不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响

以黄土高原9年生红富士果园生态系统为对象,研究不同地表覆盖模式（清耕、生草覆盖、地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和砂石覆盖）对果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响.结果表明：生草覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最低,砂石覆盖土壤水分剖面分异最高;砂石覆盖提高了根层水分含量,有利于果树对水分的利用.不同地表覆盖模式土壤热量状况变化显著,处理间差异明显,极端最高温度下降,但地膜覆盖处理夏季地温超过果树根系生长的上限温度,对果树根系生长和生理功能发挥不利.除地膜覆盖外,其他地表覆盖模式均能提高土壤CO₂释放速率,其中生草覆盖的效果最为显著.不同地表覆盖模式对果树枝条类型比例及产量影响较大,砂石覆盖处理的中短枝比例和果实产量最高;生草覆盖处理的果实产量最低.因子分析结果表明,对于黄土高原沟壑区盛果期果园,砂石覆盖处理是较为适宜的地表覆盖模式.     

Long-term orchard groundcover management systems affect soil microbial communities and apple replant disease severity

Apple replant disease (ARD) is a soil-disease syndrome of complex etiology that affects apple tree roots in replanted orchards, resulting in stunted tree growth and reduced yields. To investigate whether different groundcover management systems (GMSs) influence subsequent ARD severity, we grew apple seedlings in an outdoor nursery in pots containing orchard soil from field plots where four GMSs had been maintained for 14 years in an orchard near Ithaca, NY, USA. The GMS treatments were: (1) pre-emergence herbicide (Pre-H), bare soil strips maintained by applying tank-mixed glyphosate, norflurazon and diuron herbicides annually; (2) post-emergence herbicide (Post-H), sparse weed cover maintained by applying glyphosate in May and July each year; (3) mowed sod grass (Mowed Sod); and (4) bark mulch (Mulch). Soils were also sampled from the grass drive lane maintained between the trees in the orchard (Grass Lane). Sampled soils (Orchard soil) were either pasteurized or left untreated, placed into 4-L pots, and planted with one apple seedling per pot. After 3 months of growth, soil (Bioassay soil) and apple tree roots (Bioassay roots) were sampled from each pot and microbial populations colonizing samples were characterized. Seedling growth was reduced in soils sampled from all four GMS treatments compared to the Grass Lane soils. Among the GMS treatments, seedling biomass was greater in Pre-H than in the Post-H soil. Soil microbial communities and nutrient availability differed among all four GMS treatments and the Grass Lane. Root-lesion (Pratylenchus sp.) nematode populations were higher in the Mowed Sod than in the other GMS treatments. Soil bacterial and fungal community composition was assessed in Orchard and Bioassay soils and Bioassay roots with a DNA fingerprinting method (T-RFLP). Redundancy analysis indicated that soils sampled from the different GMS treatments differentially influenced seedling biomass. A clone library of 267 soil bacteria was developed from sampled Orchard soils and Bioassay roots. These communities were dominated by Acidobacteria (25% of sequences), Actinobacteria (19%), δ-Proteobacteria (12%), β-Proteobacteria (10%), and these ratios differed among the GMS soils. Members of the family Comamonadaceae were detected only in tree-row soil, not in the Grass Lanes. The dominant sequences among 145 cloned fungi associated with apple seedling roots were Fusarium oxysporum (16% of sequences), an uncultured soil fungus submitted under DQ420986 (12%), and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa (9%). In a redundancy analysis, factors including fungal and oomycete community compositions, soil respiration rates, population sizes of culturable bacteria and fungi, soil organic matter content, and nutrient availability, were not significant predictors of apple seedling biomass in these soils. Different GMS treatments used by apple growers may influence subsequent ARD severity in replanted trees, but edaphic factors commonly associated with soil fertility may not reliably predict tree-root health and successful establishment of replanted orchards.     

复合微生物菌剂对重茬苹果园土壤细菌群落的影响

【目的】了解抗重茬复合微生物菌剂对重茬苹果园土壤细菌数量及多样性的影响。【方法】对重茬苹果园土壤进行复合微生物菌剂处理后,采用自动核糖体内转录间隔区序列分析方法(Automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis,ARISA)对新茬苹果园、重茬苹果园土壤细菌群落多样性进行分析。【结果】经复合微生物菌剂处理2年后,重茬果园土壤OTUs总数和Shannon-Weiner指数分别为250和4.44,新茬果园OTUs总数和Shannon-Weiner指数分别为234和3.81,经One-Way ANOSIM法分析得到二者差异系数P分别为0.108 3和0.084 3。另外,重茬园和新茬园共享核心OTUs有89个,二者的Jaccard群落相似性系数为0.47,相似程度中等。【结论】复合微生物菌剂具有提高重茬果园土壤微生物多样性,促进重茬苹果园土壤微生物生态系统恢复的作用。     

Effect of tree species and soil properties on nutrient immobilization in the forest floor

To investigate the effect of tree species and soil properties on organic matter accumulation and associated nutrients, an area-based sampling of the forest floor was carried out in a 28 years old species trial including Norway spruce, Douglas fir, beech, and common oak at two sites, a poor and sandy soil, and a fertile loamy soil.The accumulation of C, N and P in the forest floor was significantly higher at the sandy site than at the loamy site under all species. At the loamy site, oak was characterized by lesser accumulation of C, N and P than the other species. Remarkably, the C/N-ratios showed no substantial differences, whereas the C/P-ratios were significantly higher at the sandy site for all species. pH was significantly lower at the sandy site for all species, and among the species, pH was lower in the conifer forest floors than in the broadleave forest floors. The concentration of ammonium, nitrate and phosphate in the soil solution was much higher at the loamy site under all species showing a stronger microbial activity. It is therefore hypothesized that the differences in accumulation rates were, at least partly, caused by differences in the mineralization regimes. Strong root infiltration in the forest floors at the sandy site compared to almost none at the loamy site, is probably responsible for the differences in mineralization rate due to competition between the organic matter decomposers and the tree-roots/mycorrhiza for nutrients.     

渭北旱塬苹果园不同水肥管理模式下的土壤水分差异

为了探究渭北旱塬苹果园不同水肥管理模式下的土壤水分差异,于2013—2016年在地处渭北旱塬的陕西省白水县田家洼村进行了田间试验,设置了3个不同果园水肥管理方式:农户模式(单施化肥,FM)、现有模式(推荐施肥配合地膜覆盖,EM)、优化模式(有机无机肥配施配合双元覆盖,OM),并对0~300 cm土层土壤水分进行了测定.结果表明:优化模式可以显著提高0~200 cm土层土壤贮水量,0~100 cm土层土壤含水量在干旱季节较农户模式和现有模式分别增加5.6%和15.3%,优化模式200~300 cm土层土壤水分相对亏缺指数低于现有模式,在干旱年份可以提高降雨入渗,降雨入渗达到300 cm,同时优化模式可以提高果园0~300 cm土层土壤降水补充量,稳定土壤水分变化,有效缓解了深层土壤干燥化程度.优化模式4年平均产量较农户模式和现有模式分别提高36.6%和22.5%.综上,优化模式可以通过提高土壤有效含水量,改善浅层和深层水分状况,提升土壤水分利用效率,在提高产量的同时,缓解土壤深层干燥化程度.     

渭北旱塬苹果园土壤深层干燥化与硝酸盐累积

以渭北旱塬的苹果园为研究对象,对5～34龄苹果园土壤剖面水分含量分布与硝酸盐累积状况进行研究．结果发现,旱地苹果园的高投入与高产出经营方式不但导致了土壤深层干燥化,而且土壤深层累积了大量的硝态氮,累积层在40～260cm土层,最高含量达403．4mg·kg^-1．由于连续施氮肥,这些氮素被再利用的可能性很小,存在土体中的硝态氮会造成潜在的环境问题．由于土壤深层水对干旱的调节作用减弱或丧失,导致苹果产量受控于当季节降水．因此,应当控制苹果园施氮量,避免氮素的大量累积,并采取措施改善果园水分状况。     

灌水定额对旱区苹果园土壤水盐再分布的影响

以甘肃省秦安县盐渍化苹果园土壤为研究对象,采用大田试验的方法在苹果花期研究了不同灌水定额(0、900、1800、2700、3600 m3.hm-2)对果园0～100 cm土层水盐再分布(10、20、30 d)的影响.结果表明:随着灌水定额的增大,Na+淋溶深度增加,且再分布的滞后效应明显;Ca2+的"零通量面"逐渐消失;Mg2+的"零通量面"面宽逐渐增加;Cl-淋溶迁移方式由波动式变为直线式,蒸发迁移方式由波动式变为阶梯式;SO42-再分布方式呈点穴式;HCO3-再分布累积层位逐渐上移.在地下水位埋藏较深的土壤剖面中部存在一个"盐分零通量面",在水分再分布过程中,"盐分零通量面"的位置逐渐向下移动,体现旱地土壤水分耗竭特征.灌水定额在2700～3600 m3.hm-2时,灌溉有利于土壤剖面0～100 cm土层盐分和水溶性Na+的淋洗;灌水定额在1800 m3.hm-2以下时,灌溉加速了土壤表层盐分的累积.从钠盐淋洗和节水两方面综合考虑,旱区盐渍化果园土壤春季适宜的灌水定额为1800～2700 m3·hm-2.     

长期生草对柑橘园土壤化学及生物学性质的影响

以柑橘园清耕、自然生草和人工生草3种管理模式为研究对象,对其土壤化学及生物学性质进行测定,探明了长期生草对柑橘园不同土层土壤碳氮磷、微生物生物量碳氮磷、酶活性的影响及其相互关系。结果表明：生草类型和土层显著影响土壤碳氮磷养分含量、微生物生物量碳氮磷含量和相应的酶活性,但两者互作仅对β-葡萄糖苷酶、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨基酸氨基肽酶有显著影响(P<0.05)。总体上,土壤生物化学性质在生草类型间表现为人工生草>自然生草>清耕;在土层间表现为0—10 cm>10—20 cm>20—40 cm。冗余分析表明,前两轴土壤化学及生物学指标解释了80.2%土壤酶活性的变化,且主要表现为正效应。土壤化学及生物学指标对土壤酶活性的影响也因生草类型和土层而异,人工生草在各土层中对β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶、多酚氧化酶、N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶、亮氨基酸氨基肽酶和酸性磷酸酶6种土壤碳氮磷酶活性的影响均为正效应,而自然生草仅在0—20 cm土层中对β-葡萄糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶活性产生正效应,两种生草类型土壤酶活性均在0—10 cm土层受土壤碳氮磷等因子影响最为突出。因...     

不同的土壤培肥措施对低肥力农田土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

为了研究华北农田生态系统化肥、秸秆还田和有机肥等培肥措施对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响,在山东省桓台县冬小麦套种夏玉米种植模式下的低肥力生产系统中设置了田间试验。田间试验设7个处理,依序为:①全还 化肥(小麦秸杆 玉米秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),②全还 化肥 有机肥(小麦秸杆 玉米秸杆还田 有机肥),③麦还 化肥(小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),④麦还 化肥 有机肥(小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a) 有机肥),⑤化肥(600kgN/(hm2.a)),⑥麦还双倍 化肥(加倍小麦秸杆还田 600kgN/(hm2.a)),⑦不施肥(对照)。1998年4月至1998年11月田间取样测定了土壤的微生物生物量碳。试验结果显示:在整个试验阶段提高施肥水平微生物生物量碳都明显增加。单施化肥可以增加土壤的微生物生物量碳,有机物配合施用化肥作用更加明显。不同秸秆还田方式(全还、双倍麦还和麦还)对微生物生物量碳影响的季节变化较大。有机肥对提高土壤微生物生物量碳的作用是很明显的。从微生物生物量碳的全年平均值来看,全还 化肥 有机肥处理>麦还 化肥 有机肥处理>全还 化肥处理>双倍麦还 化肥处理>麦还 化肥处理>化肥处理>对照。因此,低肥力的农田生态系统中最好的培肥措施是化肥配施有机物。     

The impact of textile wastewater irrigation on the growth and development of apple plant

In this work, the effect of irrigation with textile wastewaters on the growth and development of “Golden Delicious” apple sapling was examined over a one-year period. Municipal water prepared as a control sample (T₀), 1/3 diluted (T₁), and undiluted (T₂) raw textile wastewater was used as the three different irrigation water samples. Two replications of each test were performed on three random samples each time. When examining the effects of T₀, T₁, and T₂ irrigation water on plant growth, it was found that T₁ irrigation water significantly increased the weight, the shoot length, and the diameter of the sapling. Despite increasing Ni and Cr metals in the apple saplings’ leaves when irrigated with T₂ water, plant growth was restricted due to the lack of basic nutrients. When taking certain aspects into account, such as the proper treatment of wastewater, then 1/3 diluted textile wastewater can be used as agricultural irrigation water for the apple plants.     

不同土壤培肥措施对华北高产农田原生动物丰度的影响

为了解华北高产农田生态系统中秸秆还田、有机肥和化肥投入水平等土壤培肥措施对原生动物群落丰度的影响,1999年10月~2000年9月在山东桓台冬小麦套种夏玉米的田间试验中进行了取样分析。田间处理1~处理9,依序为:全还,麦还,全还 化肥1,麦还 化肥1,全还 化肥2,麦还 化肥2,全还 化肥3,麦还 化肥3和全还 化肥1 有机肥处理。应用3级10倍环式稀释培养法对土壤中鞭毛虫、纤毛虫、肉足虫3类群原生动物的丰度进行了测定。结果显示:该研究地块肥力状况良好;土壤鞭毛虫和肉足虫占有绝大比例,分别为总丰度的39.47%和59.22%,纤毛虫仅占1.31%;土壤原生动物丰度在不同培肥处理中表现出相似的季节性动态变化特征;比较不同土壤培肥措施条件下的原生动物丰度水平为:全还>麦还,全还 化肥1 有机肥>麦还 化肥1,麦还 化肥2,麦还 化肥3>全还 化肥1,全还 化肥2,全还 化肥3;化肥对原生动物丰度表现出明显的抑制作用,而有机肥对原生动力丰度表现出明显的促进作用。化肥的施用量水平对土壤原生动物丰度的影响无显著性差异,作物秸秆采取何种还田方式对土壤原生动物丰度的影响也是不显著的,如麦还 化肥培肥地块的原生动物丰度仅略高于全还 化肥。     

耕作和覆盖对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响

研究了几种不同耕作方式（免耕、旋耕和翻耕）和覆盖措施（覆草、生草和覆膜）对黄土高原果园土壤水分和温度的影响.结果表明：5月不同耕作方式下0～1 m土层土壤水分差异极显著,表现为免耕（14.28%）>旋耕（14.13%）>翻耕（13.57%）,9月差异不明显;不同覆盖措施中,覆草处理的土壤水分最高,且与生草、覆膜、裸地处理间差异极显著;不同耕作方式和覆盖组合处理中以免耕覆草保水效果最好.不同覆盖处理白天土壤平均温度表现为覆膜>裸地>生草>覆草,土壤温度变幅表现为裸地>覆膜>生草>覆草.各覆盖处理的蓄水量与其土壤温度并不都呈负相关,而是由不同覆盖物的保水效果和保温性质共同决定.综上所述,黄土高原果园的保护性耕作体系应以免耕覆草为主.     

土壤管理措施及环境因素对土壤微生物多样性影响研究进展

本文综述了土壤管理措施及环境因素对土壤微生物多样性影响的研究进展,并介绍了土壤微生物多样性的研究方法,土壤微生物多样性包括微生物物种多样性、遗传多样性和生态多样性。传统上,土壤微生物群落的分析依赖于培养技术,但使用该技术只能培养和分离出一部分土壤微生物群落。现在国际上普遍使用Biolog分析、磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)分析和核酸分析等多种现代技术研究和表征土壤微生物多样性。土壤微生物多样性受土壤管理措施和多种环境因素的影响。农药可能使土壤微生物多样性减少或改变其结构和功能;施有机肥有利于维持土壤微生物的多样性及活性;但在施用无机肥的影响上目前的报道有矛盾之处。农业土壤减少耕作可能增加微生物多样性和生物量;轮作可能比单一栽培耕作更有利于维持土壤微生物的多样性及活性。土壤微生物多样性也受土壤有机质、植被、季节变化等因素的影响,且通常遭受干旱、过度放牧、营养缺乏等的胁迫作用。     

The impact of cover crop shoot decomposition on soil microorganisms in an apple orchard in northeast China

Mowing can facilitate the incorporation of cover crop shoots into soil and improve the properties of soils in apple orchards. This article evaluated how apple orchard soil responds to the decomposition of the shoot residues of three cover crops[native mixed herbs (NMS), red clover (RCS), and ryegrass (RES)] in terms of microbial metabolism and biomass, and discussed the relationships between microbial responses and shoot chemistry. The chemical composition of shoots was analysed and a buried bag experiment was carried out to simulate shoot decomposition in an apple orchard. The results revealed significant differences in the chemical compositions and shoot C:N ratios (NMS: 10.9, RCS: 19.1, and RES: 12.9) of the three cover crops. The decomposition of the cover crop shoots promoted microbial metabolism and boosted soil bacterial reproduction (increase in the biomass indicator muramic acid: 19.44, 124.15, and 14.83 mg kg⁻¹, respectively. But there are different types of effects on soil fungal reproduction (change in the biomass indicator glucosamine: 712.51, 887.45, and 103.97 mg kg⁻¹), and they are obviously negative, significantly positive, and non-significant respectively. Thus, the native mixed herbs and red clover are preferable swards for better shoot enhancement in apple orchard.     

黄土高原苹果园土壤水分及水分生产力模拟

以长武地区为例,采用WinEPIC模型模拟1980—2018年间黄土高原旱作苹果园地深剖面土壤水分和水分生产力变化动态,以期为该区苹果产业的可持续发展提供科学依据。结果表明: 长武地区苹果园年均产量为26.37 t·hm^-2,年均蒸散量为673.66 mm,年均水分生产力为4.07 kg·m^-3,成龄果树水分胁迫天数主要受降雨量影响,果树生长后期年均胁迫天数为46.46 d,深层土壤含水量最早于9龄果树开始接近凋萎湿度。长武地区苹果整个生长周期内供水量是对果园产量影响最大的因素,深层土壤有效水含量降低是制约果树生长中后期产量提高的最主要因素,在降水不足的年份果树会利用更深层土壤水分。当深层土壤可利用水分较少时,过多的降水并未被果树利用,而是转化为浅层土壤水分蒸发。对于成龄果树在年供水量低于500 mm或高于700 mm时都会造成产量的下降。针对不同生长时期的果园,在不同的降雨年份应该调整果园水分管理策略,可以通过补充灌溉、拦蓄集聚雨水、覆盖、修剪枝条等管理措施,降低果树非生产性耗水及自身奢侈性耗水,延缓深层土壤干层的出现时间,在保证果树生长的同时避免水资源的浪费。     

Influences of forest floor cleaning on the soil respiration and soil physical property of a larch plantation in Northeast China

Aimed to estimate how forest floor cleaning affected the carbon budget and soil physical feature, a 2-yr (2005–2006) measurement on soil respiration, soil bulk density, capillary porosity, soil temperature and soil volumetric moisture was carried out in a larch plantation. Firstly, forest floor cleaning evidently decreased soil respiration. Annual cumulative soil CO₂ efflux decreased from 44.2 μmol·m^?2 a^?1 to 22.4 μmol·m^?2 a^?1. Secondly, cleaning practice slightly increased soil temperature at the growing season, but reduced it at the dominant winter season. It also made soil moisture higher in summer, but lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the cleaning practice induced more compact soil compared with the uncleaned control. Thirdly, forest floor cleaning of litters and understory shrubs could cause non-respiratory carbon loss of about 175.0 mol·m^?2. This loss decreased from 175.0 mol·m^?2 to 137.4 mol·m^?2 when soil respiratory carbon loss decreased. However, the alteration of soil physical characters in the cleaned plots should be carefully considered since this alteration was not favorable to the growth of larch plantation in a long run.     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响

以黄土高原陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域为例,研究了该区以苔藓为主要成分的沙土和黄土两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:(1)两种生物结皮均能显著增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量,降低容重和饱和导水率,其中沙土生物结皮还可明显粘化0～25cm土壤质地;(2)两种生物结皮均能不同程度的增加土壤全量养分、速效养分以及有机质含量,降低pH值,但其影响多数集中在表层或结皮层;(3)土壤化学性质中,全氮、速效磷和有机质受生物结皮影响程度较大,而全氮、速效钾和有机质受生物结皮影响土层较深;(4)沙土生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响程度大于黄土生物结皮。两种类型生物结皮对所研究土壤理化性质的影响总体有利于该区生态环境的改善,且沙土生物结皮较黄土生物结皮具有更为重要的生态功能。     

耕作措施对土壤水热特性和微生物生物量碳的影响

通过山西寿阳设置的8a田间定位试验,比较了全量秸秆还田、免耕覆盖和常规耕作3种耕作措施下土壤含水量、温度及土壤微生物生物量碳变化.结果表明:免耕覆盖与全量还田处理显著提高土壤含水量,与常规耕作相比表层土壤体积含水量在玉米苗期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期分别高出18％、22％、29％、21％和3％、10％、12％、13％,具有保水保墒的作用.在苗期不同耕作措施对土壤温度的影响达到显著水平,5 cm处免耕覆盖、全量还田与常规耕作处理土壤温度依次为:18.12、18.76和19.44℃,免耕覆盖和全量还田处理平均温度比常规耕作分别低1.32℃和0.69℃.土壤微生物量碳在整个生育期动态变化是首先迅速上升在玉米生育高峰期(拔节期)达到最高峰,然后开始下降,成熟期趋于平缓.免耕覆盖与全量还田处理下玉米各生育期土壤表层微生物量碳显著高于常规耕作,在苗期、拔节期、灌浆期和成熟期分别比常规耕作高出70％、40％、85％和30％和10％、20％、15％和15％.土壤微生物量碳与土壤温度和土壤含水量相关和极相关.     

连续免耕对不同质地稻田土壤理化性质的影响

以我国南方地区典型的单季水稻生产大田为研究对象,按土壤质地分为壤质和粘质两个系列,探讨不同质地稻田土壤理化性质变化对连续免耕的响应规律。结果表明,在无秸秆覆盖条件下,随着免耕年限的增加,壤质和粘质稻田土壤的耕层均有紧实度提高的趋势,特别是粘质土壤,导致耕层变浅。与常年翻耕土壤相比,免耕6a后壤质水稻土0—20 cm土层的紧实度值平均增加了32%,而粘质的平均增加了90%。在相同免耕年限条件下粘质稻田土壤容重的增加也比壤质土壤的明显。壤质土壤0—10 cm土层有机质和碱解氮含量随免耕年限延长而提高,而在粘质土壤则显著降低。无论是壤质还是粘质土壤,连续免耕多年后土壤速效磷均在耕层(0—20 cm)富集,而速效钾则相反。总体而言,壤质水稻土对免耕的适宜性要优于粘质土壤;应根据土壤质地的不同选择性地实施免耕技术,并结合秸秆覆盖,以实现免耕稻田土壤的可持续利用。