Morning caffeine ingestion increases cognitive function and short-term maximal performance in footballer players after partial sleep deprivation

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of caffeine ingestion and partial sleep deprivation at the end of night on cognitive and physical performance. In randomised order, fourteen football players (age: 23.57 ± 1.98 years; body weight: 59.57 ± 4.29 kg; height: 174.35 ± 5.07 cm) completed four test sessions at 08:00 h: after placebo or 3 mg·kg^?1 of caffeine ingestion during a reference night, RN (bed time: from 22:30 h to 07:00 h) or a night of partial sleep deprivation, PSD (bed time: from 22:30 h to 03:00 h). During each test session, participants assessed vigilance and reaction times and performed a series of tests: cancelation test, squat jumps (SJ), and the 30-s Wingate test (for the measurement of peak power, PP, and mean power, PM). During RN, results showed that PP, PM, SJ, and vigilance increased after caffeine ingestion in comparison with placebo (p < 0.001). Moreover, both simple and choice reactions were significantly better after caffeine ingestion in comparison with placebo ingestion (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Results showed that reaction time, vigilance, and SJ were affected by PSD, even though PP, PM, and SJ were not affected, the following day at 08:00 h. During the PSD condition, PP, PM, SJ, and vigilance were significantly higher after caffeine ingestion in comparison with placebo ingestion (p < 0.001). However, both simple and choice reaction times were significantly poorer during PSD in comparison with RN (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001, respectively). Therefore, ingesting caffeine is an effective strategy to maintain physical and cognitive performances after PSD.     

Proteomic analysis of the effects and interactions of sleep deprivation and aging in mouse cerebral cortex

The cellular and molecular processes that underlie the drives and functions of sleep have been the topic of many studies in the last few decades. Discovery-based techniques, such as cDNA microarrays, have increasingly been utilized in conjunction with sleep deprivation paradigms to examine the molecular mechanisms and functions of sleep. These studies have helped to validate and expand existing hypotheses, such as those on the roles of sleep in synaptic plasticity and in energy metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the highly prevalent changes in sleep architecture with age are not known, but likely reflect fundamental changes in the molecular basis of circadian timing and sleep homeostatic processes. We decided to explore the effects and interactions of sleep deprivation and aging utilizing the proteomic technique of difference in gel electrophoresis (DIGE). DIGE, which utilizes cyanine dye labeling of samples, allows for the comparison of multiple experimental groups within and across gels. In this study, we compared cerebral cortex tissue from young (2.5 months) and old (24 months) mice that had been sleep deprived for 6 h to tissue from undisturbed young and old control animals. Following DIGE, automatic image matching and spot identification, and statistical analysis, 43 unique proteins were identified. The proteins were grouped into seven functional classes based on published characteristics: cell signaling, cytoskeletal, energy metabolism, exocytosis, heat shock proteins, mRNA processing/trafficking, and serum proteins. The identity and characteristics of these proteins relevant to sleep and aging are discussed.     

Effect of total sleep deprivation on egocentric distance estimation following a fatiguing task

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a total sleep deprivation (TSD) on the egocentric distance estimation following a fatiguing task (i.e. sprint repetitions). Ten soccer players (age: 22.8 ± 1.3 years; weight: 72. 8 ± 10 .5 kg; height: 1.8 ± 0.03 m) were volunteered to participate in the study. Subjects were invited to estimate different distances in two different sessions (i) following a reference night and (ii) following a night of TSD. The distance estimation consists to perceive three different distances (15, 25, and 35 m) before and after a repeated sprint exercise on a cycloergometer. The results demonstrated a significant effect of TSD on the perception of egocentric distance (F (1.9) = 11.22, p < 0.01). Indeed, the results showed an underestimation (compression of the real distance) of all distances at rest and following the repeated sprint exercise. Additionally, the underestimation was more acute after the fatiguing task. TSD affects the estimation of egocentric distance by soccer players at rest and following fatiguing task.     

The effects of sleep deprivation and time of day on cognitive performance

The extent to which the diurnal fluctuations of different cognitive processes could be affected by sleep loss may be explored to predict performance decrements observed in the real world. Twenty healthy male subjects voluntarily took part in 8 test sessions at 06:00, 10:00, 14:00, and 18:00 h, following either a night with or without sleep in random order. Measurements included oral temperature, simple reaction time, sign cancelation, Go/NoGo, and the Purdue pegboard test. The results indicate that simple reaction time and motor coordination had morning–afternoon variations closely following the rhythms of temperature and vigilance. Inhibitory attention (Go/NoGo) presented no morning–afternoon variations. Sleep deprivation may affect the profiles of cognitive performance depending on the processes solicited. Sustained and inhibitory attention are particularly affected in the morning (after 24 and 28 waking hours), while a complex task (visuo-motor coordination) would be affected after 32 waking hours only.     

长期异相睡眠剥夺对大鼠能量代谢及血清甲状腺素水平的影响

目的：探讨长期异相睡眠剥夺对大鼠能量代谢及血清甲状腺素水平的影响。方法：采用小平台水环境法建立长期异相睡眠剥夺大鼠模型;检测其能量代谢变化;放射免疫法检测血清中甲状腺素水平。结果：睡眠剥夺后大鼠摄食量由（75.06±25.37）g/（d.kg）增加到（122.30±20.43）g/（d.kg）,体重由（360.89±43.01）g减轻到（295.97±37.95）g,体温由（37.62±1.12）℃先升高到（39.00±0.87）℃后又降低至（37.72±0.84）℃,基础代谢率由（1.69±0.36）mlO2/（g.h）增加到（2.40±0.09）mlO2/（g.h）与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）;血清中游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸（FT3）水平由（3.38±0.88）pmol/L降低到（2.38±0.83）pmol/L,游离甲状腺素（FT4）由（14.62±3.62）pmol/L降低到（8.26±2.80）pmol/L与对照组相比差异显著（P〈0.05）。结论：长期异相睡眠剥夺可以显著影响大鼠的能量代谢和血清甲状腺素水平。     

快速眼动睡眠剥夺对大鼠线索性恐惧消退再现的影响

目的：研究RSD对大鼠线索性恐惧消退再现的影响。方法：1d大鼠适应环境;2d进行恐惧条件化;3d恐惧消退训练并进行RSD;4d进行恐惧消退再现检测。结果：在恐惧条件化及消退训练阶段,0-6hRSD组、6—12hRSD组与各自对照组大鼠的僵直水平组间差异都无显著性;在恐惧消退再现检测阶段,0-6hRSD组大鼠的僵直水平显著高于对照组,6-12hRSD组与对照组大鼠的僵直水平组间差异无显著性。结论：RSD损害消退记忆的再现,并且依赖于睡眠剥夺的时段。     

Melatonin ingestion after exhaustive late-evening exercise improves sleep quality and quantity,and short-term performances in teenage athletes

ABSTRACT

The present study aimed to explore the effects of a single 10-mg dose of melatonin (MEL) administration after exhaustive late-evening exercise on sleep quality and quantity, and short-term physical and cognitive performances in healthy teenagers. Ten male adolescent athletes (mean ± SD, age = 15.4 ± 0.3 years, body-mass = 60.68 ± 5.7 kg, height = 167.9 ± 6.9 cm and BMI = 21.21 ± 2.5) performed two test sessions separated by at least one week. During each session, participants completed the Yo-Yo intermittent-recovery-test level-1 (YYIRT-1) at ~20:00 h. Then, sleep polysomnography was recorded from 22:15 min to 07:00 h, after a double blind randomized order administration of a single 10-mg tablet of MEL (MEL-10 mg) or Placebo (PLA). The following morning, Hooper wellness index was administered and the participants performed the Choice Reaction Time (CRT) test, the Zazzo test and some short-term physical exercises (YYIRT-1, vertical and horizontal Jumps (VJ; HJ), Hand grip strength (HG), and five-jump test (5-JT)). Evening total distance covered in the YYIRT-1 did not change during the two conditions (p > 0.05). Total sleep time (Δ = 24.55 mn; p < 0.001), sleep efficiency (Δ = 4.47%; p < 0.001), stage-3 sleep (N3 sleep) (Δ = 1.73%; p < 0.05) and rapid-eye-movement sleep (Δ = 2.15%; p < 0.001) were significantly higher with MEL in comparison with PLA. Moreover, sleep-onset-latency (Δ = –8.45mn; p < 0.001), total time of nocturnal awakenings after sleep-onset (NA) (Δ = –11 mn; p < 0.001), stage-1 sleep (N1 sleep) (Δ = –1.7%; p < 0.001) and stage-2 sleep (N2 sleep) (Δ = ?1.9%; p < 0.05) durations were lower with MEL. The Hooper index showed a better subjective sleep quality, a decrease of the subjective perception of fatigue and a reduced level of muscle soreness with MEL. Moreover, MEL improved speed and performance but not inaccuracy during the Zazzo test. CRT was faster with MEL. Morning YYIRT-1 (Δ = 82 m; p < 0.001) and 5-JT (Δ = 0.08 m; p < 0.05) performances were significantly higher with MEL in comparison with PLA. In contrast, HG, VJ and HJ performances did not change during the two conditions (p > 0.05). The administration of a single dose of MEL-10 mg after strenuous late-evening exercise improved sleep quality and quantity, selective attention, subjective assessment of the general wellness state, and some short-term physical performances the following morning in healthy teenagers.     

The effect of post-lunch napping on mood,reaction time,and antioxidant defense during repeated sprint exercice

To compare the effects of two nap opportunities (20 and 90 min) to countermeasure the transient naturally occurring increased sleepiness and decreased performances during the post-lunch dip (PLD). Fourteen highly trained judokas completed in a counterbalanced and randomized order three test sessions (control (No-nap), 20- (N20) and 90-min (N90) nap opportunities). Test sessions consisted of the running-based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), simple and multiple-choice reaction times (MCRT) and the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS). From the RAST, the maximum (P_max), mean (P_mean) and minimum (P_min) powers were calculated. Blood samples were taken before and after the RAST to measure the effect of pre-exercise napping on energetic and muscle damage biomarkers and antioxidant defense. N20 increased P_max and P_mean compared to No-nap (p < 0.001, d = 0.59; d = 0.66) and N90 (p < 0.001, d = 0.98; d = 0.72), respectively. Besides, plasma lactate and creatinine increased only when the exercise was performed after N20. Both N20 (p < 0.001, d = 1.18) and N90 (p < 0.01, d = 0.78) enhanced post-exercise superoxide dismutase activity compared to No-nap. However, only N20 enhanced post-exercise glutathione peroxidase activity (p < 0.001, d = 1.01) compared to pre-nap. Further, MCRT performance was higher after N20 compared to No-nap and N90 (p < 0.001, d = 1.15; d = 0.81, respectively). Subjective sleepiness was lower after N20 compared to No-nap (p < 0.05, d = 0.92) and N90 (p < 0.01, d = 0.89). The opportunity to nap for 20 min in the PLD enhanced RAST, MCRT performances, and antioxidant defense, and decreased sleepiness. However, the opportunity of 90 min nap was associated with decreased repeated sprint performances and increased sleepiness, probably because of the sleep inertia.     

快速眼动睡眠剥夺对大鼠恐惧消退再现的影响

目的：研究两种实验范式AAA和ABA（A、B表示不同场景）中快速眼动睡眠剥夺（RSD）对大鼠恐惧消退再现的影响。方法：1d大鼠适应环境;2d进行恐惧条件化;3d恐惧消退训练并进行RSD;4d进行恐惧消退再现检测。结果：AAA实验范式中,在恐惧消退再现检测阶段,0～6hRSD组大鼠的僵直水平显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,其他阶段处理组与对照组大鼠的僵直水平都无显著性;ABA实验范式中,各阶段处理组与对照组大鼠的僵直水平都无显著性。结论：不同实验范式中RSD对恐惧消退影响不同,并且这种影响依赖于睡眠剥夺的时段。     

Effects of partial sleep deprivation after prolonged exercise on metabolic responses and exercise performance on the following day

[Purpose]We determined the effect of partial sleep deprivation (PSD) after an exercise session on exercise performance on the following morning.[Methods]Eleven male athletes performed either a normal sleep trial (CON) or a PSD trial. On the first day (day 1), all subjects performed an exercise session consisting of 90 min of running (at 75% V˙O2max) followed by 100 drop jumps. Maximal strength (MVC) was evaluated before and after exercise. In the CON trial, the sleep duration was 23:00–7:00, while in the PSD trial, the sleep duration was shortened to 40% of the regular sleep duration. On the following morning (day 2), MVC, the metabolic responses during 20 min of running (at 75% V˙O2max), and time to exhaustion (TTE) at 85% V˙O2max were evaluated.[Results]On day 2, neither the MVC nor V˙O2 during 20 min of running differed significantly between the two trials. However, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01). Moreover, the TTE was significantly shorter in the PSD trial than in the CON trial (p = 0.01).[Conclusion]A single night of PSD after an exercise session significantly decreased endurance performance without significantly changing muscle strength or cardiopulmonary response.     

Effect of sleep deprivation on rhythms of clock gene expression and melatonin in humans

This study investigated the impact of sleep deprivation on the human circadian system. Plasma melatonin and cortisol levels and leukocyte expression levels of 12 genes were examined over 48?h (sleep vs. no-sleep nights) in 12 young males (mean?±?SD: 23?±?5 yrs). During one night of total sleep deprivation, BMAL1 expression was suppressed, the heat shock gene HSPA1B expression was induced, and the amplitude of the melatonin rhythm increased, whereas other high-amplitude clock gene rhythms (e.g., PER1-3, REV-ERBα) remained unaffected. These data suggest that the core clock mechanism in peripheral oscillators is compromised during acute sleep deprivation.     

Antidepressant effects of combination of sleep deprivation and early evening treatment with melatonin or placebo for winter depression

Patients with winter depression (seasonal affective disorder) respond beneficially to sleep deprivation and bright light, but the mechanisms of these responses remain unknown. The study was designed to test whether afternoon/evening melatonin can prevent further relapse after sleep deprivation (presumably due to a pharmacologically induced advance shift of circadian phase). Compared to phase advancing by alteration of sleep - wake schedule or by bright light exposure, the melatonin intake is a more tolerated treatment procedure, and it provides a possibility of blind comparison between chronotherapeutic and placebo treatments. The depression was scored in 16 female patients with winter depression and 17 age-matched female controls before and after total night sleep deprivation and after subsequent six-day administration of melatonin (0.5 mg) or placebo under double blind conditions. The melatonin intake was scheduled at 17:00 in order to produce a phase advance of circadian rhythms. Sleep deprivation resulted in 38% reduction of depression score in patients, but it did not reduce depression score in controls. After subsequent treatment with placebo or melatonin, slight but significant improvement of mood was found in controls. These treatments also stabilized the antidepressant response to sleep deprivation in patients. However, neither differential effect of melatonin and placebo on depression score nor alteration of habitual sleep timing was found in patients and controls. Thus, the study results do not provide evidence for the antidepressant potential of melatonin in patients with winter depression under realistic clinical conditions. The finding of stabilization of mood in patients with placebo points to the contribution of psychological factors to the therapeutic action of this and other types of innovative treatments for winter depression. To include psychosocial aspects in the theoretical framework of seasonal depression, we conceptualized depression as an evolved feature of emotional response to psychosocial rather than physical environment. The seasonality of depression might be explained by cumulative effects of aperiodical psychosocial factors and periodical physical factors on one of the mechanisms of brain neurotransmission.     

Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive and physical performance in university students

Sleep and Biological Rhythms - Sleep deprivation is common among university students, and has been associated with poor academic performance and physical dysfunction. However, current literature...     

丁苯酞对睡眠剥夺大鼠额叶小胶质细胞活化的影响

目的:探讨丁苯酞对慢性睡眠剥夺后大鼠脑部额叶小胶质细胞活化及炎症因子的影响。方法:本实验共分为4组(n=8):空白对照组、大平台对照组、慢性睡眠剥夺组、丁苯酞干预组。慢性睡眠剥夺组和丁苯酞干预组采用改良多平台睡眠剥夺法建立大鼠慢性睡眠剥夺模型,对大鼠进行每日18 h,连续28 d的睡眠剥夺。在这28d内,空白对照组大鼠不进行睡眠干预,大平台对照组大鼠放于大平台箱内。丁苯酞干预组在睡眠剥夺28 d结束后按100 mg/kg腹腔注射丁苯酞针剂,每日1次,共14 d,其他组大鼠在这14 d内腹腔注射同样剂量的生理盐水。腹腔注射结束后各组大鼠取脑组织,免疫组化检测额叶皮质离子钙接头分子(Iba-1)阳性细胞并计数,Western blot检测额叶诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)、精氨酸酶1(Arg1)表达,实时定量PCR检测额叶白介素-1(IL-1) mRNA、IL-6 mRNA、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α) mRNA。结果:与空白对照组、大平台对照组比较,慢性睡眠剥夺组额叶Iba-1阳性细胞体积增大伴细胞突起增多,且细胞数增加(P均<0.05),iNOS和IL-1 mRNA、IL-6...     

完全睡眠剥夺对大脑注意网络冲突效应和脑电样本熵的影响*

目的: 本研究分析睡眠剥夺对个体选择性注意网络冲突效应和脑电样本熵的影响,探讨睡眠剥夺对大脑注意网络的影响。方法: 25名健康受试者参与36 h完全睡眠剥夺试验。试验于当天9:00开始,于次日21:00结束,试验采用自身前后对照设计。受试者在睡眠剥夺前后分别完成注意网络任务,同步采集受试者的脑电图。用脑电样本熵算法分析脑电图的delta、theta、alpha、beta和gamma频率段的脑电复杂度并对比各频段脑电样本熵在睡眠剥夺前、后的变化。结果: 同睡眠剥夺前比较,睡眠剥夺后与受试者的注意网络冲突效应密切相关的反应时显著下降(P＜0.01),正确率显著增加(P＜0.01)。脑电样本熵分析发现在beta频率段,与注意网络冲突控制相关的脑电样本熵值在睡眠剥夺后明显增大(P＜0.01)。其余脑电频率段脑电样本熵未发现显著差异。结论: 表明完全睡眠剥夺后大脑的注意网络冲突效应降低,表明睡眠剥夺后执行冲突控制能力的下降。     

Differentially expressed genes of esophageal tissue in male acute and chronic sleep deprivation mice

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is associated with sleep disturbances. However, mechanisms underlying these interactions remain unclear. Male acute and chronic sleep deprivation (SD) mice were used for this study. Mice in the chronic SD group exhibited anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. We further performed high-throughput genome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis to screen for featured differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the esophageal tissue. The acute SD group, comprised 25 DEGs including 14 downregulated and 11 upregulated genes. Compared with the acute SD group, more DEGs were present in the chronic SD group, with a total of 169 DEGs, including 88 downregulated and 81 upregulated genes. Some DEGs that were closely related to GERD and associated esophageal diseases were significantly different in the chronic SD group. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction verified the downregulation of Krt4, Krt13, Krt15 and Calml3 and upregulation of Baxl1 and Per3. Notably, these DEGs are involved in biological processes, which might be the pathways of the neuroregulatory mechanisms of DEGs expression.     

长期睡眠剥夺对小鼠蓝斑核线粒体氧化应激及皮层投射的影响

目的：观察长期睡眠剥夺后小鼠蓝斑核线粒体氧化应激状态的变化以及蓝斑核对前扣带回皮质投射的影响。方法：采用“新环境”法建立睡眠剥夺模型。观察小鼠经过5d睡眠剥夺后蓝斑核线粒体氧化应激调控关键酶Sirtuin亚型3（SIRT3）、线粒体氧化应激标记物热休克蛋白60（HSP60）表达量以及前扣带回皮质酪氨酸羟化酶样投射的变化情况。结果：长期睡眠剥夺后,与对照组比较,模型组小鼠蓝斑核SIRT3的表达量显著下调,同时HSP60的表达量则显著上调。此外,模型组前扣带回皮质酪氨酸羟化酶样投射面积百分比显著降低。结论：长期睡眠剥夺通过降低SIRT3的表达影响蓝斑核线粒体氧化应激水平,可能引起蓝斑核对前扣带回皮质投射的丢失。     

Impact of night-float rotation on sleep,mood, and alertness: the resident's perception

Night-float rotations were designed to alleviate the workload of residents on night call and thereby improve patient safety. However, the impact of the night float on residents is yet to be surveyed. We assessed the impact of the night-float rotation on pediatric residents using an anonymous questionnaire that covered topics, based on recall, about sleep, mood, alertness, adjustment, and others. The study was conducted in a major tertiary pediatric teaching hospital in the United States. Participants were pediatric residents who had completed one or two night-float rotations and were in active training at our teaching hospital at the time of the study. Fifty-two of 60 eligible residents (87%) responded. Sleep duration during the night-float rotation was shorter than during day-shift work in 24 residents (46%), longer in 20 (38%), and unchanged in eight (15%). A higher proportion of residents took longer to fall asleep, had more difficulty falling asleep, had more sleep interruptions, and felt less rested upon awakening. Twenty-four residents (46%) felt that their bodies never adjusted to the night shift. Also, 22 residents (43%) felt moody or depressed in contrast to seven (14%) who felt depressed during the daytime rotation (p=0.0001). Twenty-one residents (41%) felt they were slower in their thinking during the night float than daytime rotations. The results suggest that disturbances of sleep and mood and decreased alertness, typical of night shift, are present in the night-float rotation. Residency programs should monitor closely the impact of the night-float rotation on resident well being and patient safety. The impact of night-shift work should be considered in the design of night-float schedules, and teaching should be provided for residents to learn coping strategies for night-shift work.     

Differential effects of circadian typology on sleep-related symptoms,physical fatigue and psychological well-being in relation to resilience

Various physiological and psychological functions are influenced by circadian typology (CT), which was reported to be related to resilience. However, few studies have assessed the effects of CT in relation to resilience. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of CT on sleep-related symptoms, physical fatigue and psychological well-being in relation to resilience. The present study included a total of 1794 healthy hospital employees, and they completed the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Fatigue Severity Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale Abbreviated Version. Subjects with evening type showed lower sleep quality, more daytime sleepiness and physical fatigue than neither types and morning types. Additionally, evening types were more depressed and anxious and reported a poorer quality of life. CT was found to be a significant predictor of sleep quality, but CT was minimally associated with physical fatigue and psychological well-being in the regression analysis. Instead, resilience was substantially related to all of the variables measured. In conclusion, CT independently predicts sleep quality, but the effects of CT on physical fatigue and psychological well-being are negligible compared to those of resilience.     

A new SWPAQ's scale predicts the effects of sleep deprivation on the segmental structure of alpha waves

The three-dimensional cube-in-globe model predicts the possibility to delineate six main adaptive abilities of the sleep - wake cycle (Putilov & Putilov, 2005). Such prediction led to the inclusion of a new sixth scale named “daytime wakeability” (Putilov & Putilov, 2006; Putilov, 2007) in the Sleep-Wake Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SWPAQ; Putilov, 1990, 2000). This new scale permits self-assessment of the ability to keep waking at daytime in sleep provoking conditions. In the study reported here we applied the procedure of adaptive segmentation of the EEG record (SECTION 0.1®, Human Brain Research Group, Moscow State University) to determine whether sleep deprivation changes the temporal pattern of alpha activity and, if yes, whether this change is associated with state and trait self-measures of alertness/sleepiness including a score on “daytime wakeability” scale. In the course of sustained wakefulness, EEG was recorded nine times with three-hour intervals in frontal and occipital derivations in 39 healthy subjects. The procedure of adaptive segmentation allowed cutting EEG records on quasi-stationary segments and determining such characteristics of each segment as within-segmental amplitude, coefficient of its variation and segment length. These characteristics obtained in the morning hours on the first and second experimental days were compared. They were found to increase in the second morning, when eyes are open, but do not change when eyes are closed. It was also documented that “daytime wakeability” score along with other trait and state self-measures of alertness/sleepiness can serve as predictors of the response of alpha waves to sleep deprivation.