高于庄古生物学(英)

距今 14～ 16亿年的华北地区高于庄组黑色层状、结核状和透镜状燧石与叠层石的黑色硅质部分中保存着极丰富的原核和真核生物微化石。宏观藻类在该组的页岩中亦已发现。本组为评估中元古代生命状况、古环境和前显生宙生物地层提供了重要的生物信息。迄今为止在高于庄组地层中已有百余个化石种被人们认识。根据古植物和古环境的特征这些生物种类可分为三个不同的组合 ,即 :1.颤藻和色球藻组合 ,出现在高于庄组一段 ,代表浅水藻席建造者和居住者与一些可能的外来浮游生物的种类 ;2 .念珠藻组合 ,仅发生在该组的二段 ,还含一些底栖藻席建造者或居住者的种类 ;3.第四段的色球藻组合 ,它代表了潮间带至亚潮带的藻席建造者和外来的种类。元古代燧石中的微化石 ,尤其是蓝藻化石 ,尽管在元古代它们就已不断趋向于多样化 ,但由于它们形态上的保守性 ,对环境的指示比对地质时代的指示更有价值。高于庄组微化石的特点和大多数链状念珠藻垂直层理保存的事实表明 :1.高于庄组微化石的个体大小随时间趋向于增大 ;2 .高于庄组的沉积可能是处于一个淡水环境 ,且沉积率可能等于或少于微生物的生长率 ;3.高于庄组织沉积模式可能是从潮间带至亚潮带或深海 ,然后再至潮间带或潮上带 ;4 .当高于庄组沉积时真核生物亦已出现。     

高于庄古生物学

距今14～16亿年的华北地区高于庄组黑色层状、结核状和透镜状燧石与叠层石的黑色硅质部分中保存着极丰富的原核和真核生物微化石。宏观藻类在该组的页岩中亦已发现,本组为评估中元古代生命状况,古环境和显生宙生物地层提供了重要的生物信息。迄今为止在高于庄组地层中已有百余个化石种被人们认识,根据古植物和古环境的特征这些生物种类可分为三个不同的组合,即：1.颤藻和色球藻组合,出现在高于庄组一段,代表浅水藻席建造和居住与一些可能的外来浮游生物的种类;2.念珠藻组合,仅发生在该组的二段,还含一些底栖藻席建造或居住的种类;3.第四段的色球藻组合,它代表了潮间带至亚潮带的藻席建造和外来的种类。元古代燧石中的微化石,尤其是蓝藻化石,尽管在元古代它们就已不断趋向于多样化,但由于它们形态上的保守性,对环境的指示比对地质时代的指示更有价值。高于庄组微化石的特点和大多数链状念珠藻垂直层理保存的事实表明：1.高于庄组藻化石的个体大小随时间趋向于增大;2.高于庄组的沉积可能是处于一个淡水环境,且沉积率可能等于或少于微生物的生长率;3.高于庄组织沉积模式可能是多潮间带至亚潮带或深海,然后再至潮间带或潮上带;4.当高于庄组沉积时真核生物亦已出现。     

华北太行山北段高于庄组微古植物的新发现

长城群高于庄组主要分布于我国华北地区,地质年龄约在14－16亿年。主要描述了华北太行山北段灵邱县境内高于组白云岩中的层状和扁豆状透镜体燧石及穹隆式叠层石的黑色燧石中的颤藻、念珠藻和色球藻植物的8个新种和3个未定种,其中还有两个新修订属。这些新的促群再加上前人在高于庄组地层中已报道的汇成了近100个种生物组合,进一步证明高于庄组地地球上中元代微化石类群最丰富的产地之一。以下是该 新发现和新修订的分类类群：颤藻科（Oscillatoriaceae): Eophormkidium orculiformis sp. nov., E. sp., Siphonophycus caudataceous sp. nov., Palaeolyngbya complanata sp. nov., P. capitata sp. nvo., P. sp., Oscilaltoriopsis sp.;念珠藻科（Nosto-caceae):Veteronostiocale vaginata sp.nov.;色球藻科（Chroococcaceae):Maculosphaera giganta sp.nov.,Gloeotheceopsis grandis sp.nov.;分类位置未定的类群：Myxococcoides limpida sp.nov.。     

华北高于庄组硅化微体化石组合的古环境

华北中元古代高于庄组 ( 1 4- 1 5亿年 )的硅质叠层石中保存了完好的多种微生物化石。从这些叠层石的微细构造分析 ,成岩早期硅质矿物的交代作用为微体化石的原位保存起了很重要的作用。除部分居住者和浮游的分子外 ,两种丝状蓝藻 ( Siphonophycus inornatum和Eoschizothric composita)和两种球状蓝藻 ( Coccostratusdispergens和 Eoentophysalisbelcherensis)是这些藻席的主要建造者。以球状蓝藻 Eoentophysalis为主的藻席可能发育于潮下高能环境中 ;而以多种丝状蓝藻为主的藻席可能反映了当时的沉积环境为中—高潮间带的局部静止小水体     

北京延庆地区雾迷山组燧石相微体古生物研究

本文报道的微体化石产于北京延庆地区雾迷山组中的燧石相岩层中,共鉴定出10个属19个种,其中含1个新种,3个未定种,以及2个相似种。化石类型以蓝细菌中的颤藻科、念珠藻科和色球藻科属种为主,还保存有少量绿藻和大量分类位置未定的藻类。新的化石资料必将进一步丰富燕山雾迷山组的微化石群的内容,并为进一步评价雾迷山组微化石的生物演化和多样性的水平,及其生物地层意义提供更充分的依据。     

徐淮地区元古宙九顶山组燧石中微体生物化石新资料

我国徐淮地区元古宙九顶山组产出丰富的条带状和结核状燧石,其中保存了大量微体生物化石。本研究通过岩石切片法发现了呈三维立体状态保存的精美的丝状和球状蓝藻化石,鉴定出12属16种,即有丝状蓝藻6属10种(包含2个未定种):Siphonophycus septatum,S.robustum,S.typicum,S.kestron,Oscillatoriopsis ver-miformis,O.obtusa,Cephalophytarion grande,Salome sp.,Veteronostocale amoenum,Paleolyngbyasp.;球状蓝藻3属3种:Gloeodiniopsis suxianensis,Eoentophysalis cumulus,Nanococcus vulgaris;以及分类位置未定的3属3种(包含1个未定种):Myxococcoides minor,Leiosphaeridiasp.,Brachypleganon khandanum。其中Oscil-latoriopsis vermiformis,O.obtusa,Cephalophytarion grande,Salome sp.,Veteronostocale amoenum,Paleolyn-gbyasp.,Nanococcus vulgaris均为本地首次发现,弥补了以前在九顶山组中只找到Siphonophycus而未曾见Os-cillatoriopsis的缺憾,并对大量保存精美的Siphonophycus的来源问题给出了可能的解释。而大量无异形胞的Os-cillatoriopsis属化石的存在可能反映了当时的海底为缺氧环境。本次新发现丰富了九顶山组的微体生物化石资料,这些微体生物化石组合有可能成为元古宙洲际生物地层对比的依据。九顶山组碳酸岩台地沉积相中普遍发育的微体生物藻席、保存精美的高分异度的蓝藻化石以及并未在底栖环境中发现真核生物,均反映冰期前的浅海底栖生态系统还是由原核生物为主体的微体生物生态系统。     

中元古代中期神农架群台子组微体化石组合和热演化阶段*

扬子台地北缘神农架群发育一套中元古代中期和晚期的海相碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩地层,其中台子组是神农架群中部地层,也是该群古生物化石丰度最高的组。本文利用化学浸泡法对中元古代中期台子组细粒碎屑岩进行微体化石研究,结果显示:台子组化石总的特征是组合简单、化石个体较小,大部分标本直径介于20-50μm。本文共鉴定出微体化石7属11种,包括光面球形类Leiosphaeridiacrassa、L.minutissima、L.jacutica、L.bicrura和Leiosphaeridiasp.,细胞聚合体Synsphaeridium sp.、Eomicrocystismalgica和相对复杂的疑源类Navifusa sp.、Satka sp.、Germinosphaera sp.与Arctacellularia tetragonala。台子组微体化石组合中原核生物是主要的化石类型,真核生物丰度很低。其化石多样性和膜壳平均直径远小于邻近时期的生物化石群落,这可能与台子组沉积期的地表环境特征以及独特的生物群落特征有关。拉曼光谱分析表明台子组有机质处于较高的热演化阶段,埋藏温度约280℃,过高的埋藏温度也可能降低了台子组化石保存质量。     

北京十三陵地区前寒武纪雾迷山组叠层石和藻席中的藻类群落

北京十三陵地区位于燕山的中段,是华北晚前寒武纪地层发育良好的地区之一。本区雾迷山组厚两千余米,主要分布在萃花山,小宫门东山及卧虎山一带。数年前,笔者在本区萃花山雾迷山组一段采集到一批微小的柱状叠层石与层纹状藻席相互共生的标本,其中一些标本是由黑色燧石组成的。通过切片方法研究,我们发现在一些由黑色燧石组成的叠层石和藻席中保存有多种形态的微化石。作者扼要记述了这些微化石的形态特征,并将这一微化石群与世界其它地区的前寒武纪微生物组合进行比较,并探讨了这一微化石群的生态环境。     

论元古宙有机壁微体化石Tappania的生物与地质意义*

有机壁微体化石Tappania,最初发现和描述自我国山西永济地区约17—14亿年前古老的古元古代晚期—中元古代早期汝阳群北大尖组。随后,该形态属标本相继从印度、澳大利亚、西伯利亚、美洲等地的同期地层被发现和报道。无疑,它成为该地质时期生物地层对比的重要微体化石证据。由于它是自前寒武纪早期微体化石记录以来,被认定为最初具有动态细胞支架和膜系统的复杂有机壁真核微体化石,它成为干群真核生物在该古老地质时期演化趋异的见证。本文旨在认识Tappania的形态特征及其生物亲缘,并探讨它的生活、繁衍生态环境和地质背景。结合已知古地理和地球化学研究资料,可推测Tappania的出现与该地质时期的重大地质事件相关联。在古元古代晚期至新元古代早期的海水盆地中,尽管占主导地位的仍然是蓝菌和单细胞藻类,但是,具有渗析营养功能的多细胞真核生物在适宜生态环境已繁衍。     

湖北三峡地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组“蝌蚪状”遗迹化石*

遗迹化石是埃迪卡拉纪存在两侧对称动物最有力的证据。但多数埃迪卡拉纪遗迹化石为简单、水平的表面爬迹或潜穴。在湖北三峡地区灯影组石板滩段含典型埃迪卡拉软躯体化石的地层中新发现一类形态特别的化石,呈蝌蚪状,一端膨大,一端细管状。通过对化石形态、同位素分析以及沉积学特征的研究,说明该化石为遗迹化石,而不是实体化石。蝌蚪状化石为一种复合迹,垂向活动形成球状的膨大端,平行藻席层活动形成近于水平的潜穴,反映了造迹生物垂向切穿藻席层并沿藻席层进行觅食的行为。该发现说明了在埃迪卡拉纪晚期已有两侧对称动物开始形成较为复杂的潜穴。     

New Microorganisms from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation of Northern Taihang Mountains,China

A new diverse assemblage of microorganisms has been discovered in black bedded, nodular and lenticular cherts and dark chert of domical stromatolites in dolostone of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation in Lingqiu County, northern Taihang Mountains. The geologic relationships, biostratigraphic correlations, and available radiometric age determinations place the age of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation at approximately 1 400-1 600 million years in age. Eight new species, three unnamed species, and two emended genera of oscillatoriacean, nostocacean, and chroococcacean cyanobacteria are described. These data coupled with reports of others indicate that the diversity of taxa in the Gaoyuzhuang Formation reaches 100 species. The Gaoyuzhuang Formation contains one of the richest Mesoproterozoic communities of microfossils. The following new and emended taxa are described: Oscillatoriaceae: Eophormidium orculiformis sp. nov., E . sp., Siphonophycus caudataceous sp. nov., Palaeolyngbya complanata sp. nov., P. capitata sp. nov., P . sp. and Oscillatoriopsis sp..Nostocaceae: Veteronostocale vaginata sp. nov.. Chroococcaceae: Maculosphaera giganta sp. nov. and Gloeotheceopsis grandis sp. nov. Incertae sedis: Myxococcoides limpida sp. nov.     

Multi-trichomous cyanobacterial microfossils from the Mesoproterozoic Gaoyuzhuang Formation, China: Paleoecological and taxonomic implications

Populations of the multi-trichomous microbial fossil Eoschizothrix composita n.gen. et sp. are preserved in growth position in silicified stratiform stromatolites of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation, Hebei Province, northern China. The microbial fossils consist predominantly of preserved sheaths, although several specimens retain shriveled remains of trichomes within sheaths. Comparisons with modern morphological counterparts, including shape, growth habit and orientation, degradational sequences, and habitat, support the interpretation of the multi-trichomous microfossils as cyanobacteria, which acted as frame-builders of ancient stromatolites. The distribution and orientation of multi-trichomous microfossils within a synsedimentary context reveal their behavioral responses to sedimentation regime. Horizontally spread, interwoven mats formed during periods of sedimentary stasis. During periods of rapid sediment influx, the filaments assumed an upright orientation, possibly to avoid accumulating particles. This is the first record of fossil stromatolite-building multi-trichomous cyanobacterial which underscores early morphological and functional diversification in cyanobacterial evolution.     

Investigation on the Procaryotic Microfossils from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation,Jixian, North China

Stromatolitic cherts of the late Precambrian Gaoyuzhuang Formation at the Stratotype section of the “Sinian Suberathem” near Jixian, North China, contain a varied assemblage of well-preserved filamentous and coccoid blue-green algae. This assemblage constitutes perhaps one of the well-preserved, diverse Precambrian microbiota now known. The fossiliferous cherts occur in the lower part of this formation which is about 1500 Ma-old interpolated depending on Pb-Pb ages yielded from the middle part of it and K-Ar ages yielded from the underlying Dahongyu Formation. Fifteen new taxa of microfossils, comprising 6 new genera, are here described from the Gaoyuzhuang stromatolitic cherts. All species of blue-green algae have been recognized in the assemblage and refer to the modern Chroococcaceae, OsciUatoriaceae, Nostocaceae and Rivullariaceae. Most of these fossil algae are comparable in morphological details particularly to living Cyanophyta. It is evident that the cyanophytes had become well-diversified already by the late Precambrian. This evidence indicates that at least the morphological details are similar to those exhibited in living cyanophytes and these blue-green algae have not changed since Gaoyuzhuang time. This apparent evolutionary conservatism is probably attributable to a wide ecological tolerance and flexibility and also reflects its inherent genetic stability. The plant phylogenesis especially of Cyanophyta is discussed in this paper according to microfossil records detected in the thin sections of stromatolitic cherts from the Gaoyuzhuang Formation. Based on morphological characteristics and their generations Rivullariaceae may originate from Oscillatoriaceae. In addition algal biocoenoses in this stromatolitic chert grew in the form of laminar mats in the apparently subtital to intertital environment. The paleoclimate was subtropical or tropical. The following new taxa are here described:Microcystopsis yaoi, Eoaphanothece zhuiana, Oscillatoriopsis acuminata, O. hemisphaerica, O. disciformis, O. glabra, O. tuberculata, Eophormidium liangii, E. capitatum, E. semicirculare, Schizothropsis caudata, Paleoisocystis monosporata, P. disporata, Anabaenidium sophoroides and Paleocalothrix xui.     

Microfossils from the Krol ‘A’ of the Lesser Himalaya,India: Additional supporting data for its early Ediacaran age

An assemblage of microfossils of moderate diversity, with the remarkable occurrence of ECAP acritarchs, is reported from the Ediacaran Krol ‘A’ (= the Mahi Formation) succession of Lesser Himalaya, India. Microfossils occur in the chert nodules exposed in Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. Two microfossils, Barogophycus symmetricus n. gen. n. sp. and Botominella lineata are new to the well-established Krol assemblage. The paper concentrates predominantly on fossil eukaryotic filamentous and coccoidal micro-organism of simple morphology. The assemblage is dominated by remains of prokaryotic cyanobacteria and demonstrates the diversity achieved by microorganisms at the beginning of the Ediacaran Period in the aftermath of the Marinoan glaciation. Filamentous and coccoidal microorganisms differ in taxonomic composition from the Mesoproterozoic microbiotas. The Krol microfossils assemblage has biostratigraphic potential and usefulness in broadly demarcating the different levels of the Ediacaran strata. Because of the presence of ECAP acritarchs, along with the appearance of other eukaryotic microorganisms of filamentous and coccoidal morphology, the general level of the Krol ‘A’ assemblage is considered as Ediacaran.     

A review of microbial-environmental interactions recorded in Proterozoic carbonate-hosted chert

The record of life during the Proterozoic is preserved by several different lithologies, but two in particular are linked both spatially and temporally: chert and carbonate. These lithologies capture a snapshot of dominantly peritidal environments during the Proterozoic. Early diagenetic chert preserves some of the most exceptional Proterozoic biosignatures in the form of microbial body fossils and mat textures. This fossiliferous and kerogenous chert formed in shallow marine environments, where chert nodules, layers, and lenses are often surrounded by and encased within carbonate deposits that themselves often contain kerogen and evidence of former microbial mats. Here, we review the record of biosignatures preserved in peritidal Proterozoic chert and chert-hosting carbonate and discuss this record in the context of experimental and environmental studies that have begun to shed light on the roles that microbes and organic compounds may have played in the formation of these deposits. Insights gained from these studies suggest temporal trends in microbial-environmental interactions and place new constraints on past environmental conditions, such as the concentration of silica in Proterozoic seawater, interactions among organic compounds and cations in seawater, and the influence of microbial physiology and biochemistry on selective preservation by silicification.     

Studies OB the Microfossils from the Hebiancun Formation,Hutuo Group,Wutai Mountain Area,North China

Well preserved microfossils were here described from the middle of Hebiancun Formation, Hutuo Group, northern China, estimated to be 2,000 2,400 Ma years old based on the K-Ar and U-Pb isotopic. They were coccoids (Globophycuswenshanensis Xu sp. nov.) and filamentous (Siphonophycus cf. kestron and Siphonophycus sp.) and occur in petrographic thin sections. The coccoids were preserved by permineralization in the chert part of the conical stromatolites (Zhongtiaoshanella) and the filamentous in black chert. The paleoenviromental modal for the setting of the Hebiancun Formation was able to be reconstructed according to the microfossit assemblage and different lithology observed. The formation was divided in ascending orders as follows: The breccia; the thick sandy dolomite; the black chert in which the filamentous microfossils in subparalled colonies were preserved; and the dolomite with conical stromatolites in which the coccoidal microfossils with hyaline and unlamelleted sheath was observed. As mentioned above, it was conjectured that the descent and uplift of the geosynclinal area led to transgression and regression during the Hebiancun time. Compared with the all microfloras in the world known uptodate the characteristics of the microfossils from Hebiancun Formation was similar to that from Transvaal Supergroup, South Africa. Both of them show of the big sizeof the algal bodies inspite of different types. The algae Seemed to have a big cell period during their systematization.     

Cyanobacteria or rhodophyta? Interpretation of a precambrian microfossil

Discovery and interpretation of a filamentous microfossil from the late Proterozoic Narssarssuk Formation in northwest Greenland approximately 770 Ma is reported here. This microfossil is preserved as a single occurrence in a silicified carbonate sequence containing stromatolitic laminae. Based on the absence of other occurrences and its microstratigraphic association with planktonic microfossils, the microfossil is interpreted as allochthonous. The microfossil is similar to two extant taxa representing different kingdoms: one prokaryote, Johannesbaptistia pellucida (cyanobacteria) and one eukaryote, Bangia sp. (rhodophytes). Definitive identification, due to the lack of distinctive morphology, could not be made.