Degradation of ribonucleic acid by immobilized ribonuclease.

An immobilized enzyme (pancreatic ribonuclease bound to porous titania) was investigated for the degradation of purified yeast ribonucleic acid as a substrate. The immobilized enzyme is active and stable in the pH range 4--8. Dependence of enzymatic activity on ionic strength, pH, temperature, fluid flow rate, and substrate concentration were investigated. A cumulative fluid residence time of 6 sec is sufficient for 50% substrate conversion at 25 degrees C and pH 7.0. The critical flow rate (i.e., the fluid flow rate necessary to remove film diffusion resistance) approximately doubles with each 10 degree C rise in reaction temperature. The critical flow rates obtained in this study are about 40 times greater than those obtained for a similar study on immobilized glucose oxidase. Arrhenius plots gave activation energies of -9.6 and -7.1 kcal/g mol at pH 4.6 and 7.0, respectively. The work reported herein is a bench-scale investigation of an immobilized enzyme with primary emphasis on the mass transfer and kinetic characteristics of the system. The rapid reaction rates obtainable at relatively low temperatures offer a potential alternative method of purifying yeast single cell protein (SCP) with miminum loss of desired protein. The key questions are how such a system would react in a yeast homogenate, what conditions in such a system must be controlled, and what type of immobilized reactor should be utilized, if such further work continued to show promise.     

The properties of immobilized whole cell ofHumicola spp. with rifamycin oxidase activity

Summary The whole cell ofHumicola spp. ATCC 20620 with rifamycin oxidase activity was immobilized by copolymerization with acrylamide. The whole cell was defatted by treatment with acetone to reduce the diffusional resistance through the cell membrane. The recovery of enzyme activity after the immobilization step was about 50%. The acetone-defatted cell showed the maximum activity at pH 7.5 for both free and the immobilized forms. No appreciable activity loss could be detected when stored at 4 °C and pH 7.8 for one month, while the half life at 40 °C and pH 8 was decreased to about 8 days. The apparent Km values of rifamycin oxidase for the free and immobilized acetonedefatted cells were 0.3mM and 0.6mM, respectively. The enzyme demonstrated substrate inhibition, but the degree of substrate inhibition was different between two forms of the enzyme preparation. A complete substrate inhibition was observed for the immobilized cell, whereas the enzyme activity was partially inhibited at high substrate concentration in the acetone-defatted cells.     

Immobilized carboxypeptidase A as a probe for studying the thermally induced unfolding of bovine pancreatic ribonuclease.

A method for the preparation of Sephadex-immobilized carboxypeptidase A is presented. This form of the enzyme has the same specific activity as the soluble enzyme at room temperature, but retains its activity at higher temperatures (60-70 degrees). This preparation of immobilized carboxypeptidase A was used, as a proteolytic probe, to investigate the thermally induced unfolding of the C-terminus of ribonuclease A. This technique indicates that the C-terminal residues of ribonuclease A do not unfold until the high-temperature region of the thermal transition (as determined by ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry and optical rotation).     

Immobilization of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase in ion exchange resins by combined ionic-binding method and cross-linking

The main objective of the present work is to study the immobilization process of Aspergillus oryzae β-galactosidase using the ionic exchange resin Duolite A568 as carrier. Initially, the immobilization process by ionic binding was studied through a central composite design (CCD), by analyzing the simultaneous influences of the enzyme concentration and pH on the immobilization medium. The results indicate that the retention of enzymatic activity during the immobilization process was strongly dependant of those variables, being maximized at pH 4.5 and enzyme concentration of 16 g/L. The immobilized enzyme obtained under the previous conditions was subjected to a cross-linking process with glutaraldehyde and the conditions that maximized the activity were a glutaraldehyde concentration of 3.83 g/L and cross-linking time of 1.87 h. The residual activity of the immobilized enzyme without glutaraldehyde cross-linking was 51% of the initial activity after 30 uses, while the enzyme with cross-linking immobilization was retained 90% of its initial activity. The simultaneous influence of pH and temperature on the immobilized β-galactosidase activity was also studied through a central composite design (CCD). The results indicate a greater stability on pH variations when using the cross-linking process.     

Continuous production of fructooligosaccharides using fructosyltransferase immobilized on ion exchange resin

A continuous production of fructooligosaccharides from sucrose was investigated by fructosyltransferase immobilized on a high porous resin, Diaion HPA 25. The optimum pH (5.5) and temperature (55°C) of the enzyme for activity was unaltered by immobilization, and the immobilized enzyme became less sensitive to the pH change. The optimal operation conditions of the immobilized enzyme column for maximizing the productivity were as follows: 600 g/L of sucrose feed concentration, flow rate of superficial space velocity 2.7 h^?1. When the enzyme column was run at 50°C, about 8% loss of the initial activity of immobilized enzyme was observed after 30 days of continuous operation, during which high productivity of 1174 g/L·h was achieved. The kinds of products obtained using the immobilized enzyme were almost the same as those using soluble enzymes or free cells.     

Partial purification and immobilization of ribonuclease T2.

A simple procedure, consisting of water extraction, heat treatment at pH 2.0, negative adsorption on DEAE-cellulose at pH 4.9, and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography, was developed for the partial purification of ribonuclease (RNase) T2 from taka-diastase powder with an overall yield of 5.5%. The partially purified enzyme when coupled to aminoethyl Bio-Gel P-60, retained 12-16% of the activity of the soluble enzyme. Temperature stability studies on RNase T2 bound to matrices, activated with increasing concentrations of glutaraldehyde, and the influence of lysine modification on the activity of the soluble enzyme revealed that the low activity observed for the gel-bound enzyme is probably due to the masking of the active site of the enzyme as a result of the involvement of lysine residues, situated near the active site, during coupling. Immobilization did not affect the pH and temperature optima of RNase T2. On repeated use, the bound enzyme retained approximately 55% of its initial activity after six cycles. These results are discussed, taking into consideration the factors affecting immobilized enzymes.     

The interaction between ribonuclease A and surfactants

1. U.v. difference spectra show that the anionic surfactant sodium n-dodecyl sulphate unfolds ribonuclease A at pH7.3 and 10.3, but that the cationic surfactant n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide does not affect the conformation of the enzyme. 2. Equilibrium-dialysis experiments show that sodium n-dodecyl sulphate binds to ribonuclease A, but no binding of n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide could be detected at pH7.3. 3. The enzymic activity of ribonuclease A is unaffected by n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide up to a concentration of 0.03m at 25 degrees C. 4. Ultracentrifuge studies support the conclusion that n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide does not interact significantly with ribonuclease A. 5. The enthalpy change as measured by microcalorimetry on binding of sodium n-dodecyl sulphate to ribonuclease A is consistent with an exothermic enthalpy of binding occurring simultaneously with an endothermic enthalpy of chain unfolding.     

INTRACELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF ENZYMES IN SPLEEN : II. Some Properties and the Distribution of Ribonuclease in Rat Spleen

Some properties of rat spleen ribonuclease have been studied, and the intracellular distribution of the enzyme and ribonucleic acid have been presented. Spleen ribonuclease exhibits maximal activity at pH 5.8, and although there is some evidence for the presence of an enzyme with an optimum at pH 7.0, it is not conclusive. The enzyme is concentrated primarily in the mitochondrial fraction, but significant quantities occur in the supernatant fluid. The latter contains ribonuclease inhibitor similar to that found in liver. The effects of whole body x-irradiation, magnesium ion, substrate concentration, type of buffer, presence of p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid, deoxycholate, and Triton X-100 on ribonuclease activity are examined.     

A ribonuclease from Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng) flowers

A ribonuclease, with a molecular mass of 23kDa, and much higher activity toward poly(U) than poly(C) and only negligible activity toward poly(A) and poly(G), was isolated from the aqueous extract of Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng) flowers. The ribonuclease was unadsorbed on diethylaminoethyl-cellulose and adsorbed on Affi-gel blue gel and carboxymethyl-cellulose. High activity of the ribonuclease was maintained at pH 6-7. On either side of this pH range, there was a precipitous drop in enzyme activity. The activity of the enzyme peaked at 50 degrees C and fell to about 20% of the maximal activity when the temperature was lowered to 20 degrees C or raised to 80 degrees C. The characteristics of this ribonuclease were different from those of ribonuclease previously purified from ginseng roots.     

吸附-交联法固定D-泛解酸内酯水解酶的研究

选择6种吸附树脂和离子交换树脂对D-泛解酸内酯水解酶进行固定化,筛选出了固定化效果较好的大孔弱碱性丙烯酸系阴离子交换树脂D-380为载体,用先吸附后交联的方法固定化。通过实验对固定化条件进行了优化,得出最佳的固定化条件为：加酶量6U／g树脂、吸附pH7．5、吸附时间4h、吸附温度30℃、交联剂戊二醛终浓度0．1％、交联时间2h。实验表明在此条件下制得的固定化酶有很好的稳定性：固定化酶在连续20次的底物水解反应后,剩余酶活达到71％。当温度达到80℃时游离酶几乎失去酶活,而固定化酶剩余酶活为60％以上。游离酶的pH稳定性范围为pH7～8,而固定化酶为pH6．5～8．5。     

Activation of acid ribonuclease from bovine brain by aluminum.

An acid ribonuclease (optimum pH 6.0) has been purified from bovine brain in a five-step procedure. The preparation appeared homogeneous on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular size of the acid ribonuclease is 70 kDa and it is a dimeric protein with a subunit molecular size of 35 kDa. The acid RNase was activated by aluminum at low concentration. Preincubation of the acid RNase with 10 microM increased the specific activity of the enzyme 2.3-fold at acid pH, while the effect of aluminum was much weaker at alkaline pH under otherwise the same conditions. A stoichiometry of 1: 1 for the binding aluminum to brain acid RNase was estimated. None of the enzyme-bound aluminum was dissociated by dialysis against 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.0 at 4 degrees C for 24 h. Citrate, EDTA, NaF, and apotransferrin abolished the effects of aluminum on the enzyme. Ribonucleic acid also protected the enzyme against the activation caused by aluminum. These results suggest that accumulation of aluminum in brain may change the regulation of ribonucleic acid metabolism.     

三乙醇胺基强碱性聚苯乙烯树脂共价固定胰酶的研究

用多孔强碱型三乙醇胺基聚苯乙烯阴离子交换树脂做为载体,用CNBr与载体上的多羟基作用共价偶联了胰酶。红外光谱表明:其共价偶联反应机理与用CNBr活化多糖类载体并接酶的机理相类似。最适偶联条件研究表明:CNBr用量增多,酶蛋白载量增加。但比活下降。偶联pH为10时,固定化酶有适宜的载量和较高的比活。由于胰酶水解蛋白反应释放出H~+质子,这些质子在载体内积累,使微环境内H~+质子浓度增加,进而使得固定化胰酶的pH—活性曲线在pH9～11范围内未出现下降。在变温和60℃恒温下对固定化酶的热稳定性测试表明:固相酶的热稳定性比天然酶的热稳定性有所提高。     

Bioactive polymers XXX. Immobilization of invertase on the diazonium salt of 4-aminobenzoylcellulose

Invertase was immobilized on diazotized 4-aminobenzoylcellulose. The optimum coupling conditions, namely enzyme concentration, time, and pH, were determined. The temperature and pH value for the maximum activity of the immobilized enzyme were determined and the apparent Michaelis constant was estimated.     

Synthesis of neoglycoenzymes with homogeneous N-linked oligosaccharides using immobilized endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase A

A procedure for the enzymatic synthesis of neoglycoenzymes is described. The gene encoding endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Arthrobacter protophormiae (Endo-A) was overexpressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein linked to glutathione S-transferase (GST). GST-Endo-A fusion was extracted as a soluble protein. The fusion protein was purified to homogeneity with glutathione-Sepharose 4B and showed transglycosylation activity toward high-mannose-type glycopeptides without removing the GST moiety. The GST-Endo-A immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose 4B retained its transglycosylation activity. The immobilized enzyme could transfer (Man)(6)GlcNAc en bloc to partially deglycosylated ribonuclease B without damaging its enzyme activity. The immobilized GST-Endo-A should be very useful for synthesizing active neoglycoenzymes attached with homogeneous N-linked oligosaccharides.     

胰蛋白酶的固定化及其性质研究

 以自制的脱乙酰壳多糖作载体,戊二醛为交联剂,对胰蛋白酶的固定化条件及其固定化酶的性质进行了研究。考查了交联剂的用量、pH值、以及载体与酶的比例等因素对胰蛋白酶固定化的影响。在所选择的固定化条件下,固定化酶的活性回收可达50％以上。同时研究了固定化胰蛋白酶的一些性质;最适温度60℃,最适PH8.0,Km值比可溶性酶升高,热稳定性、pH贮存稳定性以及在乙醇水溶液中的稳定性明显高于可溶性胰蛋白酶。在柱式反应器内,以2％酪蛋白为底物对,操作半衰期为40天。     

尼龙固定化木瓜蛋白酶及其应用研究

 尼龙经CaCl_2和H_2O的甲醇溶液处理,稀HCl水解用戊二醛交联以制备固定化木瓜蛋白酶。在溶液酶浓度为1mg/mL pH7.5—8.0、4—15℃条件下固定3h,活力回收42.5％,相对活力46％,偶联效率52％,半衰期72天。溶液酶Km值和固定化酶K_m~(aPP)值(底物酪蛋白W/V,％)分别为0.28％和0.35％。溶液酶和固定化酶分别在pH6.5和pH8.0以下活力稳定;最适pH分别为7.0和8.0;在65℃处理30min活力分别为原有活力的89％和66％。当酪蛋白浓度为1.5％和2.5％以上活力分别受到抑制。固定化酶在6mol/L脲中连续浸洗5次共6h其活力稳定,仍有原活力的44.4％;用以处理啤酒浊度比对照下降了2-11倍;蛋白质含量下降了55％;冷藏(4℃)120天,无冷混浊发生;同时各项理化指标和风味不变。     

无花果蛋白酶在阴离子交换树脂上的固定化

无花果蛋白酶通过８％戊二醛活化载体,共价结合到聚苯乙烯阴离子交换树脂ＧＭ２０１上,固定化作用在ｐＨ７．７,酶浓度０．８ｍｇ／ｇ树脂,４℃下进行６ｈ。得到的固定化酶表观Ｋ_ｍ值（酪蛋白,１．１１×１０~（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）小于溶液酶Ｋ_ｍ值（１．９６×１０~（－４）ｍｏｌ／Ｌ）;固定化酶活性在ｐＨ６～８保持稳定,溶液酶最适ｐＨ为７．２;固定化酶最适温度由溶液酶的５０～６０℃移至３７℃;固定化酶２５℃保持７ｄ,重复水解酪蛋白７次后,保留８３．３％活性。固定化酶对酪蛋白水解度达４７．５％,对大豆球蛋白达１１．６％。     

Characterization and optimization of β-galactosidase immobilization process on a mixed-matrix membrane

β-Galactosidase is an important enzyme catalyzing not only the hydrolysis of lactose to the monosaccharides glucose and galactose but also the transgalactosylation reaction to produce galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS). In this study, β-galactosidase was immobilized by adsorption on a mixed-matrix membrane containing zirconium dioxide. The maximum β-galactosidase adsorbed on these membranes was 1.6 g/m2, however, maximal activity was achieved at an enzyme concentration of around 0.5 g/m2. The tests conducted to investigate the optimal immobilization parameters suggested that higher immobilization can be achieved under extreme parameters (pH and temperature) but the activity was not retained at such extreme operational parameters. The investigations on immobilized enzymes indicated that no real shift occurred in its optimal temperature after immobilization though the activity in case of immobilized enzyme was better retained at lower temperature (5 °C). A shift of 0.5 unit was observed in optimal pH after immobilization (pH 6.5 to 7). Perhaps the most striking results are the kinetic parameters of the immobilized enzyme; while the Michaelis constant (K(m)) value increased almost eight times compared to the free enzyme, the maximum enzyme velocity (V(max)) remained almost constant.     

Immobilization of d-glucose oxidase onto a hydrogen peroxide permselective membrane and application for an enzyme electrode

A hydrogen peroxide permselective membrane with asymmetric structure was prepared and d-glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) was immobilized onto the porous layer. The activity of the immobilized d-glucose oxidase membrane was 0.34 units cm^?2 and the activity yield was 6.8% of that of the native enzyme. Optimum pH, optimum temperature, pH stability and temperature stability were found to be pH 5.0, 30–40°C, pH 4.0–7.0 and below 55°C, respectively. The apparent Michaelis constant of the immobilized d-glucose oxidase membrane was 1.6 × 10^?3 mol l^?1 and that of free enzyme was 4.8 × 10^?2 mol l^?1. An enzyme electrode was constructed by combination of a hydrogen peroxide electrode with the immobilized d-glucose oxidase membrane. The enzyme electrode responded linearly to d-glucose over the concentration 0–1000 mg dl^?1 within 10 s. When the enzyme electrode was applied to the determination of d-glucose in human serum, within day precision (CV) was 1.29% for d-glucose concentration with a mean value of 106.8 mg dl^?1. The correlation coefficient between the enzyme electrode method and the conventional colorimetric method using a free enzyme was 0.984. The immobilized d-glucose oxidase membrane was sufficiently stable to perform 1000 assays (2 to 4 weeks operation) for the determination of d-glucose in human whole blood. The dried membrane retained 77% of its initial activity after storage at 4°C for 16 months.     

Electrostatic immobilization of pectinase on negatively charged AOT-Fe3O4 nanoparticles

Enzyme immobilization on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been a field of intense studies in biotechnology during the past decade. The present study suggests MNPs negatively charged by docusate sodium salt (AOT) as a support for pectinase immobilization. AOT is a biocompatible anionic surfactant which can stabilize MNPs. Electrostatic adsorption can occur between enzyme with positive charge and oppositely charged surface of MNPs (ca. 100 nm). The effect of three factors, i.e. initial enzyme concentration, aqueous pH and AOT concentration in different levels was investigated on pectinase immobilization. Maximum specific activity (1.98 U/mg enzyme) of immobilized pectinase and maximum enzyme loading of 610.5 mg enzyme/g support was attained through the experiments. Initial enzyme concentration is significantly important on both loading and activity of immobilized enzyme, while pH and AOT concentration only affect the amount of immobilized enzyme. Immobilized enzyme on MNPs was recovered easily through magnetic separation. At near pH of immobilization, protein leakage in reusability of immobilized enzyme was low and activity loss was only 10–20% after six cycles. Since pH is associated with immobilization by electrostatic adsorption, the medium pH was changed to improve the release of protein from the support, as well. MNPs properties were investigated using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) analysis.