形状分为圆弧形和楔形两种类型。石蒜属植物叶的解剖结构具有许多相似特征; 同时又具有一定的种间差异, 可为石蒜属植物的种间关系和开发利用提供有价值的信息。     

木犀属植物叶柄的比较解剖学研究

对木犀属(Osmanthus)26种植物叶柄的解剖结构进行了研究.结果表明,木犀属植物叶柄的解剖特征存在比较丰富的变异,叶柄横切面形状有3种类型(U型、V型、Y型),周缘波状、浅波状或近平滑;表皮毛有或无;维管束一般为1大2小,维管束轮廓在种问变异丰富,维管束类型有周韧、近周韧、外韧3种;小叶月桂、牛矢果、厚边木犀、美洲木犀叶柄中央具髓腔,部分种叶柄有硬化细胞或石细胞存在.木犀属植物叶柄的解剖结构特征比较稳定,可作为该属的分种特征.     

贵州省常见唇形科植物茎和叶比较解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片技术对贵州省40种常见唇形科植物茎、叶进行了比较解剖学研究。结果显示:(1)40种唇形科植物具有典型的双子叶植物茎、叶的解剖特征,茎由表皮、皮层和维管柱组成,棱角表皮下具有发达的厚角组织,棱角处厚角组织内方的维管组织明显较其它部分发达;茎横切面形态主要有3种类型,维管束排列也主要呈现3种方式。(2)叶片由表皮、叶肉和叶脉三部分组成,均为异面叶,栅栏组织细胞1~3层,少部分物种叶脉腹面隆起;绝大部分常见物种主脉明显较侧脉发达,但也有少部分主脉、侧脉大小相近;主脉中维管束大多为1个,形态包括月牙形、半圆形、圆形,少量物种主脉具有多维管束;表皮毛由1~3个细胞组成,表皮毛的形态多为锥状,少为杆状。研究表明,唇形科植物茎、叶的显微结构无论在属内还是在种间都存在差异,在探讨唇形科种的分类地位及其物种鉴定时都具备参考价值,但却难以作为分类鉴定的决定性特征。     

大豆属Soja亚属不同进化型植物叶片演化结构研究

为了探讨大豆属(Glycine)Soja亚属植物的系统演化规律,采用石蜡切片法对产自吉林省的大豆属Soja亚属4种植物的叶片结构进行显微观察。结果显示,Soja亚属中的野生大豆(Glycine sojaSeib.et Zucc.)、半野生大豆(semi-wild soybean)、半栽培大豆(semi-cultured soybean)、栽培大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merrill.)叶片的部分结构特征差异显著;从野生大豆到栽培大豆,其叶片和主脉逐渐加厚、表皮毛数量增多,主脉维管束中导管分子列数增多且逐渐演化出异型维管束,栅栏组织层数逐渐增多,CTR(栅栏组织/叶片厚)和SR(海绵组织/叶片厚)值也有增高的趋势;栽培大豆栅栏组织最发达,已演化出4层栅栏组织细胞。大豆属Soja亚属4种植物(野生大豆、半野生大豆、半栽培大豆、栽培大豆)叶片间的解剖结构差异表现出明显的进化趋势。     

玉龙雪山不同海拔草血竭叶片形态与解剖结构的比较研究

采用常规石蜡制片技术和显微观察方法,对生长于滇西北玉龙雪山3 000~4 600m之间9个不同海拔高度的草血竭(Polygonum paleaceum)叶片表型及解剖结构进行比较研究,其目的是揭示该植物对不同海拔环境条件的响应特征,进而探讨植物对全球气候变化的生态适应性。结果显示:(1)草血竭叶片长度、宽度、长宽比均与海拔呈显著负相关关系,其降幅分别达84.64%、74.87%和37.50%。(2)草血竭叶片为异面叶,由表皮、叶肉、叶脉三部分组成;表皮细胞单层,角质层厚;叶肉的栅栏组织具2层或3层细胞;叶脉中的维管束呈1圈不连续的环状排列。(3)叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、主脉厚度、以及主脉中维管束的长度和宽度均与海拔呈显著正相关关系,增幅分别达38.32%、47.30%、47.39%、156.46%、173.51%及337.42%;上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、叶片紧密度、叶片疏松度、栅海比以及维管束的个数与海拔梯度之间的相关性则均不显著。研究表明,随着海拔升高,草血竭叶片形态结构的改变主要是有利于植物降低蒸腾,增强储水性和提高光合效率。     

沙拐枣属植物同化枝和子叶的解剖学研究

采用石蜡切片技术,对相同生境下的戈壁沙拐枣、柴达木沙拐枣和英吉沙沙拐枣的子叶,及中国特有种柴达木沙拐枣、塔里木沙拐枣、阿拉善沙拐枣和英吉沙沙拐枣同化枝的横切面解剖结构进行观察研究.结果显示:(1)3种沙拐枣子叶均为全栅等面叶;表皮为单层细胞,上下表皮均分布气孔,栅栏组织以内为一圈连续排列的维管束鞘细胞;中脉和小叶脉排列近似M型,包埋于薄壁细胞中.(2)塔里木沙拐枣同化枝的保护组织、栅栏组织较发达,英吉沙沙拐枣同化枝机械组织和输导组织较为发达,阿拉善沙拐枣同化枝的栅栏组织较为发达,相比较柴达木沙拐枣同化枝的保护组织、机械组织和输导组织最不发达.(3)柴达木沙拐枣和英吉沙沙拐枣中子叶与同化枝的横切面各组织分布相似,主要差异为横切面形状、维管束排列方式和机械组织发达程度.研究表明,子叶与同化枝的解剖结构是该属植物在干旱环境下长期适应的结果,解剖结构的差异体现了种间、器官间对相同环境的不同适应策略.     

苦瓜叶片结构与白粉病抗性的关系

以不同抗白粉病的苦瓜品系幼苗为材料,对它们的叶片及上下表皮厚度、栅栏组织及海绵组织厚度、叶片结构紧密度及疏松度、蜡质含量、比叶重、气孔及茸毛密度等叶片结构进行观察比较,探讨苦瓜白粉病抗性与其主要叶片结构指标的关系。结果显示:（1）抗病苦瓜品系叶片的蜡质含量显著高于感病品系,与病情指数呈显著负相关关系,蜡质层是其抵抗和延迟病原菌侵入的一个有力结构屏障。（2）感病品系叶片的气孔和叶背面茸毛数量显著多于抗病品系,且叶背面的气孔及茸毛密度与病情指数呈显著正相关关系,即气孔和茸毛越少越抗病。（3）抗病苦瓜品系的叶片栅栏组织以及海绵组织排列整齐、紧密,而高感品系的叶片组织出现大量孔隙,较难观察到完整细胞。（4）抗病品系叶片厚度、下表皮厚度、栅栏组织厚度、叶片结构紧密度明显高于感病品系,而感病品系的海绵组织厚度、叶片结构疏松度明显高于抗病品系;且苦瓜比叶重与其白粉病抗性关系不大。研究认为,苦瓜叶片蜡质含量、叶背面气孔及茸毛密度可以作为苦瓜白粉病抗性鉴定的参考指标。     

大花蕙兰营养器官及原球茎的解剖学研究

对大花蕙兰试管苗营养器官及原球茎的解剖学研究结果表明：根由复表皮、皮层和维管柱组成,根毛丰富,皮层发达,内皮层明显,初生木质部月多元型,中央具髓,根茎由表皮,基本组织和维管束构成,维管束散生,属周木型;叶为等面叶,在上下表皮处分布有成束的厚壁组织,叶肉无栅栏组织和海绵组织之分,细胞排列紧密,维管束鞘由机械组织构成。原球茎原生分生组织的原套仅一层细胞,在顶端分生组织后面的薄壁细胞中,存在胚性细胞,由胚性细胞经球状胚可发育成幼原球茎。     

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF THE LEAF OF COLEUS BLUMEI (LAMIACEAE)

Leaves of the Princeton and a variegated clone of Coleus blumei Benth. were examined with the light microscope to determine the course of their vasculature and the spatial relationship between the mesophyll, bundle sheath, and vascular tissues. In Princeton clone leaves two leaf traces enter the petiole at the node and quickly branch to form an arc of bundles which undergo further divisions as well as fusions in the distal half of the petiole. The anastomosing arc of bundles reaches its greatest complexity in the base of the midvein, where its lateral-most bundles unite and diverge outward to form secondary veins. As the midvein bundles continue acropetally, they gradually fuse more and divide less until only a single bundle remains, from which secondaries and smaller veins branch. Major (ribbed) veins include not only the midvein and secondaries but also tertiary and quaternary veins. Decreasing vein size is accompanied by increasing direct contact between vascular and photosynthetic tissues. Minor veins, which make up 86% of the total vein length, are completely surrounded by photosynthetic bundle sheaths and mesophyll consisting of palisade and spongy parenchyma. Statoliths occur in a layer of cells just outside the phloem of the petiole-midrib axis and secondary veins. Functional hydathodes are present at the apices of the marginal teeth. The overall organization of tissues in variegated leaves differs little in either the green or albuminous areas from corresponding (but always green) regions of Princeton leaves. Chloroplasts are lacking in mesophyll, bundle-sheath, and most guard cells of the albuminous region but are present in guard cells which are within 1 mm of green areas.     

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE NYMPHAEACEAE (SENSU LATO). XIII. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE VEGETATIVE AND FLORAL STRUCTURE OF CABOMBA

Six species of Cabomba have been examined although the anatomy of the vegetative axes is based on the study of only C. caroliniana and C. palaeformis. A plant consists of an erect short shoot with decussate leaves which bears axillary flowering shoots and rhizomes. A rhizome bears decussate leaves and may also form axillary flowering shoots or turn upward and become a new short shoot. The phyllotaxies of the flowering shoots are proximately decussate or ternate (C. piauhyensis). The flowering shoots with decussate phyllotaxy change to 1/3 phyllotaxy distally; they bear axillary flowers proximally, and extra-axillary flowers distally. Flowering shoots with ternate phyllotaxy do not change distally but each produces first axillary and then extra-axillary flowers. Decussate vegetative axes and flowering shoots have four vascular bundles; ternate vegetative axes and flowering shoots have six vascular bundles, distantly paired into two or three vascular bundle-pairs, respectively. An elliptical vascular plexus occurs at each node. Each leaf receives one bundle-pair from one trace and each flower three bundle-pairs. A two-level receptacular vascular plexus occurs in flowers; the proximal, larger portion provides traces to perianth and stamens and the distal, smaller portion becomes carpellary traces. Each of the three sepals typically receives five branch traces from a basal principal trace, and each of the three petals receives, typically, three branch traces from a basal principal trace. Sepals and petals generally occur in a single, basally connate whorl. Each stamen receives one trace. Each stamen of three-stamen flowers is opposite a petal; each stamen of six-stamen flowers is aligned with an interval between a petal and adjacent sepal. Each staminal trace, which is just above the principal petal trace, in a three-petal flower, is frequently adnate to the latter trace. Each carpel receives one principal trace from the distal, small extension of the receptacular plexus, and each principal trace becomes three conventional veins of a carpel. Ovules may be borne directly over one of the veins or in any position between veins and are supplied by branches of the nearest vein or nearest two veins. All traces, ovular supply veins and the proximal portions of all veins are amphicribral. The several anatomical and morphological differences in vegetative axes and flowers between Cabomba and Brasenia suggest a greater taxonomic distance between the two genera than commonly supposed. It is suggested that extra-axillary flowers in 1/3 helical and ternate flowering shoots of Cabomba might be advantageous in preventing anthesis of flowers beneath peltate leaves. The aberrant position might be the initial evolutionary step toward what, in other nymphaeaceous genera, has shifted each flower to an adjacent helix. It is proposed that the zigzag stem accompanying the trigonal and sympodial flowering shoots may offer greater stability and floatability in water than the monopodial form. Several suggestions are offered for the variability of ovular positions: 1) the variability is a vestige of former laminar placentation in conduplicate carpels; 2) it is a vestige of a primitive condition antedating the current close association of ovules with ventral carpellary veins; 3) it is an early stage of evolution which might have terminated in laminar placentation and cantharophily, but which was replaced by a trend toward myophily.     

Leaf anatomy of Desmos and Dasymaschalon (Annonaceae) from China in relation to taxonomic significance

Leaf morphology in four species of Desmos and three species of Dasymaschalon was comparatively studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) together with epidermal maceration and paraffin methods. The results showed that there were some remarkable foliar anatomical differences between Desmos and Dasymaschalon. In leaves of Desmos, some of the adaxial epidermal cells were enlarged into globose cells each containing one large cluster crystal, while other epidermal cells were normal without any crystal, and in abaxial epidermis each cell contained one smaller cluster crystal. The leaf structure was typically bifacial, and the mesophyll cells were differentiated into palisade tissue and spongy tissue. Oil cells were distributed in the second layer of palisade and the whole spongy tissue, and the number of oil cells per mm leaf width ranged from 4 to 6. The vascular tissue in the midrib was separated into bundles by parenchyma cells. In leaves of Dasymaschalon, all the adaxial epidermal cells contained one cluster crystal, and the crystal size was similar to that of thecrystals in abaxial epidermal cells. The leaf structure was more or less isobilateral. Oil cells were distributed only in the spongy tissue between the two layers of the palisade, and the number of oil cells per mm leaf width ranged from 2 to 3. The vascular tissue in the midrib formed a continuous circle. It is clear that the anatomical differences between Desmos and Dasymaschalon are remarkable, supporting the treatment of Desmos and Dasymaschalon as two independent genera.     

中国假鹰爪属和皂帽花属植物叶的形态结构及其分类学意义

利用扫描电镜技术、叶片离析法和石蜡切片法研究了假鹰爪属Desmos 4种植物和皂帽花属Dasy-maschalon 3种植物叶片的形态结构。结果表明：假鹰爪属植物叶片近轴面表皮具大型球状含晶簇细胞和不含晶簇的表皮细胞两种类型,远轴面表皮细胞均具一较小的晶簇;叶肉组织明显分化为栅栏组织细胞和海绵组织细胞,油细胞分布于第2层的栅栏组织和海绵组织内,单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为4～6个;主脉维管组织被薄壁细胞分隔成束状。皂帽花属植物叶片近轴面表皮细胞形状相同,均具一晶簇,远轴面表皮细胞的晶簇和近轴面表皮细胞的晶簇相似;靠近上、下表皮的叶肉组织均分化为栅栏组织细胞,在两层栅栏组织细胞之间分化为一至几层海绵组织细胞,油细胞分布于海绵组织内,单位毫米叶宽油细胞数为2～3个;主脉维管组织形成连续的环状。由此可见两属叶的结构具有明显的差异,因而支持假鹰爪属和皂帽花属为两个独立属的观点。     

墨兰的解剖学研究

运用石蜡切片法和扫描电镜技术,对墨兰营养器官和生殖器官进行了研究。结果表明墨兰叶片表面具较厚的角质层。气孔多为四轮列型,分布在下表皮,叶肉没有海绵组织和栅栏组织的分化,但叶尖部和叶中部中脉附近的叶肉细胞常伸长,类似栅栏组织细胞,平行脉,外韧型维管束,在假鳞茎中,维管束散生在基本组织中,根具根被,皮层和维管柱三部分,花被各部分基本结构均相似,唇瓣和合蕊柱的表皮为腺表皮,具花柱道,三心皮雌蕊,一室,侧膜胎座,四合花粉,表面无纹饰,蒴果。     

THE ANATOMIC RESPONSES OF DAUCUS CAROTA TO THE ASTER YELLOWS VIRUS

Struckmeyer, B. Esther. (U. Wisconsin, Madison.) The anatomic responses of Daucus carota to the aster yellows virus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 50(9): 959–963. Ilus. 1963.—The leaves, petioles, and roots of carrots (Daucus carota) displaying aster yellows virus in the field and those infected with the aster yellows virus inoculated by the 6-spotted leafhopper were examined anatomically. Compared to the uninoculated, the young infected leaves displayed fewer layers of palisade cells and larger spongy parenchyma cells with a more compact arrangement. Mature leaves of infected plants sometimes were undulated and had few chloroplasts, many of which appeared fragmented. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the phloem tissue were associated with some necrosis and obliteration of cells. Long, needle-shaped crystalline inclusion bodies were present in the phloem in the leaves and roots. Most of the vascular bundles of the petiole were abnormal. Malformations included proliferating phloem cells, which in some instances almost encircled the bundle, hyperplasia of the phloem, hypertrophy of the parenchyma, and considerable necrosis and obliteration of these cells. Other responses included the division into 3 or 4 rows of the large outer phloem parenchyma by parallel walls so that a cambium-like layer was simulated. The tissue enclosed by this layer divided and underwent considerable necrosis and gummosis. Lacunae were found between the phloem bundle cap and the older phloem. Some of the cells in the phloem tissue differentiated into bundles with xylem. Numerous, short, lateral roots were conspicuous on the main root. The most noticeable response of the root tissue to this malady was hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the phloem followed by cellular disorganization, necrosis, and obliteration of cells. Some sieve tubes, companion cells, and parenchyma contained a gumlike deposit.