Sexual dimorphism in neuronal projections from the antennae of silk moths (Bombyx mori,Antheraea polyphemus) and the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar)

Summary The antennal lobe of both sexes of the silk moth Bombyx mori contains 55–60 ventrally located antennal glomeruli; in addition, that of the male contains a dorsal macroglomerular complex (MGC). A group of identifiable glomeruli consisting of two lateral large glomeruli (LLG) and four medial small glomeruli (MSG) is present in both sexes, but the LLG are greatly enlarged in the female. A MGC is also present in the male gypsy moth Lymantria dispar and male giant silk moth Antheraea polyphemus. The MGC in all of these species is organized into 3–4 distinct levels of glomeruli. Antennal sensory fibers were stained by cobalt backfills in B. mori, A. polyphemus, and L. dispar. Most fibers stained from cut long hairs (sensilla trichodea) projected to MGC in males and LLG in both sexes of B. mori. The distribution of fibers in the MGC of B. mori was topographically biased in that a majority of fibers from anterior branches projected medially in MGC while most fibers from posterior branches projected laterally or anteriorly. Terminal arborizations of single fibers were each restricted to a single glomerular level of the MGC. Fibers projecting to the posterior antennal center were frequently stained in cut-hair and control preparations, apparently by uptake of cobalt through intact sensilla on flagellar branches.     

Microtubular fir-trees in mitotic spindles of onion roots

Summary The organization of kinetochore fibers was examined inAllium root cells processed for tubulin immunocytochemistry. Metaphase fibers consist of a core or trunk of Mts to which are attached numerous branches, yielding a bottle-brush of fir-tree pattern similar to that reported inHaemanthus endosperm cells. Many of the branches cross the midzone and extend into the opposite half-spindle. In addition, branch Mts associate with more than one kinetochore fiber. During anaphase, branch Mts elongate while the trunks shorten and fuse into polar caps. Our results are discussed in terms of spindle fiber organization and Mt polarity.Abbreviations K Kinetochore - Mt microtubule     

不同林龄胡杨活立木枯枝生物量和化学计量特征

基于不同林龄胡杨天然林样地活立木枯枝(DBST)生物量调查,探讨不同发育阶段胡杨活立木枯枝化学计量和碳储量的时空变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)不同林龄胡杨林活立木枯枝生物量随着林龄增加呈先增加后减小趋势,其中成熟林活立木枯枝生物量最大(10.93 t/hm~2),占地上生物量的17.79%。对于单株胡杨而言,随林龄增加活立木枯枝生物量增大,年平均活立木枯枝生物量为0.22 kg/株。同时胡杨枝径级越大越易形成枯枝,生物量也随枯枝径级的增加而增加。(2)胡杨活立木枯枝C、N、P、K平均含量分别为491.01、4.13、2.75、1.83 g/kg,活立木枯枝C、N、P元素含量高于活体枝,而活体枝K元素含量高于活立木枯枝。胡杨群落活立木枯枝平均C∶N、C∶P、N∶P比分别为:128.58、232.79、1.95,其活立木枯枝化学计量比均高于活体枝。林龄对化学元素含量和化学计量比影响均差异不显著(P0.05),说明了胡杨活立木枯枝的元素含量随龄级变化不大,具有稳定的特点。(3)活立木枯枝碳密度随林龄的增加先增加后降低,其中成熟林碳密度最大;胡杨群落平均碳密度为2.63 t/hm~2,占地上活立木碳密度的20.74%。研究认为胡杨群落枯枝生物量和碳密度随林龄增加的变化规律明显,胡杨活立木枯枝在荒漠森林生态系统中是不可忽略的C库。     

华北石质山地侧柏人工林C、N、P生态化学计量特征的季节变化

以北京九龙山自然保护区幼龄侧柏人工林为研究对象,对其不同生长季节叶、枝、根(0—10 cm、10—20 cm土层)的碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及其生态化学计量学特征进行了分析,深入探讨了生长季节与器官以及两因素交互作用对以上特征的影响,研究有助于理解植物各性状之间的相互作用以及植物生长过程中资源的利用和分配状况。结果表明:1)不同器官间C含量为414.97—461.58 g/kg,枝最大,根(0—10 cm)最小;N含量为6.57—14.28 g/kg,叶最大,枝最小;P含量为0.39—1.28 g/kg,叶最大,根(10—20 cm)最小;C∶N为31.76—70.98,枝最大,叶最小;C∶P为369.93—1099.20,根(10—20 cm)最大,叶最小;N∶P为9.21—23.81,根(0—10 cm)最大,枝最小。整个生长季节中侧柏各器官C含量最稳定,变异系数均小于7%;P含量变异性最大,变异系数均超过15%,N含量变异性介于两者之间;各器官中C∶N和N∶P较C∶P更为稳定,C、N与P具有较好的耦合协同性,C∶P和N∶P的变化主要取决于P的变化。2)器官对C、N、P含量及其化学计量关系均存在显著影响,生长季节对N和P含量存在显著影响,两者交互作用只对P含量存在显著影响,器官对侧柏C、N、P含量及其化学计量变异的贡献大于生长季节。3)侧柏各器官间C、N、P含量及其化学计量比相关性多数未达到显著性水平,仅有叶与枝中的P及C∶P显著相关,说明侧柏器官分化过程中各器官对元素的吸收利用具有特异性。侧柏叶片N∶P14,说明生长季节里幼龄侧柏人工林更多受到N限制。     

Axonal composition of the marginal and basal optic tracts in frogs

An electron-microscopic investigation was made of the medial and lateral branches of the marginal and basal optic tracts. The ultrastructure and composition of the branches of the marginal tract are similar. The basal tract has a relatively loose structure and contains a high proportion of myelinated fibers of large diamter. On average these structures contain 3900 (4.7%), 4700 (4.9%), and 700 (28%) of myelinated and 79,800 (95.3%), 91,500 (95.1%), and 1800 (72%) unmyelinated fibers respectively. The myelinated fibers in the branches of the marginal tract have a diameter of 0.4–2.6 (main maximum 1.0, additional maximum 1.6 µ), those in the basal tract from 0.4 to 4.0 µ (main maximum 1.8, small additional maximum at 3.2 µ). The diameters of the unmyelinated fibers in all three tracts are 0.1–0.5 µ; the diameter of 60% of these fibers is approximately 0.2 µ. Degeneration of 99% of myelinated fibers of the optic nerve and 100% of fibers of the basal tract was found 85 days after enucleation and keeping at 18–20°C. Many nondegenerated myelinated fibers were found in the medial and lateral branches of the marginal tract (33 and 13%, ranges of diameters 0.6–1.4 and 0.6–1.0 µ respectively). These fibers perhaps participate in the organization of ipsilateral visual projection of the tectum. The nonmyelinated fibers were unchanged in all the tracts.A. N. Severtsov Institute of Evolutionary Morphology and Ecology of Animals, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 54–61, January–February, 1976.     

杉木人工林凋落物分解对氮沉降的响应

凋落物分解是陆地生态系统养分循环的关键过程,是全球碳（C）收支的一个重要主要组成部分,正受到全球大气氮（N）沉降的深刻影响。探讨大气氮沉降条件下森林凋落物的分解,有利于揭示森林生态系统C平衡和养分循环对全球变化的响应。选择福建沙县官庄林场1992年栽种的杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolata）人工林为研究对象,自2004年开始野外模拟氮沉降试验,至今12年。氮沉降处理分4个水平,N0、N1、N2和N3分别为0、60、120、240 kg N hm^-2 a^-1。2015年12月开展分解袋试验,对经过氮沉降处理12年的凋落物（叶、枝、果）进行模拟原位分解,每3个月收回一次分解袋样品,为期2年,同时测定凋落物干物质残留量及其C、N和磷（P）含量。结果表明,经2年分解后,氮沉降条件下凋落物叶、枝和果的干物质残留率平均值分别为27.68%、47.02%和43.18%,说明分解速率大小依次为叶 > 果 > 枝。凋落物叶、枝和果的分解系数平均为0.588、0.389和0.455,周转期（分解95%年限）分别为4-5年、6-8年和5-7年。低-中氮处理（N1和N2）均促进凋落物叶、枝和果的分解,以N1的效果更明显,而N3起到抑制作用。N1处理的凋落物叶、枝和果的周转期分别为：4.50年、6.09年和5.85年,N2处理的分别为4.95年、8.16年和6.19年。模拟氮沉降在一定程度上增加了凋落物叶、枝和果分解过程中的N和P含量,但降低了C含量。凋落物叶、枝和果分解过程中C元素呈现释放-富集-释放模式,N和P元素呈现释放与富集交替,除枝的N元素外,其他均表现为释放量大于富集量。     

三峡库区消落带池杉-土壤碳氮磷生态化学计量特征

为探究三峡库区消落带消落期池杉(Taxodium ascendens Brongn., 1833)及其实生土壤C、N、P生态化学计量特征,于2018年7月对忠县消落带植被修复示范基地3个水淹处理(DS、MS、SS)池杉幼林不同组分(枝条、叶片、根系和土壤)的C、N、P三种元素含量及其化学计量比进行测定分析。结果表明:(1)随着水淹时间和强度的增加,池杉株高、冠幅、基径和胸径均受到一定的抑制,但总体生长良好,与其稳定的化学计量比关系紧密。(2)不同水淹处理组的池杉枝条、叶片中C、N、P含量及其比值分别均无显著性差异(P0.05)。同一水淹处理组的N、P含量表现为叶片根系枝条土壤;除枝条P含量外,其他器官组分C、N、P含量均显著高于土壤组分(P0.05)。(3)池杉各器官N/P比值均远低于临界比率(14),表明池杉的生长可能受N元素限制较为严重。(4)池杉与实生土壤的C、N、P元素内稳性整体表现为PCN,比值内稳性表现为C/NN/PC/P,地上部分(枝条、叶片)C、N、P元素及其比值的稳定性较地下部分(根系)强。(5)冗余分析(RDA)结果表明池杉生态化学计量特征及生长指标与土壤性质密切相关。研究表明,在三峡库区消落带水文多变的环境下,池杉能够有效维持体内化学计量的平衡以响应不同的水淹强度,并且生长良好,是三峡库区消落带植被恢复与重建的优势树种。     

The autonomic innervation of the liver and gallbladder of Podarcis hispanica

The innervation of the liver and gallbladder of the lizard Podarcis hispanica has been studied by the following methods: a) demonstration of cholinesterase activity; b) FIF method for catecholamines; and c) immunohistochemistry for VIP. The hepatic parenchyma of the reptile's liver show hepatocytes arranged in regular rows of hepatic cords, the portal triad being typical of higher vertebrates (birds and mammals). Nerve fibers are found in the scarce connective tissue distributed among the hepatocytes. The innervation is restricted to the big branches of blood vessels and biliary ducts. It is represented by cholinergic, noradrenergic and VIPergic fibers. The gallbladder shows a well developed cholinergic plexus with pyramidal cells in the interconnection points of the fiber network. The noradrenergic and VIPergic plexuses are also more widely distributed in the gallbladder than in the liver.     

Afferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in the goldfish,Carassius auratus

The horseradish peroxidase (HRP) histochemical technique was used to examine the peripheral distribution and afferent projections of the trigeminal nerve in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Sensory fibers of the trigeminal nerve distribute over the head via four branches. The ophthalmic branch distributes fibers to the region above the eye and naris. The maxillary and mandibular branches innervate the regions of the upper and lower lip, respectively. A fourth branch of the trigeminal nerve was demonstrated to be present in the hyomandibular trunk. Upon entering the medulla the trigeminal afferent fibers divide into a rostromedially directed bundle and a caudally directed bundle. The rostromedially directed bundle terminates in the sensory trigeminal nucleus (STN) located within the rostral medulla. The majority of fibers turn caudally, forming the descending trigeminal tract. Fibers of the descending trigeminal tract terminate within three medullary nuclei: the nucleus of the descending trigeminal tract (NDTV), the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Spv), and the medial funicular nucleus (MFn). All projections, except for those to the MFn, are ipsilateral. Contralateral projections were observed at the level of the MFn following the labeling of the ophthalmic and maxillomandibular branches. All branches of the trigeminal nerve project to all four of the trigeminal medullary nuclei. Projections to the STN and MFn were found to be topographically organized such that the afferents of the ophthalmic branch project onto the ventral portion of these nuclei, while the afferents of the maxillo- and hyomandibular branches project to the dorsal portion of these nuclei. Cells of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus were retrogradely labeled following HRP application to the ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve. In addition to demonstrating the ascending mesencephalic trigeminal root fibers, HRP application to the above-mentioned branches also revealed descending mesencephalic trigeminal fibers. The descending mesencephalic trigeminal fibers course caudally medial to the branchiomeric motor column and terminate in the ventromedial portion of the MFn.     

Retinofugal and retinopetal projections in the teleost Channa micropeltes (Channiformes)

Summary Retinofugal and retinopetal projections were investigated in the teleost fish Channa micropeltes (Channiformes) by means of the cobaltous lysine and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing techniques. Retinofugal fibers cross completely in the optic chiasma. A conspicious lamination is present in those parts of the optic tract that give rise to the marginal branches of the optic tract. This layering of optic fibers continues in the marginal branches to mesencephalic levels. Retinal projections to the preoptic and hypothalamic regions are sparse; they are more pronounced in the area of pretectal nuclei. The medial pretectal complex and the cortical pretectal nucleus are more fully differentiated than in other teleostean species. Further targets include the thalamus and the optic tectum. The course of major optic sub-tracts and smaller fascicles is described. Retinopetal neurons are located contralaterally in a rostral and a caudal part of the nucleus olfactoretinalis, and in a circumscribed nucleus thalamoretinalis. The present findings are compared with reports on other teleost species.     

去除顶端优势对菊芋器官C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

以不同时期顶端优势去除处理的菊芋为研究对象,通过测定根、茎、叶、花和块茎等器官C、N、P含量,计算C∶N、C∶P和N∶P比值,探讨顶端优势去除对菊芋各器官C、N、P化学计量特征的影响规律。结果表明:各器官之间C含量高低顺序没有因去顶而改变,氮和磷含量高低顺序因去顶而表现出不同的大小关系;顶端优势去除提高了茎秆、块茎和分枝的C含量,除最后一次顶端优势去除提高了叶片C含量,其它顶端优势去除时间均降低了叶片含量;顶端优势去除降低了根系、茎秆和块茎N含量,提高了分枝和花的含N量;顶端优势去除提高了叶片和块茎的含P量;C∶N范围为24.15—153.75、C∶P范围为118.87—2265.72、N∶P范围为2.46—24.05,N∶P平均值为10.67,说明菊芋生长主要受N元素的限制。     

Comparative study of the olfactory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius)

Summary The olfactory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) and the nine-spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) has been studied with a conventional histochemical and a novel immunological staining technique. In both species, the sensory epithelium is arranged in folds separated by non-sensory epithelial tissue. In the nine-spined stickleback, intrinsic folds consisting of non-sensory cells are found in the apical part of the sensory epithelium where they divide the surface of the sensory epithelium into small islets. These non-sensory cells are non-ciliated, flattened and piled on top of each other; they contain numerous electron-translucent vesicles. The intrinsic folds are absent from the sensory epithelium of the three-spined stickleback. In both species, axons of receptor cells form a layer of fibers in the sensory epithelium immediately above the basal cells. In the three-spined stickleback, thick branches of the olfactory nerve are frequently found in this layer. These branches are only occasionally observed in the sensory epithelium of the nine-spined stickleback. Thus, the three-spined stickleback and the nine-spined stickleback show considerable differences in the organization of the sensory regions of the olfactory epithelium.     

Laboratory and field growth studies of commercial strains ofEucheuma denticulatum andKappaphycus alvarezii in the Philippines

Daily growth rates of 0.1 to 8.4% d^-1 for the brown form and 0.2 to 6.3% d^-1 of the green form were measured for 3 to 5-cm long branches of the tropical red seaweedKappaphycus alvarezii cultured in the laboratory. Highest growth rates were found using inexpensive enrichments such as soil water and coconut water supplemented with 0.7 mM N and 13 µM P and with a liquid fertilizer, Algafer, produced from seaweeds in the Philippines. Laboratory grown branches of bothK. alvarezii andEucheuma denticulatum transplanted to rafts in the field showed daily growth rates of 4.4 to 8.9% d^-1, as high or higher than other reported growth rates. The studies, carried out in the Philippines, demonstrate the viability and high yield of laboratory cultivars and methods to keep laboratory culture costs low.     

Distribution of CGRP-, somatostatin-, galanin-, VIP-, and substance P-immunoreactive nerve fibers in the chicken carotid body

Summary An immunoperoxidase method was used to investigate and compare the distribution of neuropeptide-immunoreactive (ir) nerve fibers and neurofilament-ir fibers in chick carotid body. The vagus nerve and its branches were intensely immunoreactive with an antiserum against chick neurofilaments. The branches from the vagus and the recurrent laryngeal nerves anastomosed within the connective tissue encircling the carotid body, and then entered the organ to form a network of neurofilament-ir fibers. Immunoreactivities for CGRP, somatostatin, galanin, VIP and substance P were found in the carotid body; they were located within varicose fibers. Immunoreactivity for each peptide was discretely and characteristically distributed. Dense networks of varicose CGRP-ir nerve fibers were found throughout the carotid body in close proximity to clusters of carotid body cells and to blood vessels. Substance P-ir fibers were distributed similarly to CGRP-ir fibers. Somatostatin-ir fibers appeared as patches distributed around chief cells. Numerous galanin- and VIP-ir nerve fibers were observed in the connective tissue surrounding the carotid body, but they occurred in only moderate densities in the parenchyma.     

Immunocytochemical localization of CCAP,a novel crustacean cardioactive peptide,in the nervous system of the shore crab,Carcinus maenas L.

Summary Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits against synthetic crustacean cardioactive peptide (CCAP) conjugated to bovine thyroglobulin, and were used to map CCAP-immunoreactive structures in the central nervous system of Carcinus maenas. As expected, the neurohemal pericardial organs (PO) displayed abundant immunoreactivity in nerve fibers and terminals. In addition, immunoreactive neurons were demonstrated in other parts of the nervous system. At least some of them do not appear to terminate in neurohemal structures and may have a non-endocrine, as yet unknown function. Immunoreactive perikarya with a diameter of 25–30 m occur in the brain. They project into the optic and antennary neuropil, and into the eyestalk. One cell was found in the medulla terminalis of the eyestalk and in the connective ganglion, respectively. From the latter, axonal branches could be traced into the brain and the thoracic ganglia (TG). In the TG, small-diameter perikarya give rise to extensive networks of varicose fibers. Some of the perikarya occur in a characteristic paired arrangement with larger CCAP-immunoreactive somata (diameter 40–50 m). These pairs of one small and one large cell occur in all mouthpart and leg segments of the TG, except the abdominal ganglia (AG), where only large cells were found. The main projections of the large neurons comprise one or more fibers in each of the seven segmental nerves (SN), leading to neurosecretory terminals in the PO. The fibers in the SN are joined by branches of an ascending axonal tract from the large perikarya in the AG. The large-type perikarya are considered to be the principal source of CCAP in the PO. The optic ganglia in the eyestalk, except the medulla terminalis, the neurohemal sinus gland and the stomatogastric nervous system are devoid of CCAP-immunoreactivity.In axon terminals of the PO, CCAP is not colocalized with other PO-neuropeptides, i.e. proctolin-, FMRFamide-like, and Leu-enkephalin-like immunoreactive materials. Electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed a distinct CCAP-containing granule type in specific axon profiles and terminals in the PO.The architecture of CCAP-immunoreactive neurons is discussed with respect to previous morphological studies on the origin and pathways of fibers terminating in the PO.Dedicated to Professor K.E. Wohlfarth-Bottermann, Bonn, on the occasion of his 65^th birthday     

免疫荧光法显示贝居腹盾吸虫肌肉神经组织的实验研究

从背角无齿蚌(Anodonta woodiana)围心腔内检获自然感染的贝居腹盾吸虫(Aspidogaster conchicola),根据虫体内睾丸、卵巢、子宫及卵黄腺4种生殖器官的发育程度,将所获虫体分为幼虫组和成虫组,所有虫体用4%甲醛固定后,分别采用鬼笔环肽染色法和乙酰化微管蛋白免疫组织化学法显示贝居腹盾吸虫成虫和幼虫的肌肉纤维和神经纤维,使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察。结果显示,鬼笔环肽荧光染色的贝居腹盾吸虫成虫较幼虫肌肉组织更为发达,口周围、盾盘附着器、子宫末段及阴茎囊肌肉纤维分布较为密集。乙酰化微管蛋白荧光染色的贝居腹盾吸虫成虫较幼虫神经网络更为复杂,在部分生殖器官如子宫末段、阴茎囊和睾丸部位存在神经纤维。双重染色结果显示,该吸虫不同器官上的肌肉纤维分布与神经纤维的分布相互吻合。该结果提示,贝居腹盾吸虫可能通过神经系统对其肌肉活动进行调控。     

人脊髓前角运动神经元190KD蛋白的初步研究

本研究采用ＳＤＳ凝胶电泳方法从人脊神经前根中分离出人脊髓前角运动神经元特有的蛋白—１９０ＫＤ。将该蛋白作为抗原,免疫ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠,经杂交瘤技术,获得了抗１９０ＫＤ蛋白的单克隆抗体。免疫细胞化学检测表明,１９０ＫＤ单抗与脊髓灰质前角神经元、前根及肌支发生阳性反应。实验结果提示,１９０ＫＤ蛋白分布在脊髓运动神经元胞体及脊神经的前根和肌支纤维中。     

Postembryonic development of leucokinin I-immunoreactive neurons innervating a neurohemal organ in the turnip moth Agrotis segetum

Summary In the abdominal ganglia of the turnip moth Agrotis segetum, an antibody against the cockroach neuropeptide leucokinin I recognizes neurons with varicose fibers and terminals innervating the perisympathetic neurohemal organs. In the larva, the abdominal perisympathetic organs consist of a segmental series of discrete neurohemal swellings on the dorsal unpaired nerve and the transverse nerves originating at its bifurcation. These neurohemal structures are innervated by varicose terminals of leucokinin I-immunoreactive (LKIR) fibers originating from neuronal cell bodies located in the preceding segment. In the adult, the abdominal segmental neurohemal units are more or less fused into a plexus that extends over almost the whole abdominal nerve cord. The adult plexus consists of peripheral nerve branches and superficial nerve fibers beneath the basal lamina of the neural sheath of the nerve cord. During metamorphosis, the LKIR fibers closely follow the restructuration of the perisympathetic organs. In both larvae and adults the LKIR fibers in the neurohemal structures originate from the same cell bodies, which are distributed as ventrolateral bilateral pairs in all abdominal ganglia. The transformation of the series of separated and relatively simple larval neurohemal organs into the larger, continuous and more complex adult neurohemal areas occurs during the first of the two weeks of pupal life. The efferent abdominal LKIR neurons of the moth Agrotis segetum thus belong to the class of larval neurons which persist into adult life with substantial peripheral reorganization occurring during metamorphosis.     

不同林龄第2代杉木林枝叶凋落前的养分转移特征

利用会同杉木林25年的定位测定的基础数据,探讨了不同林龄杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata(lamb) Hook)枝叶凋落前的养分转移特征,为人工林经营管理提供科学依据。结果表明:杉木枝叶凋落前年均养分转移量为3.22—31.89 kg hm~(-2) a~(-1),其中,叶占71.31%—94.41%,枝占5.59%—28.69%。枝的养分转移量随林龄增加而增加。林分20年生以前,叶的养分转移量呈上升趋势,20年生以后,呈下降趋势。枝的养分转移率为20.97%—22.59%,叶是22.98%—26.06%,枝和叶的养分转移率都随林龄增加而增大。各林龄段的枝的养分转移率差异不显著(P0.05),叶的养分转移率除1—7年生与其他林龄段的差异显著(P0.05),其余各林龄段之间差异不显著(P0.05)。转移的元素量中,N和K占83.75%—84.25%,P、Ca、Mg占15.75%—16.25%。N、P、K、Ca、Mg的转移率分别为24.59%—34.53%,36.36%—46.64%,42.86%—51.27%,3.68%—7.35%,3.67%—9.56%。养分转移率主要受枝叶凋落前、后的养分浓度差值与枝叶凋落前的养分浓度控制,与凋落物量无关。养分的转移量不仅受枝叶凋落前、后的养分浓度差值的影响外,更多地取决于凋落物量,而且与杉木生长发育特征有很大的关联。     

Neuronal types in the spinal dorsal gray of the turtle Chrysemys d'orbigny: a Golgi study

At thoracic and lumbar levels the spinal dorsal gray of young specimens of the turtle Chrysemys d'orbigny consists of a cell-free neuropil and an aggregation of perikarya termed here the lateral column of the dorsal horn (LCDH). Nerve cell clusters also occur in the dorsal commissure. The main neuropil area can be divided into a thin superficial layer containing some myelinated fibers (neuropil area Ib) and a compact core composed of unmyelinated axon terminals, dendritic branches, and thin glial processes (neuropil area II). A looser neuropil area is located at the horn base (neuropil area III). The so-called marginal zone of de Lange represents a fourth synaptic field termed here neuropil area Ia. The LCDH consists of neurons of different size and shape. Two peculiar nerve cell types have been recognized in the dorsal horn: giant and bitufted neurons. The former exhibits a large dendritic arbor, which after passing through neuropil areas II and Ib projects into neuropil area Ia and the adjacent white matter. Most frequently Golgi-stained giant neurons have perikarya and dendritic domains on the same side (ipsilateral giant neurons). There are also heterolateral giant neurons whose dendritic branches invade the opposite horn. Bitufted neurons are characterized by the presence of two main dendritic shafts connecting neuropil area II of both dorsal horns. At neuropil levels the major dendritic branches ramify profusely giving rise to short tortuous terminal processes. Perikarya of bitufted neurons occur in the dorsal commissure. The LCDH also contains many small and medium-sized neurons. These are oriented in two main directions: parallel or radial with respect to the dorsal horn surface. The population of horizontally oriented neurons comprises two subtypes termed here alpha and beta. Radially oriented neurons are pleomorphic, defying precise, unequivocal classification.