意大利蜜蜂丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因和全长转录本鉴定及验证

【目的】利用前期获得的高质量纳米孔长读段测序数据对意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera ligustica的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因和全长转录本进行鉴定和分析,为深入开展功能研究提供参考信息和基础。【方法】基于前期获得的高质量意大利蜜蜂纳米孔长读段测序数据,通过Blast工具将意大利蜜蜂全长转录本比对Nr数据库筛选出丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因和全长转录本;利用gffcompare软件将筛选出的丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶全长转录本与西方蜜蜂A.mellifera参考基因组(Amel＿HAv3.1)上注释的转录本进行比较,以鉴定未注释的新基因和新转录本;使用Astalavista软件鉴定丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶基因的可变剪接(alternative splicing, AS)事件类型,采用IGV浏览器对剪接体的结构进行可视化,通过RT-PCR验证随机选取的6次AS事件的真实性。【结果】共鉴定到意大利蜜蜂丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶71个基因和335条全长转录本,发掘出未注释的1个新基因和97条新转录本;共对14个已注释基因进行了结构优化,分别延伸了6个基因的5′端和8个基因的3′端。共鉴定到意大利...     

基于蜜蜂球囊菌纳米孔测序数据的基因非翻译区延长、SSR位点发掘及未注释基因和转录本鉴定

【目的】利用已获得的纳米孔长读段测序数据完善现有的蜜蜂球囊菌Ascosphaera apis参考基因组注释信息,并对未注释的新基因和新转录本进行鉴定和功能注释。【方法】基于已获得的纳米孔长读段测序数据,采用gffcompare软件将蜜蜂球囊菌全长转录本与参考基因组注释的转录本进行比较,进而对参考基因组注释基因的非翻译区(untranslated region, UTR)进行延长。利用TransDecoder软件对蜜蜂球囊菌基因的开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)及相应的氨基酸序列进行预测。通过MISA软件发掘长度在500 bp以上的全长转录本的SSR位点。通过Blast工具将鉴定到的新基因和新转录本比对Nr, KOG, eggNOG, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, GO和KEGG数据库进行功能注释。【结果】共对蜜蜂球囊菌的9 481个基因进行了UTR延长,其中5′UTR和3′UTR延长的基因分别有4 744和4 737个。共预测出10 492个完整ORF,其中编码长度分布在0～100和100～200个氨基酸的ORF最多,分别占ORF总数的38.96%和3...     

利用全长转录本优化柞蚕基因组注释(英文)

【目的】优化柞蚕Antheraea pernyi基因组注释,更好地扩展其在比较基因组学及品种改良研究中的应用。【方法】对柞蚕进行全长转录组测序分析;经全长转录本与参考基因组比对,鉴定新基因及新转录本,并对这些新基因和新转录本进行功能注释及长链非编码RNAs (lncRNAs)预测。利用大量的蛋白质编码转录本和lncRNAs对柞蚕基因组中基因结构进行修订。最后创建矫正后的柞蚕基因组基因注释。【结果】新发现1 997个蛋白编码基因和3 399个lncRNA基因,分别由2 402个和3 574个全长转录本数据支持。发现柞蚕基因组含25 021个基因,其中19 825个基因是蛋白编码基因,包括7个保幼激素酸甲基转移酶基因。【结论】本研究促进了对柞蚕基因组基因注释信息的认识,为柞蚕及相关物种功能基因组及比较基因组学研究提供了很有用的数据资源。     

基于RNA-Seq高通量测序技术的牦牛卵巢转录组研究:进一步完善牦牛基因结构及挖掘与繁殖相关新基因

RNA-Seq作为近年来新发展起来的高通量转录组测序技术,为大规模转录组学研究提供了一种全新的且更为有效的方法.目前该技术已广泛应用于转录组学中多方面的研究,尤其近年来,该技术在进一步完善基因结构信息及挖掘新转录本及新基因方面的功能也逐渐受到关注.本研究以牦牛卵巢组织作为研究对象,应用RNA-Seq技术对其进行高通量转录组测序分析,经测序后得到了一个包含26826516条过滤后测序读数,4828772880 bp的卵巢测序文库,比对分析显示,有16992条牦牛基因发生表达,其中3734条基因存在不同类型的可变剪接.功能分析表明,这些表达基因涉及多种GO分类及KEGG通路.进一步分析转录组数据发现,共有7340个基因的5′或3′端在原有基因组的位置基础上发生了延伸,同时还发现了6321个新转录本,定位回基因组预测显示,外显子数量为1~84个,其中2267个新转录本预测具有编码蛋白的能力.比对分析显示,共有1200~4993条新转录本分别与Nt数据库、Nr数据库及SwissProt数据库中的基因比对上,其中与牛相似性基因最多(41.4%),其次为野牦牛(33.0%)、绵羊(6.3%)、人类(2.8%)及小鼠(1.6%)等其他物种.进一步对新转录本进行GO分类注释,结果显示,与繁殖发育相关的GO分类占有较大比例,其中繁殖类别(reproduction)所涉及的新转录本最多.本研究结果为描绘牦牛卵巢正常转录组图谱及进一步探析牦牛繁殖性能提供了基础,同时证实RNA-Seq高通量转录组技术在完善基因结构及挖掘新转录本及新基因方面的具有强大的优势,为进一步完善牦牛基因组结构信息及挖掘潜在的新基因提供了丰富数据.     

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫的基因结构优化及新基因鉴定

东方蜜蜂微孢子虫Nosema ceranae是一种寄生于蜜蜂中肠上皮细胞的单细胞真菌,对蜜蜂的健康危害严重,给世界各国的养蜂业造成较大损失。本研究基于前期获得的N.ceranae孢子的转录组数据对其已注释基因进行结构优化,并对未注释基因进行预测和分析。通过将测序得到的clean reads比对参考基因组和转录本重构,共对10个N.ceranae的已注释基因的5'端或3'端进行了延长。利用Cuffcompare软件将重构转录本与参考基因组进行比对,共鉴定出27个新基因,随机挑选9个新基因进行RT-PCR验证,均能扩增出符合预期的目的片段,表明预测出的新基因真实存在。有6个新基因能够注释到GO数据库和6个基因注释到KEGG数据库。进一步分析结果显示上述新基因注释到细胞等10个GO条目上,它们可能在N.ceranae的生命活动中具有重要功能。研究结果为N.ceranae的基因结构和功能注释信息的完善提供了有益补充,也为新基因的功能研究打下了基础。     

藏茵陈基源植物皱边喉毛花的全长转录组信息分析

皱边喉毛花为藏药藏茵陈基源植物之一,其包含丰富的药用成分。为进一步了解皱边喉毛花转录组,丰富其基因注释、代谢通路等遗传信息,该研究利用PacBio测序平台对皱边喉毛花叶片进行全长转录组测序。结果表明:(1)全长转录组测序共获得17 Gb的高质量数据,对795 698 个CCS序列进行聚类和去冗余,最终获得87 814 条高质量的全长转录本。(2)与7个数据库比对后,共有277 451 条转录本注释成功,其中注释到NR数据库的转录本最多,有39 214 条。26 396 条转录本成功注释到KOG数据库中,共有26 个子类。39 104 条转录本注释到KEGG数据库中,涉及6 个主要通路和40 个子通路。39 102 条转录本注释到GO数据库中,按分子功能、生物学过程和细胞成分3大类对注释成功的转录本进行分类。(3)SSR分析共鉴定到22 861 个SSR,其中单碱基重复最为丰富; 共检测到1 874 个转录因子和15 166 个长非编码RNA(LncRNA),而注释到转录本最多的转录因子家族是C3H。(4)筛选出55 条与单萜类及黄酮类化合物合成相关的转录本。该研究结果丰富了皱边喉毛花的转录组信息,为进一步筛选皱边喉毛花药用成分合成相关的关键基因提供了重要的遗传资源。     

原核生物蛋白质基因组学研究进展

随着基因组测序技术的不断发展,大量微生物基因组序列可以在短时间内得以准确鉴定。为了进一步探究基因组的结构与功能,基于序列特征与同源特征的基因组注释算法广泛应用于新测序物种。然而受基因组测序质量以及算法本身准确性偏低等问题的影响,现有的基因组注释存在着相当比例的假基因以及注释错误,尤其是蛋白质N端的注释错误。为了弥补基因组注释的不足,以基因芯片或RNA-seq为核心的转录组测序技术和以串联质谱为核心的蛋白质组测序技术可以高通量地对基因的转录和翻译产物进行精确测定,进而实现预测基因结构的实验验证。然而,原核生物细胞中存在的大量非编码RNA给转录组测序技术引入了污染数据,限制了其对基因组注释的应用。相对而言,以串联质谱技术为核心的蛋白质组学测序可以在短时间内鉴定到生物体内大量的蛋白质,实现注释基因的验证甚至校准。已成为基因组注释和重注释的重要依据,并因而衍生了"蛋白质基因组学"的新研究方向。文中首先介绍传统的基于序列预测和同源比对的基因组注释算法,指出其中存在的不足。在此基础上,结合转录组学与蛋白质组学的技术特点,分析蛋白质组学对于原核生物基因组注释的优势,总结现阶段大规模蛋白质基因组学研究的进展情况。最后从信息学角度指出当前蛋白质组数据进行基因组重注释存在的问题与相应的解决方案,进而探讨未来蛋白质基因组学的发展方向。     

基于RNA-seq的黄蜻头部转录组测序与分析

利用RNA-seq技术对黄蜻Pantala flavescens(Fabricius)头部细胞的全部转录本进行测序、功能分析。提取黄蜻头部总RNA,反转录得到c DNA,在Illumina平台上进行测序,经拼接、组装、聚类后获得全部unigenes,并将所得的unigenes与数据库比对,对其进行功能注释和分类。总共得到47 039 040条碱基序列,包含了7 102 895 040个碱基序列信息,碱基G和C的数量总和占总碱基数量的44.05%。将测序结果进行组装,组装所得到的unigenes为34 406 502条,对所得到的unigenes进行不同的数据库注释,共有44 499条unigenes被注释到数据库,其中有大量unigenes与代谢过程、结合活性、催化活性和细胞进程有关。与COG数据库比对,根据功能可以分为26类,其中信号转导机制最为丰富。与KEGG数据库比对,线粒体基因在所测样本中最为丰富,与KEGG ORTHOLOGY注释后,代谢活动基因最为丰富。这些与线粒体和代谢有关的基因与我们研究中与黄蜻迁飞基因相关,为后续研究奠定了基础。     

榆树叶片形成虫瘿过程中转录组学分析

榆瘿蚜取食侵染榆树叶片形成了榆树虫瘿,本研究采用新一代的高通量Illumina Hi Seq^TM 2000技术测序平台对榆瘿蚜取食刺激的榆树叶片进行转录组测序和功能注释,利用生物学方法对基因表达和功能进行研究。测序获得23.19 Gb碱基序列信息,通过对测序数据进行序列过滤、拼接和去冗余,共获得102 017个Unigenes,通过NR与BLAST等数据库比对,其中有37 899个(37.15%) Unigense被注释。利用KOG、GO、KEGG等数据库对榆树虫瘿叶片的Unigense进行比对,按功其能将匹配的Unigenes基因划分25大类;GO注释将信息归纳为基因的3大主类,57个亚类;以KEGG数据库为参考,将Unigene定位到110个不同的代谢通路,包括氧化应激防御、植物激素信号转导、碳水化合物以及次生物代谢等代谢相关的Unigenes通路。本研究通过二代高通量转录组测序技术研究榆瘿蚜侵染下榆树虫瘿的相关基因,为今后研究榆瘿蚜侵染榆树叶片形成虫瘿的分子机理提供了基础资料。     

荔枝蒂蛀虫转录组及嗅觉相关基因分析

【目的】荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley是专一性危害我国华南地区荔枝和龙眼的重要害虫,隐蔽性强,防治困难,基因组信息缺乏。本研究的目的是获得荔枝蒂蛀虫的基因数据,寻求有效控制害虫的分子靶标。【方法】采用新一代高通量测序技术Illumina Hi SeqTM4000对荔枝蒂蛀虫进行转录组测序和生物信息学分析。【结果】经序列拼接获得68 996条unigenes。进一步利用七大公共数据库进行同源比对,注释了22 348 unigenes。注释到Nr数据库的unigenes数量最多,达27.01%,其中Nr注释的荔枝蒂蛀虫unigenes中与小菜蛾Plutella xylostella unigenes同源性最高,达34.1%。将unigenes与GO数据库比对发现,15 585条unigenes根据其功能大致可分为3类47亚类。KEGG pathways分析表明,7 272条unigenes定位为267个代谢通路。基因注释进一步筛选鉴定获得100个荔枝蒂蛀虫嗅觉相关基因;与鳞翅目相关气味结合蛋白基因联合分析发现,与荔枝蒂蛀虫气味结合蛋白基因直系同源的有18组,部分基因形成独立一簇。【结论】本研究首次获得了荔枝蒂蛀虫的转录组数据,研究结果为生物控制荔枝蒂蛀虫提供了重要的基础数据和候选分子靶标。荔枝蒂蛀虫独有的气味结合蛋白基因可能与其生境中特有的化学物质相关。     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Isotopic studies of the diet of the people of the coast of British Columbia

In 1982, Chisholm et al. used δ¹³C data for human burials from shell midden sites widely distributed on the coast of British Columbia (BC) to show the extreme dependence of these individuals on high trophic level marine consumers, principally salmon and marine mammals. Here, we present previously unpublished analyses of δ¹⁵N for some of the same individuals as well as δ¹³C data for additional individuals. Nitrogen isotope data show that the diet was dominated by high trophic level marine fauna including carnivorous fish and marine mammals. Although most burials were found in shell middens, marine mollusks made up of only a minor component of diet. The data for δ¹³C demonstrate that terrestrial faunal foods are undetectable in the diet of the majority of individuals, and seldom constitute more than 10% of the dietary protein of individuals living on the coast although terrestrial fauna were widely available as a potential source of protein. This dietary pattern of exclusion of land‐based animals from their diet persisted for almost 6,000 years along a wide expanse of coastline. In contrast, people from the BC interior (100 km or more from the coast) consumed a mixed diet of terrestrial and marine foods including spawning salmon. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:460–468, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Effects of steroid hormones on the differentiation of the catecholamine storing cells of the paracervical ganglion of the rat uterus

Zusammenfassung In der Lamina propria menschlicher Hodenkanälchen wurden spezialisierte Fibroblasten beobachtet. Die Zellen sind durch Bündel parallel geordneter Plasmafilamente gekennzeichnet, deren Durchmesser rund 80 Å beträgt. Die Filamentbündel verlaufen parallel zur Oberfläche der lamellär ausgebreiteten Zellen und inserieren in elektronendichtem, granulärem Material, das der Innenseite der Zellmembran anliegt. Es wird angenommen, daß dieses Fibrillensystem kontraktil ist; die dichtere oder lockerere Vernetzung der Filamente innerhalb der Bündel würde dem kontrahierten oder erschlafften Zustand der Zellen entsprechen. Die beschriebenen spezialisierten Fibroblasten sollten der Gruppe der Myofibroblasten zugeordnet werden (Gabbiani, Ryan und Majno, 1971).

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Contractile fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) in the lamina propria of human seminiferous tubules

Summary A special type of fibroblast is observed in the connective tissue of seminiferous tubules in human testes. These cells are characterized by a fibrillar system consisting of parallel arranged cytoplasmic filaments. The filaments have a mean diameter of 80 Å. Bundles of filaments run parallel to the surface of the flattened cells. The filaments insert in a dense, granular material which is connected with the cell membrane. This fibrillar system is thought to be contractile; the dense or more loose texture of the filaments within the bundles may correspond to the contracted or relaxed state of the cell. The specialized fibroblasts described are supposed to belong to the group of myofibroblasts (Gabbiani, Ryan and Majno, 1971).

     

Aspects of the biodiversity of the rivers in the Lake Naivasha catchment

Deep-water Oculina coral reefs, which are similar in structure and development to deep-water Lophelia reefs, stretch over 167 km (90 nmi) at depths of 70–100 m along the eastern Florida shelf of the United States. These consist of numerous pinnacles and ridges, 3–35 m in height. Coral growth rates average 16.1 mm yr^–1 and biodiversity is very rich. Extensive areas of Oculina rubble may be due to human impacts (e.g. fish trawling and dredging, anchoring, bottom longlines) and natural processes such as bioerosion and episodic die-off. Early in the 1970s, the reefs were teeming with fish. By the early 1990s, both commercial and recreational fisheries, including scallop, shrimp, grouper, snapper and amberjack, had taken a toll on the reefs and especially on populations of grouper and snapper. A 315 km² (92 nmi²) area was designated the Oculina Habitat of Particular Concern (HAPC) in 1984, prohibiting trawling, dredging, bottom longlines and anchoring, and legislation was enacted in 2000 for expansion of the Oculina HAPC to 1029 km² (300 nmi²). The United States Coast Guard has been charged with surveillance and enforcement of the ban on bottom fishing and trawling. The primary difficulties in protecting these reefs and other deep-water Marine Protected Areas are their remoteness and time required to engage an enforcement vessel. Education regarding the nature and importance of these rich resources is important for better self regulation and surveillance by the fishing community. Only by bringing deep-water reefs to the public, the fishing community, and enforcement agencies, through video, photos, and education will there be better understanding and acceptance for the need of protection for these unseen resources. This paper reviews the current knowledge on the deep-water Oculina reefs, including the biology, geology, human impacts, and history of conservation and management.     

Primary production of the periphyton in the littoral of the Danube

Summary The gross primary production of periphyton, grown on artificial substrata in the littoral of the Danube, was measured by the light and dark bottle method from April 1970 to March 1971. The periphyton used for the measurements was sampled from various depths, in order to cover the production of the whole littoral. In connection with this, the littoral area was divided into four zones limited by the heights 600 to 200 cm, according to the local water level gauge. The highest localized zone A (500–600 cm) was inundated only at maximum water levels for rather short period of time, the deepest zone D (200–300 cm) was permanently flooded.The zone A showed an average periphyton primary production of 22.5, the zone B of 54.8, the zone C of 28.9 and the zone D of 9.1 mg O₂/dm²/day. When recalculated to periods when the individual zones were inundated, the annual production was as follows: in zone A: 0.94, zone B: 9.20, zone C: 7.29 and zone D: 3.06g O₂/dm². The highest primary production was always found in the zone just below the water level. Exceptions occurred only when this zone was inundated for a short time as a result of a temporary rise of the water level and the periphyton was insufficiently developed.In order to compare the values of primary production of periphyton obtained from shallower rivers, where the whole bottom is well illuminated, or from rivers that do not exhibit such frequent and extensive level oscillations as the Danube, average value calculated from results obtained from the zone closest to the water level at the time of measurements, were always used. These results represent a special zone following the water level changes which is called surface zone. Primary periphytic production in the surface zone was 43.8 mg O₂/dm²/day. For the annual period it corresponds to the value of 14.74 g O₂/dm². Efficiently of gross photosynthesis in this zone was on the average 1.72%.The height of the water level and the water temperature were higly correlated with gross periphytic production. Close relationships between chlorophyll a concent, biomass and gross primary production of periphyton were found.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bruttoprimärproduktion des auf künstlichem Substrat im litoralen Bereich der Donau wachsenden Periphytons, wurde vom April 1970 bis zum März 1971, mit Hilfe der Hell-Dunkelflaschenmethode, gemessen. Das für die Messung herangezogene Periphyton wurde aus verschiedenen Tiefenzonen entnommen, um die Produktion der gesamten Uferzone festzuhalten. Im Zusammenhang damit wurde der litorale Bereich der Donau in 4 Zonen gegliedert, welche ihre Grenzen bei einem Pegelstand von 600–200 cm des Ortspegels hatten. Die höchste Zone A (500–600 cm) wurde nur bei den höchsten Wasserstanden und nur für kurze Zeit vom Wasser überflutet, die tiefste Zone D (200–300 cm) war dauernd unter Wasser.In der Zone A war die durchschnittliche Produktion des Periphytons 22,5 mg O₂/dm²/Tag, in Zone B 54,8 mg, in Zone C 28,9 mg und in Zone D 9.1 mg. Nach Berechnung für die Zeit, in der die einzelnen Zonen vom Wasser bedeckt waren war folgende Produktion in den einzelnen Zonen festzustellen: in Zone A 0,94 g O₂/dm², in Zone B 9,20 g, in Zone C 7,29 g und in Zone D 3,06 g. Die höchste Periphytonproduktion wurde jeweils in der Zone festgestellt, welche dem Wasserspiegel am nächsten war. Eine Ausnahme bildeten nur jene Fälle, in denen these Zone nach vorübergehender Erhöhung des Wasserspiegels erst kurze Zeit vom Wasser bedeckt war und das Periphyton ungenügend entwickelt war.Zum Vergleich mit den Werten der Primärproduktion des Aufwuchses aus seichteren Gewässern mit gut belichteter Sohle, oder aus Flüssen welche nicht so häufige und weitreichende Spiegelschwankungen aufweisen wie die Donau, wird in der vorgelegten Arbeit der Durchschnittswert aus den Ergebnissen der Zone verwendet, welche zur Zeit der Messungen dem Wasserspiegel am nächsten war. Diese Ergebnisse repräsentieren eine besondere Zone, welche den Schwankungen des Wasserspiegels folgt und von den Autoren durch den Begriff Oberflachenzone bezeichnet wird. Die Primärproduktion des Periphytons in dieser Oberflächenzone war 43,8 mg O₂/dm²/Tag. Dem entspricht im Jahresverlauf ein Wert von 14,74 g O₂/dm². Die Ausnützung der Sonnenenergie war in dieser Zone im Durchschnitt 1,72%.Von den Umweltfaktoren zeigt die Höhe des Wasserspiegels und die Wassertemperatur den engsten Zusammenhang mit der Höhe der Bruttoprimärproduktion des Periphytons. In kürzeren Zeitabschnitten, in denen es zu keinen raschen ausgeprägten Schwankungen des Wasserspiegels des Flusses kommt, wurde eine enge Abhängigkeit zwischen den Werten der Primärproduktion und dem a-Chlorophylgehalt und auch der Biomasse festgestellt.

     

Diversity of the Carbohydrate Composition of the Antigenic Polysaccharides of Proteobacteria of the Genera Pseudoalteromonasand Marinomonas

The sugar analysis of the glycans of the type strains of marine proteobacteria of the genera Pseudoalteromonasand Marinomonas—Pseudoalteromonas atlanticaIAM12927^T, P. aurantiaNCIMB 2033^T, P. citreaATCC 29719^T, P. elyakoviiKMM 162^T, P. espejianaATCC 29659^T, P. piscicidaNCIMB 645^T, P. tetraodonisIAM 14160^T, Marinomonas communisATCC 27118^T, and M. vagaATCC 27119^T—showed that they contain glucose, galactose, galactosamine, glucosamine, fucose, rhamnose, mannose, heptose, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (KDO), uronic acids, colitose (3,6-dideoxy-L-xylo-hexose), and 6-deoxy-L-talose. The carbohydrate composition of the antigenic polysaccharides (PSs) of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^Tand P. espejianaATCC 29659^Tdepended on the type and the concentration of carbohydrate substrates in the nutrient media. The molar proportion between rhamnose, glucose, and galactose (ca. 1 : 0.3 : 2) in the PS of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^Twas almost the same in the media lacking carbohydrates or containing glucose or galactose at a concentration of 1 g/l. At the same time, the molar proportion between fucose, glucose, galactose, galactosamine, and glucosamine (ca. 1 : 1 : 1 : 2 : 0.5) in the PS of P. espejianaATCC 29659^Tdepended on the presence and the concentration of carbohydrate substrates in the medium. A high concentration of glucose in the medium (30 g/l) brought about a rise in the content of glucose in PSs (9-fold for the PS of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^Tand 4.6-fold for the PS of P. espejianaATCC 29659^T) and led to a decrease in the content of other carbohydrates. The cultivation of these two strains at a lactose concentration of 30 g/l resulted in their PSs containing glucose and galactose in about equal proportions (ca. 1 : 1 in the case of P. espejianaATCC 29659^Tand ca. 2.1 : 1.7 in the case of P. elyakoviiKMM 162^T).     

A review of the systematic position of the North American species of the genusGlyptotendipes

The systematic position of the North American species of the genusGlyptotendipes is reviewed using morphological characters from all life history stages. The cladistic analysis revealed adult characters which support the monophyly of the three species groups (A, B and C) of PINDER and REISS (1983, 1986) for pupae and larvae. These species groups are given formal subgeneric status, with Group A becomingGlytotendipes, s.s., placingPhytotendipes Goetghebuer, 1937 in synonymy, Group B is namedCaulochironomus (type-species,Tendipes caulicola Kieffer, 1913) and Group C is namedTrichotendipes (type-species,Tendipes signatus Kieffer, 1911).     

Parallel Computation of the Matrix of the Chemical Distances on the Connection Machine

Abstract

We report here the parallel implementation of an original algorithm allowing a fast calculation of the distance matrix D of a graph representing a given chemical structure (molecule, polymer, crystal, etc.). Our algorithm fits perfectly in the SIMD parallel architecture of the Connection Machines CM-200 as we shall show. After discussing the performances of the parallel evaluation of D, we will end with a relevant application concerning C₆₀ and C₇₀ fullerenes. The present study applies to a generic globally connected graph without any restriction on the local connectivity of each graph's vertex.     

Changes since the turn of the century in the fish fauna and the fisheries of the Oslofjord

Summary 1. The material for this study is drawn from two sources, (a) investigations of the fish fauna in the inner Oslofjord between 1897 and 1967, (b) fish landing statistics available since 1872 at the Oslo fish market.2. The investigations of the fish fauna reveal that 4 species of fish — 2 sharks and 2 arctic bullheads — have disappeared from the deep waters of the Oslofjord where they were known to exist in 1897. We assume that unfavourable conditions, great changes in temperature or lack of oxygen in the stagnant deep water to which these species belonged have been injurious to their propagation and survival.3. The annual fluctuations in the landed quantities of fish are great, but nevertheless there exists a marked decreasing trend since about 1930; total landings in recent years are less than 1/10 of what they were 30 or 40 years ago.4. The fluctuations in the landings of cod, herring and mackerel are studied in some detail. Three periods (of 20 to 22 years' duration) from 1872 to 1932 show increasing average landings of cod: 44, 57, and 74 tons respectively; in the period 1933 to 1955 landings decreased to an average of 16 tons per year. The effect of fluctuating year classes is discussed.5. The landings of herring and mackerel were very good between 1911 and 1919 or 1920 with a maximum of 1500 tons of herring and 800 tons of mackerel. In the following years there was a trend of decrease with a few years of moderately good landings. Mature mackerels are immigrating into the fjord for feeding and spawning, while mature herrings, to a major extent, are supposed to belong to a local stock. The highest landings of both species are due to extremely great catches of young fish, and the success of the fishery in any one year, therefore, dependent of a successful spawning and hatching one ort two years before.6. In conclusion, the attention is drawn to the fact that there are reasons to believe that the profuse growth of bacteria in the polluted waters seems to be injurious to the hatching of fish eggs and to the survival of fish larvae (Dannevig 1945,Oppenheimer 1955).

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Veränderungen der Fischfauna und der Fischerei des Oslofjords seit der Jahrhundertwende

Kurzfassung Das Material zu dieser Untersuchung stammt aus zwei Quellen: (a) vier Untersuchungen über die Fischfauna des Oslofjords im Zeitraum zwischen 1897 und 1967, und (b) Statistiken für den Zeitraum von 1872 bis 1964 über die Fischmengen, die im inneren Oslofjord gefangen und an die Fischhalle in Oslo geliefert worden sind. Ein Vergleich der Resultate mit den vier Untersuchungen über die Fischfauna zeigt, daß vier Arten von Tiefwasserfischen aus dem inneren Oslofjord völlig verschwunden sind, nämlichEtmopterus spinax, Somniosus microcephalus, Artediellus uncinatus undIcelus bicornis, die beiden zuletzt genannten wahrscheinlich schon vor 1930. Eine Anzahl anderer Arten, die früher häufig waren, sind jetzt selten. Statistische Erhebungen über die im Oslofjord gefangenen Fische lassen erkennen, daß die Erträge seit den zwanziger und dreißiger Jahren stark zurückgegangen sind. Gleichzeitig hat die Zahl der Fischer abgenommen. Es wird die Schlußfolgerung gezogen, daß die Veränderungen des Oslofjords sich besonders in den letzten 30 Jahren für mehrere Fischarten als schädigend erwiesen haben. Diese Auffassung wird unterstützt durch die Untersuchungen vonDannevig (1945) undOppenheimer (1955), die gezeigt haben, daß die reiche Bakterienflora des Oslofjords für die Entwicklung der pelagischen Fischeier schädlich ist.