化学通讯在松材线虫侵染和扩散中的作用

松材线虫为外来入侵种 ,由其引起的松材线虫病正在我国迅速扩散蔓延 ,造成我国部分地区松林资源的毁灭性破坏。松材线虫病的发生和流行与媒介天牛、寄主植物、共生真菌和细菌密切相关 ,松材线虫 -墨天牛 -松树 -共生微生物之间存在着广泛的化学联系 ,它们通过化学互作 ,调控松材线虫的行为 ,影响松材线虫的侵染和扩散     

The global spread and invasion capacities of alien ants

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化感——外来入侵植物的“Novel Weapons”

综述了与外来植物入侵相关的理论假说。并主要介绍了从化感角度提出的“N ove lW eapons”假说(NW假说)。某些外来入侵植物能产生一些化学物质。这些物质可以发挥较强的化感作用,或者成为植物和土壤微生物之间相互作用的调节者。由于不同区域的植物群落共同进化的轨迹不同,被入侵群落的植物对这些化学物质缺乏适应性,因此,这些物质成为了外来种入侵的利器。而对外来种发源地的群落来说,由于长期的共存关系,这些物质对其伴生植物的影响相对较小。NW假说为化感作为外来植物入侵的一种机制奠定了理论基础,为外来入侵植物的防治提供了理论依据,但作为一种较新的理论假说,还需要更多的实验研究加以支持。     

不受欢迎的生物多样性：香港的外来植物物种

香港早在19世纪中叶开始就有外来植物入侵的记录,迄今为止,已发现多达238种已归化的外来或怀疑为外来的植物,其中又以薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha)、五爪金龙（Ipomoea cairica)、假臭草（Eupatorium catarium)、大黍（Panicum maximum)等最常见,外来植物最常见于受人为干扰的生境,例如荒废农田及路旁等,而较少在天然林地生境及贫瘠的灌草丛中发现,外来植物的对本地生态系统的影响主要局限于低地生境,它们常形成单优种群,减少了生境及贫瘠的灌草丛中发现,外来植物对本地生态系统的影响主要局限于低地生境,它们常形成单优种群,减少少了生境及动植物的多样性,外来动物对香港原生植物影响最大的是于20世纪70年代入侵的松树线虫（Bur-saphelenchus xylophilus)。外来的脊椎动物也有可能对香港的植物被演替产生影响,目前香港的外来植物当中,有些在大陆较少分布或没有记录,作为华南最大的港口,香港对外来物种的引入扮演着重要的角色,因此制定控制外来种在香港及华南地区的引入及传播的政策及措施非常重要。     

Ecological Restoration in a Developing Island Nation: How Useful is the Science?

Restoration science is a relatively young branch of ecology that is growing in importance owing to the sheer scale and trend of habitat degradation worldwide and the range of strong benefits that it is seen to potentially carry. Although spearheaded mainly by developed countries, its usefulness at least for the conservation of biodiversity may be greatest in the developing world. Here we examine how Mauritius, a developing island nation that may be regarded as well equipped among developing countries in terms of access to restoration science, is using science to inform the ecological restoration of its degraded native habitats for biodiversity conservation. While Mauritius is known for a number of proactive and at times innovative approaches that may even be setting the pace worldwide, we found that the restoration activities which are impacting the largest areas and an overwhelming proportion of native biodiversity of the country sometimes remain averse to even basic ecological principles. This includes the removal from restoration areas of fast growing native pioneer species with proven nurse‐tree potential to be replaced by a multitude of nursery grown and much slower growing plants that would have naturally grown anyway. Besides representing setbacks to areas undergoing restoration, this elevates restoration costs in the face of scarcity of conservation resources and urgency to restore more than the tiny and isolated areas currently targeted. Research worldwide continues to improve restoration science but blockages to knowledge transfer can seriously undermine its impact where it is most needed.     

广东省农业生态系统外来入侵植物的种类调查与危害评估

为了掌握广东省农业生态系统中外来入侵植物的种类和分布状况,本文通过定点调查和线路调查的方法对广东省21市农业生态系统中205个样点的外来入侵植物进行了分析,共发现外来入侵植物28科90种。其中,菊科植物种类最多,有27种,草本植物有71种,它们分别占入侵植物总数的30.00%和78.89%。处于重度危害的入侵植物有22种;处于中度危害的植物有15种;处于轻度危害的植物有53种。在90种外来入侵植物中,71种来自美洲,占总数的78.89%;其他各洲相对较少。广域分布种最多,为40种,占总数的44.44%;全域分布种则最少,仅有7种,占总数的7.78%。由此可见,广东省农业生态系统入侵植物种类多,分布广,危害严重,需引起有关部门的高度重视。     

Theories for ecological restoration in changing environment: Toward ‘futuristic’ restoration

Ecological restoration is one of the fastest growing fields in applied ecology providing new ideas and opportunities for biological conservation and natural resource management. Despite countless attempts in the past, large portions of restoration projects have been considered unsuccessful mainly due to: unrealistic goals; inadequate restoration plans based on an ad-hoc approach; lack of explicit and quantified evaluation criteria for restoration success; lack of ecological understanding; social, economic, and political constraints; or combinations of these factors. Existing ecological theories, particularly succession theories, may provide a conceptual framework for a restoration trajectory. However, projecting a desirable trajectory and outcome is often challenged by the unpredictability of ecological communities in the changing environment. Particularly, the sustainability of reconstructed historic ecosystems appears to be an unlikely goal in the ever-changing and unpredictable future environment. This paper calls for a shift in the restoration paradigm from historic to futuristic. A futuristic restoration is: (i) to set realistic and dynamic (instead of static) goals for future, instead of past, environment; (ii) to assume multiple trajectories acknowledging the unpredictable nature of ecological communities and ecosystems; (iii) to take an ecosystem or landscape approach, instead of ad-hoc gardening, for both function and structure; (iv) to evaluate the restoration progress with explicit criteria, based on quantitative inference; and (v) to maintain long-term monitoring of restoration outcomes. A theoretical framework for futuristic restoration, in terms of goals, trajectories, evaluation criteria, and monitoring, along with a historical perspective is presented in this paper.     

演替理论与植被恢复

《昆明-蒙特利尔全球生物多样性框架》提出要高质量保护和恢复各 30%的土地,最大化地实现保护生物多样性和缓解气候变化的目标,而演替理论和植被恢复可以为实现 30%的保护和恢复目标服务.演替理论是植被生态学中的核心理论,演替是指在一个地点上由一群不同物种组成的生命体的结构或组成随时间而变化的过程;植被恢复是以植物种植、配置为主,恢复或重建植物群落或天然更新恢复植物群落的过程,植被恢复是生态系统结构和功能从简单到复杂、从低级向高级变化的过程,最终目的是建立健康稳定的植物群落.演替是植被恢复的基础,植被恢复被视为对演替过程的操纵,以达到恢复受损植被生态系统的目标.演替理论可以指导植被恢复,而植被恢复对演替理论的发展有益.演替按裸地性质可以分为原生演替和次生演替,有研究建议将恢复过程视为第三演替,这将有助于理解通过人为干预促进植被恢复成功的管理选择,特别是通过强调退化生态系统中的环境和生物遗存的管理选择.此外,该文还提出了植被恢复理论和演替理论未来可能重点关注的科学和技术问题.     

弃耕演替与恢复生态学

弃耕演替是一种重要的演替模式 ,可以为生态恢复规划提供指导。弃耕演替为进展演替 ,但要恢复为稳定的生态系统可能会经历很长一段时间。这是由演替本身的规律决定的。适当的人为干预可能会改变这种状况 ,并使演替进程大大缩短。对弃耕演替的研究是恢复生态学兴起的原始策动力 ,恢复生态学是在对弃耕演替的研究中形成并获得发展的。弃耕演替研究隶属于恢复生态学 ,是恢复生态学涵盖的一个重要领域。     

利用传统生物防治控制外来杂草的入侵

随着国际贸易的日益频繁,外来有害植物入侵,严重威胁我国的自然环境和生物多样性。利用从原产地引入食性较专一的天敌来控制外来杂草是杂草生物防治的主要方式之一,有保护环境一劳永逸的效果。简要介绍了国际生物防治概况,统计表明全世界至少有133种目标杂草进行生物防治,主要分布在菊科、仙人掌科和含羞草科,63科369种无脊椎动物和真菌作为杂草生物防治的天敌,利用最多的天敌是鞘翅目象甲科和叶甲科昆虫,其中大多数项目是治理外来杂草的。杂草生物防治最活跃的国家依次为美国、澳大利亚、南非、加拿大和新西兰。重点论述了利用传统生物防治方法防治外来杂草的经典项目、国内外研究概况,以及目前面临的问题和应用前景。我国杂草生物防治起步晚,传统杂草生防的目标杂草有4种,紫茎泽兰、空心莲子草、豚草和水葫芦,其中,空心莲子草的生物防治获得成功。共引进天敌14种,输出天敌23种,与世界上生物防治先进的国家比尚有距离。中国应充分借鉴国际成功经验,对外来杂草开展生物防治。中国的生物多样性在世界上占有十分独特的地位,将在生物多样性保护中发挥重要作用。     

江苏省外来种子植物的初步调查和分析

对江苏省外来种子植物的种类、来源地及分布状况进行了初步调查统计。调查结果显示,江苏省共有外来种子植物393种,大多数来源于欧洲和美洲,主要通过有意引种和无意引入2种方式引入。有意引种的栽培植物有276种,其中观赏植物132种、蔬菜46种、林木35种、工业原料植物17种、药用植物12种、牧草植物11种、粮食作物11种、果树7种以及油料作物5种。另外,外来种子植物中有逃逸种62种、归化种22种、入侵种33种;81．8％的入侵种在江苏全省均有分布;入侵种以菊科（Compositae）和禾本科（Poaceae）植物为主,分别有11种和7种。在此调查结果基础上,对江苏省外来种子植物的分类和危害进行了讨论,并对江苏省外来物种的利用和管理提出了一些建议。     

广东省农业生态系统外来入侵植物的种类调查与危害评估

为了掌握广东省农业生态系统中外来入侵植物的种类和分布状况,本文通过定点调查和线路调查的方法对广东省21市农业生态系统中205个样点的外来入侵植物进行了分析,共发现外来入侵植物28科90种。其中,菊科植物种类最多,有27种,草本植物有71种,它们分别占入侵植物总数的30.00%和78.89%。处于重度危害的入侵植物有22种;处于中度危害的植物有15种;处于轻度危害的植物有53种。在90种外来入侵植物中,71种来自美洲,占总数的78.89%;其他各洲相对较少。广域分布种最多,为40种,占总数的44.44%;全域分布种则最少,仅有7种,占总数的7.78%。由此可见,广东省农业生态系统入侵植物种类多,分布广,危害严重,需引起有关部门的高度重视。     

Some issues and options for the conservation of native biodiversity in rural New Zealand

Summary For the 70% of New Zealand under private ownership, native biodiversity conservation has to occur within a landscape that must also provide a productive return to land owners. Recent New Zealand legislation, especially the Resource Management Act 1991, promotes sustainable management on private land by allowing for the economic and cultural well-being of local communities while providing for the protection of natural resources including native biodiversity. We suggest that, to effectively conserve native biodiversity in rural landscapes, we need to consider four key issues: (i) what might be realistic goals for native biodiversity conservation; (ii) how might we better arrange different land uses to meet both native biodiversity and production goals; (iii) what is the optimum arrangement of native biodiversity; and (iv) how native biodiversity conservation can improve productive returns to land managers. Options to enhance native biodiversity conservation include a variety of incentives (e.g. management agreements, financial incentives and regulatory systems) and onsite management options (e.g. remnant management, restoration plantings, weed and pest control, use of native species for commercial and amenity purposes, use of exotic species to facilitate native biodiversity). The importance of taking a landscape-based rather than a paddock-based approach to management is emphasized.