夹竹桃科植物叶表皮特征及其系统学研究

以萝藦科植物匙羹藤为对照,在扫描电镜下观察了传统上分属于夹竹桃科3亚科植物的叶下表皮特征。结果表明:(1)所观察的夹竹桃科25种植物叶下表皮特征具有一定程度的多样性,如少数物种具有表皮毛;部分角质层表面有丝状蜡质;叶下表皮纹饰有条纹状、脊状皱褶增厚、块状突起、花蕊形和较平滑等类型;气孔大小差异较大,气孔外拱盖和内缘形状分浅波状和较平滑2种类型,气孔保卫细胞极区有T型加厚和无T型加厚两种类型,气孔外拱盖与表皮细胞间分凹陷和连续两种类型等,这些叶表皮特征对夹竹桃科植物属内和属间类型的分类以及对疑难类群的划分具有重要的参考价值。(2)夹竹桃科25种植物的绝大部分种的叶表皮气孔类型、气孔外拱盖及其内缘形态基本一致,但叶表皮纹饰、气孔外缘角质层特征呈现出较高的多样性,在属内各种和属间有较大的差异。(3)萝藦科植物匙羹藤与夹竹桃科植物盆架树在气孔形状,叶片气孔外缘角质层特征、气孔外拱盖等叶表皮特征具有高度的相似性,推测这两种植物的亲缘关系可能较近,而且萝藦科与夹竹桃科中一些植物的系统位置需进一步的研究。(4)本研究结果支持仔榄树属应从山橙族中分离出来独立成族,海杧果属应从萝芙木族中独立出来的观点;但不支持新的分类方法中将糖胶树和盆架树同归属于鸡骨常山属的观点。     

茂兰国家级自然保护区石松类和蕨类植物区系特征

本研究通过野外考查、标本采集和分类鉴定，以及文献资料整理，对贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区石松类和蕨类植物区系组成和分布区类型进行统计分析。结果显示：(1)茂兰国家级自然保护区共有石松类和蕨类植物32科76属237种，优势科为鳞毛蕨科(Dryopteridaceae)、蹄盖蕨科(Athyriaceae)、凤尾蕨科(Pteridaceae)、水龙骨科(Polypodiaceae)；优势属为双盖蕨属(Diplazium)、卷柏属(Selaginella)、凤尾蕨属(Pteris)。(2)分布区类型以东亚广布和热带亚洲分布为主，生态类型以阴生植物和土生植物居多。(3)与其他地区的区系比较显示，茂兰与广西花坪物种相似性系数最高，依次是贵州梵净山、四川峨眉山和云南马关县。     

中国的骨碎补科

本文讨论了骨碎补科属的划分问题,承认了骨碎补属、钻毛蕨属、雨蕨属和大膜盖蕨属。小膜盖蕨属和阴石蕨属的种类被并入到了骨碎补属。中国计有骨碎补科植物3属14种,其中骨碎补属12种,雨蕨属1种,大膜盖蕨属1种。     

黄土高原石松类和蕨类植物的多样性与地理分布

物种编目是了解生物多样性的基础。本文收集已出版的专著和文献, 查阅标本馆的馆藏标本信息, 在此基础上, 对黄土高原的石松类和蕨类植物的多样性和地理分布数据进行统计和分析。科属排列采用Flora of China的分类系统, 科属界定依据分子系统学的最新研究成果。结果表明, 黄土高原共有石松类和蕨类植物18科42属165种2亚种5变种, 其中中国特有种35种, 占总种数的20.35%。种类数量最多的5个科依次为凤尾蕨科(29种, 含种下单位, 下同)、鳞毛蕨科(28种)、水龙骨科(19种)、蹄盖蕨科(16种)和铁角蕨科(16种); 种类数量最多的6个属依次为铁角蕨属(Asplenium, 16种)、鳞毛蕨属(Dryopteris, 15种)、耳蕨属(Polystichum, 12种)、岩蕨属(Woodsia, 11种)、卷柏属(Selaginella, 10种)和瓦韦属(Lepisorus, 10种)。黄土高原的石松类和蕨类植物中, 无珍稀濒危保护植物, 无中国特有属。依据生态类型可划分为4类, 即土生植物(112种)、石生植物(75种)、附生植物(18种)、水生植物(3种), 该区域石松类和蕨类植物土生或石生的种类占总种数的89.53%。在地理分布上, 黄土高原石松类和蕨类处于我国现生类群分布的边缘区域, 这与我国的石松类和蕨类分布规律基本一致。     

冷杉属植物叶角质层内表面的观察及其系统学意义

在扫描电镜下,比较观察了冷杉属全世界36种2变种的叶角质层内表面的结构特征,根据叶角 质层内表面胞间凸缘特征的显著差异,将冷杉属植物归为4类:(1)直且发达的单凸缘;(2)双凸缘; (3)不发达的单凸缘;(4)弯曲且发达的单凸缘。并发现这四种凸缘类型在冷杉属中的分布格局与该 类植物的地理分布具有相关性。根据所观察的结果和前人的属下分类系统以及化石资料,认为北美西部是现代冷杉属植物的一个多样性中心。     

22种假瘤蕨属植物孢子纹饰超微特征

利用扫描电镜对假瘤蕨属2系、5亚系22种植物的孢子纹饰特征进行了研究.结果显示:该属孢子为单裂缝、两侧对称,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为肾形.表面纹饰具有6种类型:光滑、粗糙、颗粒、棒状、疣状和瘤状纹饰以及它们之间的过渡类型.研究表明,孢子纹饰特征可以用来区分该属中的近缘种,但不能用以界定假瘤蕨属的属下分类--系和亚系.     

金星蕨科16种植物叶表皮特征的研究

利用光学显微镜对金星蕨科(Thelypteridaceae)8属16种植物的叶表皮形态进行了观察和研究,为金星蕨科植物的系统演化及分类提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)16种金星蕨科植物的叶片表皮细胞为不规则型,表皮细胞垂周壁大多呈深波状。(2)气孔为下生型,多呈椭圆形;共观察到6种气孔器类型(极细胞型、腋下细胞型、聚合极细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、不规则型和聚围绕细胞型),每种植物具2~5种不同类型的气孔器。(3)金星蕨科8属植物在表皮细胞大小、垂周壁形状、气孔大小和形状、气孔密度、气孔指数和气孔器类型上存在一定的属间差异。     

中国蹄盖蕨属的研究I─属下分类

蹄盖蕨属是蕨类植物中分类最困难的大属之一,中国、喜马拉雅和日本为其分布中心。隶属于本属的种实际上是由蹄盖蕨科或广义蹄盖蕨属中其他属被划分出去以后剩余下来的种类集合而成的“大杂烩”,因此,它们被放在一起并非是一个单系起源的自然类群;属下不同类群分化的程度相差也很大,有的类群进化活跃,近缘种很多,有的类群则很孤立,所以属下单位所包括的种数相差悬殊;孢子周壁表面褶皱的有无在本属的属下分类中占有重要的位置。已发表的中国蹄盖蕨属植物名称约有３００多个,它们初步被处理为１１７种和一些变种和杂种,本文建议把这些种分为１４个组和１５个系。     

中国蹄盖蕨属的研究Ⅰ-属下分类

蹄盖蕨属是蕨类植物中分类最困难的大属之一,中国、喜马拉雅和日本为其分布中心。隶属于本属的种实际上是由蹄盖蕨科或广义蹄盖蕨属中其他属被划分出去以后剩余下来的种类集合而成的"大杂烩",因此,它们被放在一起并非是一个单系起源的自然类群;属下不同类群分化的程度相差也很大,有的类群进化活跃,近缘种很多,有的类群则很孤立,所以属下单位所包括的种数相差悬殊;孢子周壁表面褶皱的有无在本属的属下分类中占有重要的位置。已发表的中国蹄盖蕨属植物名称约有300多个,它们初步被处理为117种和一些变种和杂种,本文建议把这些种分为14个组和15个系。     

国产18种鳞盖蕨属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其系统学意义

鳞盖蕨属是一个自然类群,由于各类群之间的形态差异以及种内变异比较大,因此其分类一直存在争议。该研究利用光学显微镜(LM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对鳞盖蕨属18种植物(含3变种)的叶表皮微形态进行了观察和比较,并结合形态学、孢粉学和分子系统学探讨其系统学意义。结果表明:在光学显微镜下,18种鳞盖蕨属植物叶上、下表皮的脉上均有毛,叶表皮细胞都为不规则形,垂周壁为深波状或波状; 气孔都分布在下表皮,气孔器类型主要有极细胞型和腋下细胞型两种,叶表皮微形态特征支持鳞盖蕨属是碗蕨科中的一个单系类群; 叶上、下表皮脉间毛的变异特征支持光叶鳞盖蕨、毛叶边缘鳞盖蕨和二回边缘鳞盖蕨处理为边缘鳞盖蕨变种; 在扫描电镜下,叶上表皮角质层多为脊状凸起,多数还具丝状纹饰,角质膜特征与叶片回数有一定的相关性; 共环极细胞型、聚腋下细胞型、不等细胞型和不规则四细胞型只在少数种出现,气孔外拱盖多数凹陷,光滑或有颗粒; 气孔外拱盖内缘平滑、浅波状或齿状; 保卫细胞两极大多数有“T”型加厚,不同种间叶表皮微形态特征表现出一定差异。该研究结果为其分类、演化、系统位置等进一步研究提供了参考。     

Development of PCR primer sets for intron 1 of the low-copy gene LEAFY in Davalliaceae

? Premise of the study: Primers were designed for amplifying intron 1 of the single-copy nuclear LEAFY gene for species of Davalliaceae. ? Methods and Results: New primer sets were designed and successfully amplified for intron 1 of the LEAFY gene in 13 species representing the five genera of Davalliaceae. The orthology of these sequences was further confirmed by phylogenetic analyses. Site variation in LEAFY intron 1 sequences across genera of the Davalliaceae and among accessions of the Humata repens complex were 18% and 8%, respectively. Such variation was greater than that for the cpDNA atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer region across the same taxa and accessions. ? Conclusions: Using our newly designed primers, intron 1 of the LEAFY gene could be amplified for all species tested. In addition, this single-copy, biparentally inherited, and quickly evolving region showed considerable potential for addressing infraspecific-level questions.     

Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems

Kånneby, T., Todaro, M. A., Jondelius, U. (2012). Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems. —Zoologica Scripta, 42, 88–105. Chaetonotidae is the largest family within Gastrotricha with almost 400 nominal species represented in both freshwater and marine habitats. The group is probably non‐monophyletic and suffers from a troubled taxonomy. Current classification is to a great extent based on shape and distribution of cuticular structures, characters that are highly variable. We present the most densely sampled molecular study so far where 17 of the 31 genera belonging to Chaetonotida are represented. Bayesian and maximum likelihood approaches based on 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA and COI mtDNA are used to reconstruct relationships within Chaetonotidae. The use of cuticular structures for supra‐specific classification within the group is evaluated and the question of dispersal between marine and freshwater habitats is addressed. Moreover, the subgeneric classification of Chaetonotus is tested in a phylogenetic context. Our results show high support for a clade containing Dasydytidae nested within Chaetonotidae. Within this clade, only three genera are monophyletic following current classification. Genera containing both marine and freshwater species never form monophyletic clades and group with other species according to habitat. Marine members of Aspidiophorus appear to be the sister group of all other Chaetonotidae and Dasydytidae, indicating a marine origin of the clade. Halichaetonotus and marine Heterolepidoderma form a monophyletic group in a sister group relationship to freshwater species, pointing towards a secondary invasion of marine environments of these taxa. Our study highlights the problems of current classification based on cuticular structures, characters that show homoplasy for deeper relationships.     

Epidermal Features of Leaves and Their Taxonomic Significance in Subfamily Ophiopogonoideae (Liliaceae)

This paper reports epidermal features of leaves in Ophiopogonoideae. Thirty-nine species and one variety (29 species, 1 variety in Ophiopogon, 6 species in Liriope, 4 species in Peliosanthes)were examined under scanning electron microscope. In addition, transections of stomatal apparatuses of six species (Ophiopogon: 3 species; Liriope: 2 species; Peliosanthes: 1 species) were made and examined under light microscope. The stomatal apparatus in Liriope, Ophiopogon and Peliosanthes is of the anomocytic type. These types of epidermal features of leaves in these genera are recognized: Cuticular processes type, No cuticular processes type and No stomatal band type. The cuticular processes type can be further divided into three patterns: Fibrillose, Massive and Wrinkled-massive. The taxonomic value of the epidermal features of leaves in Ophiopogonoideae is rather evident. (1)These epidermal features can be used to distinguish among those species of Ophiopogon, Liriope and Peliosanthes, even in their vegetative state; (2) The different patterns of cuticular processes are helpful to reasonable classification of some species in Ophiopogon, (3)They are of great value for recognizing some sections, (4) These epidermal features of leaves also provide evidence for further discussion on relationships among Ophiopogon, Liriope, and Peliosanthes. The evolutionary trend of the epidermal features of leaves in Ophiopogonoideae is No stomatal band type→No cuticular process type(stomatal band)→Cuticular process type (stomatal band). According to the epidermal features of leaves, flowers and fruits, Ophiopogon, Liriope and Peliosanthes are closely related, forming a subfamily Ophiopogonoideae. Ophiopogon is more close to Liriope than to Peliosanthes, and they should be grouped into the same tribe-Ophiopogoneae. Liriope seems to be more primitive than Ophiopogon. Peliosanthes, which constitutes another tribe of its ownPeliosantheae, is more advanced than Ophiopogon and Liriope, and it might have beenderived from its ancestor early.     

Davalliaceae of China

The delimitation of the genera in Davalliaceae is discussed with the conclusion that only four genera remain,Davallia,Davallodes,Gymnogrammitis,and Leucostegia． The species formerly belonging to Araiostegia and Humata are incorporated ln Davallia．In China only 3 genera occur,Davallia with 12 species,Gymnogrammitis with one species,and Leucostegia with one species．     

14种木犀榄族植物叶表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对木犀榄族（Oleeae）5属14种植物的叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察,结果表明：（1）叶表皮细胞形状有无规则形和多边形两种;下表皮腺点的数目远远大于上表皮,流苏树上表皮细胞没有腺点;叶下表皮有气孔器,形状为圆形、椭圆形;气孔器均为不规则型;气孔器外围角质层有放射状、条状、环状、颗粒状等多种类型;（2）气孔器和叶表皮细胞许多特征具有明显的种间差异,可以作为种间鉴定的重要依据;（3）叶表皮微形态结构上的许多共同特征,表明木犀榄族植物是单独一自然类群。上述特征可为木犀榄族植物属及物种的划分与鉴定、系统演化关系的探讨等提供参考。     

The generic position of Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand (Anacardiaceae): evidence from fruit and seed structure

In Lithraea brasiliensis Marchand the exocarp is characterized by brachysclereids and the parenchymatous mesocarp by large secretory ducts; inner sclerenchymatous ridges are absent in die mesocarp. The stratified endocarp s. s. comprises a crystal layer, palisade-like brachysclereids, osteosclereids and macrosclereids. The osteosclereids are characterized by a distinct light line or linea lucida , which has hitherto also been recorded in a species of Rhus. In the partially pachychalazal seed, a typical Anacardiaceae-like hypostase typifies the chalazal part of the seed coat, while the integumentary seed coat reveals a well preserved outer epidermis, a compressed endotegmen and well developed inner cuticular layer. Our comparison of die characters of the ovule, fruit and seed of L. brasiliensis with those of various species of Rhus and other genera of the tribe Rhoeae (some closely related) presents evidence that L. brasiliensis could be most closely associated with the genus Rhus.     

山东小麦族植物叶表皮微形态的研究

利用光学显微镜,对山东小麦族5属9种植物的叶片下表皮微形态特征进行了研究。叶片下表皮微形态在属间差异明显,可作为分属的参考依据;山东5种鹅观草属植物的叶片下表皮微形态可分为两种类型,这与形态上划分的拟披碱草组和犬草组相一致。     

巨尾桉工业原料林下植物群落学分析

基于群落调查方法,对巨尾桉林下植物进行群落学分析。结果表明:巨尾桉林下植物共有维管束植物57科、124属、154种及变种,以禾本科和菊科的种类占优势;林下植物物种组成较为分散,优势属不明显;种子植物53科划分为6个分布区类型和2个变型,以热带分布科为主;种子植物120个属有14个分布区类型和7个变型,以热带分布属为主,植物区系成分较为复杂。林下植被可分为灌木层和草本层,但是分层现象不明显,草本层植物占优势,偶见有少量的层间植物分布。林下物种丰富度表现为草本层>灌木层;而Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou均匀度指数则表现为灌木层>草本层,生境空间异质性及人为干扰活动影响了巨尾桉林下植物组成及分布。     

Suitability of cuticular pores and sensilla for harpacticoid copepod species delineation and phylogenetic reconstruction

Cuticular organs have not been described systematically in harpacticoids until recently, and they have never been used as characters for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships in any crustacean group. We survey cuticular pores and sensilla on somites in ten Miraciidae species, belonging to six genera, from Korea, Australia, and Russia. Nine species belong to the subfamily Stenheliinae, while the outgroup belongs to the subfamily Diosaccinae. We aim to compare phylogenetic trees reconstructed for these harpactioids based on: 1) cuticular organs (with 76 characters scored, 71% of them phylogenetically informative); 2) traditionally used macro-morphological characters (66 scored, 77% of them informative); and 3) mtCOI DNA data. All analyses suggest that cuticular organs are useful characters for harpacticoid species delineation, although not as sensitive as some fast-evolving molecular markers. Reconstructed cladograms based on all three datasets show very high bootstrap values for clades representing distinct genera, suggesting that cuticular organs are suitable characters for studying phylogenetic relationships. Bootstrap values for the more basal nodes differ among the different cladograms, as do the sister-group relationships they suggest, indicating that cuticular organs probably have different evolutionary constraints from macro-morphological characters. Cuticular organs could be quite useful in the study of old museum specimens and fossil crustaceans.