Effects of various LED light spectra on circadian rhythm during starvation in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus)

In aquaculture, feeding is essential for the maintenance of metabolic processes and homoeostasis of fish. However, fasting acts as a stressor. In this study, we investigated the effect of circadian rhythm under various LED wavelengths [blue (460 nm), green (520 nm) and red (630 nm)] and two light intensities (0.3 and 0.6 W m^?2) over a 9-days period in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We analysed clock genes like period 2 (Per 2) and cryptochrome 1 (Cry 1), and serotonin and arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase 2 (AANAT 2), which control circadian rhythms. Per 2, Cry 1, serotonin and AANAT 2 were significantly decreased during the starvation period compared to the normal feeding group. Nevertheless, their levels increased in the groups exposed to green- and blue LED light during the experimental period. These results confirmed that green and blue wavelengths are effective in maintaining the circadian rhythm in olive flounder.     

Effect of light wavelength on motility and magnetic sensibility of the magnetotactic multicellular prokaryote ‘Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis’

‘Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis’ is a magnetotactic microorganism composed of several bacterial cells. Presently, it is the best known multicellular magnetotactic prokaryote (MMP). Recently, it has been observed that MMPs present a negative photoresponse to high intensity ultraviolet and violet-blue light. In this work, we studied the movement of ‘Candidatus Magnetoglobus multicellularis’ under low intensity light of different wavelengths, measuring the average velocity and the time to reorient its trajectory when the external magnetic field changes its direction (U-turn time). Our results show that the mean average velocity is higher for red light (628 nm) and lower for green light (517 nm) as compared to yellow (596 nm) and blue (469 nm) light, and the U-turn time decreased for green light illumination. The light wavelength velocity dependence can be understood as variation in flagella rotation speed, being increased by the red light and decreased by the green light relative to yellow and blue light. It is suggested that the dependence of the U-turn time on light wavelength can be considered a form of light-dependent magnetotaxis, because this time represents the magnetic sensibility of the magnetotactic microorganisms. The cellular and molecular mechanisms for this light-dependent velocity and magnetotaxis are unknown and deserve further studies to understand the biochemical interactions and the ecological roles of the different mechanisms of taxis in MMPs.     

不同波长光照对罗汉果光合及生长影响

罗汉果试管苗在不同波长的LED(半导体)蓝(475±5nm)、黄(585±5nm)、红(660±5nm)及普通日光灯下培养,25d后观测发现,其外观的优劣依次为:蓝光>白光>红光>黄光;植株重量:蓝光>红光>黄光>白光;蓝光和白光下的植株叶大、色绿,植株矮壮,侧芽多;红光和黄光下的植株叶小、色黄绿,植株高、细、弯曲、节间长。测定罗汉果成熟叶片的吸收光谱,发现在波长380~500nm及660~680nm处有较强吸收。不同的光质下测定成熟叶片光合速率,大小依次为:红光>蓝光>白光>黄光。上述的各项试验表明,蓝光对罗汉果幼苗生长发育最好;红光和蓝光为成熟叶片光合作用的最佳光源。     

Temperature-dependent life history of Oligonychus mangiferus (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Mangifera indica

The mango red spider mite, Oligonychus mangiferus (Rhaman and Sapra), is a major mango pest in Taiwan. This mite damages the leaves of the mango tree and affects the quality of the fruit. This study investigates the life history of the mango red spider mite on Mangifera indica L. cv. Irwin at five constant temperatures (17, 21, 25, 29, and 33 °C), under 80 ± 5 % RH and L12:D12 photoperiod conditions. An increase in temperature significantly decreased the developmental times for each stage and the overall immature period in females and males. The lower developmental thresholds of the immature stage were 12.5 and 12.4 °C for females and males, respectively. The thermal summations for the development of the immature stage were 185.9 and 175.7 degree-days for females and males, respectively. Based on the annual field temperature, an estimated 26 generations can reproduce in a mango orchard annually. The longevity of adults of both sexes decreased as temperature increased, and adult males lived longer than females. The preoviposition periods were shorter than 1 day when the temperature exceeded 25 °C. The development period and the oviposition period were shortest at 29 °C. At this point, daily fecundity was highest, and fecundity was second highest, resulting in the highest intrinsic rate of increase (r _m ), 0.182 day^?1. These life history traits are applied to improve the management of O. mangiferus.     

Effects of female body size on lifetime fecundity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Monochamus urussovii</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

To analyze the relationship between female body size and lifetime fecundity (LF) in Monochamus urussovii (Fischer), 17 pairs of adults were reared on Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Carrière twig sections and were allowed to oviposit on Abies sachalinensis (Fr. Schmidt) Masters bolts at 25 °C and 16:8 h light:dark. The means of life span and LF were 42.5 days and 28.2 eggs for fertile and sterile females combined, respectively. The mean lengths of preoviposition and oviposition periods (OPs) of fertile females were 12.1 and 28.1 days, respectively. The potential fecundity was estimated to be 72.1. Path analysis showed that female body size, i.e., mass and elytral length, had positive effects on LF through the oviposition rate but not through the OP. Ovariole number was 24 and did not vary according to body size, indicating a higher egg productivity per ovariole in large females than in small ones. Higher egg productivity per ovariole in large females is true for each of three other synovigenic lamiine beetles with an almost fixed number of ovarioles. The body size-dependent egg productivity per ovariole is considered to be one of the reasons for the body size–LF correlation in synovigenic species with a fixed ovariole number.     

Life Cycle of Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae): A New Pest of Medicinal Plants in West Bengal

The life cycle of Tetranychus macfarlanei Baker and Pritchard was studied on two different medicinal plants, Clitoria ternatea L. and Justicia adhatoda L. Nees, in BOD at 32.5 °C and 75 % RH during April 2007 to May 2007. Observations towards duration of different stages like egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult, total life cycle, preoviposition, oviposition, postoviposition periods, longevity of female and male, and fecundity, sex ratio were recorded. Total developmental period of T. macfarlanei from egg to adult was 6.4 ± 0.37 (Mean ± SE) and 10.6 ± 0.56 days on C. ternatea and J. adhatoda, respectively. On C. ternatea, the fecundity in case of fertilized and unfertilized female were 91.6 ± 11.61 and 80 ± 21.64 eggs, respectively and longevity of fertilized and unfertilized female was 16.4 ± 1.44 and 8.6 ± 2.32 days, respectively. The corresponding figure on J. adhatoda for fecundity in case of fertilized and unfertilized female were 39 ± 2.85 and 19.8 ± 3.90 eggs, respectively and for longevity was 16 ± 0.37 and 11 ± 086 days, respectively. Among the two hosts, C. ternatea appears to be more preferred to J. adhatoda because life cycle was completed in shorter time and fecundity and female longevity were for longer duration.     

Blue light reduces photosynthetic efficiency of cyanobacteria through an imbalance between photosystems I and II

Several studies have described that cyanobacteria use blue light less efficiently for photosynthesis than most eukaryotic phototrophs, but comprehensive studies of this phenomenon are lacking. Here, we study the effect of blue (450 nm), orange (625 nm), and red (660 nm) light on growth of the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, the green alga Chlorella sorokiniana and other cyanobacteria containing phycocyanin or phycoerythrin. Our results demonstrate that specific growth rates of the cyanobacteria were similar in orange and red light, but much lower in blue light. Conversely, specific growth rates of the green alga C. sorokiniana were similar in blue and red light, but lower in orange light. Oxygen production rates of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 were five-fold lower in blue than in orange and red light at low light intensities but approached the same saturation level in all three colors at high light intensities. Measurements of 77 K fluorescence emission demonstrated a lower ratio of photosystem I to photosystem II (PSI:PSII ratio) and relatively more phycobilisomes associated with PSII (state 1) in blue light than in orange and red light. These results support the hypothesis that blue light, which is not absorbed by phycobilisomes, creates an imbalance between the two photosystems of cyanobacteria with an energy excess at PSI and a deficiency at the PSII-side of the photosynthetic electron transfer chain. Our results help to explain why phycobilisome-containing cyanobacteria use blue light less efficiently than species with chlorophyll-based light-harvesting antennae such as Prochlorococcus, green algae and terrestrial plants.     

The Effect of Monochromatic Light on α-Linolenic and Trans-3-Hexadecenoic Acids Biosynthesis, and Its Correlation to the Development of the Plastid Lamellar System

Seven day old etiolated Zea mays L. (cv. Wisconsin 355) seedlings were illuminated for 20 h under monochromatic radiations (100 Á pass band) produced by a spectral illuminator of high energy. Four regions of the visible spectrum were observed to stimulate chlorophyll synthesis. With poorly developed leaves (grown for 7 days at 22°C: experiment A). the most efficient wavelengths were found to be in the blue and green (between 445 and 505 nm). yellow (between 580 and 605 nm) and red (maximum 650 nm) parts of the spectrum. With well developed leaves (grown for 7 clays al 27°C: experiment B), a slight displacement of the maxima towards shorter wavelengths was observed. ¹⁴C-acetate was furnished to illuminated maize seedlings to follow lipid synthesis during greening. In the leaves of experiment A, the biosynthesis of α-linolenic acid and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol followed chlorophyll accumulation. In the more developed leaves of experiment B. containing higher amounts of galactolipids, the biosynthesis of α-linolenic acid and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol followed chlorophyll accumulation only in blue and yellow light. The biosynthesis of trans-3-hexadecenoic acid was strictly dependent on the wavelength of the irradiating light in the leaves of experiment A; it was optimal under blue (420 nm) and still very high under yellow (580 nm) and red (650 nm). In the more developed leaves of experiment B, it was optima in blue (445 nm) and in yellow (580 nm), and the red maximum was shifted to 630 nm. All C-trans-3-hexadecenoic acid was incorporated into phosphatidylglycerol. A marked relationship was observed between the intensity of galactolipid synthesis and the development of the lamellar system of maize plastids during greening. A positive correlation could be established between the biosynthesis of trans-3-hcxadeccnoie acid and the development of well constituted grana stacks in the plastids.     

光谱对东亚小花蝽趋光行为的影响

利用行为学方法研究了340—605nm波谱内14个单色光对东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)成虫的趋、避光行为的影响。结果显示:(1)各单色光均能引起东亚小花蝽成虫趋光行为反应,雌、雄虫的趋光行为反应曲线均为多峰型,峰间主次明显。趋光行为反应率较高的区域有3个,分别是紫外区(340、360 nm和380 nm)、绿光区(524 nm)和橙红光区(582 nm雄虫此处不高、605 nm);(2)各单色光都能引起东亚小花蝽成虫避光行为反应,雌虫避光行为反应曲线为多峰型,避光行为反应率最高的区域为蓝光近紫外区(400 nm),雄虫避光行为曲线为波浪形,避光行为反应率最高的区域为蓝光区(483 nm)。(3)性别对趋光行为反应趋势影响不大,但对趋、避光反应率有较大影响。雌虫趋光反应率最高为47.50%(380 nm),雄虫最高为35.00%(360 nm);雌虫避反应率最高为19.17%(400 nm),雄虫避光反应率最高为11.25%(483 nm)。结果表明:光谱对其趋光行为有一定影响,不同波长之间有较大差异;性别对其光谱行为反应有较大影响。     

Association between melanopsin gene polymorphism (I394T) and pupillary light reflex is dependent on light wavelength

Background

Our aim was to determine the association between melanopsin gene polymorphism and pupillary light reflex under diverse photic conditions, including different intensities and wavelengths.

Methods

A total of 195 visually corrected subjects volunteered for investigation of the melanopsin gene of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of rs1079610 (I394T). The genotype groups were TT (n = 126), TC (n = 55), and CC (n = 8), and 75 of the subjects, including subjects with TT (n = 34), TC (n = 33), and CC (n = 8) participated in our experiment. Three monochromatic lights with peak wavelengths of 465 nm (blue), 536 nm (green), and 632 nm (red) were prepared, and each light was projected to the subjects with five intensities, 12, 13, 14, 14.5 and 15 log photons/(cm² s), for one minute. The pupil size of the left eye was measured under each light condition after a 1-minute adaptation.

Results

The pupils of the TC + CC genotypes (n = 38) were significantly smaller than those of the TT genotype (n = 31) under a blue (463 nm) light condition with 15 log photons/(cm² s) (P < 0.05). In contrast, there were no significant differences under green (536 nm) and red (632 nm) light conditions. Conversely, relative pupil constrictions of the TC + CC genotypes were greater than those of the TT genotype under both blue and green conditions with high intensities (14.5 and 15 log photons/(cm² s)). In contrast, there were no significant differences between genotype groups in pupil size and relative pupilloconstriction under the red light conditions.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the melanopsin gene polymorphism (I394T) functionally interacts with pupillary light reflex, depending on light intensity and, particularly, wavelength, and that under a light condition fulfilling both high intensity and short wavelength, the pupillary light response of subjects with the C allele (TC + CC) is more sensitive to light than that of subjects with the TT genotype.     

不同波长LED光源对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生殖行为的影响

【目的】明确不同波长的LED光源对韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang求偶、交配及繁殖等生殖行为的影响。【方法】采用红(625~630 nm)、橙(600~605 nm)、黄(590~595nm)、绿(525~530 nm)、蓝(455~460 nm)和白(6 000~6 500 k)6种LED光源在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫交配期进行照光处理,观察统计其求偶和交配行为以及单雌产卵量、卵孵化情况和有效后代数量。【结果】韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫求偶前期时长在橙光下最长,为28.48 min。求偶率在蓝光下最高,为86%;橙光下最低,为48%。交配期时长在蓝光下最长,为4.59 min;橙光下较短,为4.23 min。单雌产卵量在各波长光源下与对照均无显著差异。卵孵化率在蓝光下最低,仅为43.41%。有效后代数量在蓝光下最低,仅为27.00头;橙光下次之,为43.40头。【结论】LED光源的波长可影响韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的生殖行为,其中橙光(600~605 nm)不利于其求偶、交配和繁殖;蓝光(455~460nm)虽有利于其求偶和交配,但明显抑制其繁殖。     

Effects of light wavelength on growth and survival rate in juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna, Thunnus orientalis

The spectral sensitivity of the fish and the suitable light wavelength range for survival and growth performance of juvenile Pacific bluefin tuna (PBT) were investigated. The spectral sensitivity peak of PBT under photopic condition was observed between 449 and 503 nm, which corresponded to their natural habitat. The fish were reared in tanks irradiated continuously with 4 kinds of light emitting diodes (LEDs). The maximum wavelength of LEDs used for the rearing experiment were 460 nm (blue), 520 nm (green), 630 nm (red), and 450–680 nm (white). There was no notable difference in survival rate among fish in the four LED groups. However, the growth of juvenile PBT was lesser under red light compared to the green and white light wavelengths. These results suggest that PBT juveniles have low sensitivity to red light because the fish are rarely exposed to the red light wavelengths under natural ocean conditions. Thus, low sensitivity to red light negatively influenced the feeding behavior and growth of PBT juveniles.     

荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫对LED光的趋性及其繁殖响应特征

为明确荔枝蒂蛀虫Conopomorpha sinensis成虫对不同LED光的趋性行为反应,初步筛选出该虫趋光性不同的光色并进一步研究其对成虫繁殖生物学特性的影响,以期为今后研发特异性强且绿色高效的荔枝蒂蛀虫灯光防控技术提供理论依据.本文采用对比实验法,测试了荔枝蒂蛀虫雌蛾对9种供试光源的趋性行为反应,并进一步研究夜间LED光照射对荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫交配率、繁殖力及寿命的影响.结果显示,荔枝蒂蛀虫雌成虫对不同LED光的趋光反应率由高到低为:蓝(445～450 nm)>紫(400～405 nm)>红(655～665 nm)>蓝绿(475～480 nm)>橙(600～605 nm)>绿(515～520 nm)>黄(570～575 nm)>白(400～700 nm)>黑暗>紫外(365 nm),试虫对紫外光表现出明显的避光性,对7种单色光表现为不同程度的趋光性,其中对黄光和白光的趋光率在50％以下.在繁殖生物学方面,夜间50 lx的LED黄光和白光持续照射能使荔枝蒂蛀虫成虫的交配率由93.75％降低至50％以下,且产卵前期延长,雌蛾产卵量显著降低.此外,夜间不同LED光源照射能抑制已交配荔枝蒂蛀虫雌蛾产卵活动,白光照射组的单雌日均产卵量降低程度最大,为50.71％,黄光次之(48.96％),蓝光最小,为38.06％.综上所述,荔枝蒂蛀虫雌蛾对LED白光和黄光的趋光性较弱,夜间适当的LED白光(400～700 nm)和黄光(570～575 nm)持续照射可有效降低成虫交配率和繁殖力,该结果对促进LED白光干扰防控荔枝蒂蛀虫技术的优化升级具有一定指导意义.     

Field Evaluation of Different Wavelengths Light-Emitting Diodes as Attractants for Adult Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

In recent years, light traps with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been widely used in integrated pest management. The spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell, a highly invasive pest which causes heavy damage to fruit trees and ornamental plants, exhibits positive phototaxis, and light trap is the most appropriate tool for monitoring. We evaluated the use of LEDs as an inexpensive light source and examined the relationship between the captured number and the population density of adult A. dispersus in the field. We found that the violet (405 nm) LED traps captured the most adults of A. dispersus, and the captured numbers were significantly higher than those of blue (460 nm), green (520 nm), yellow (570 nm), and red (650 nm) LED traps. The adults of A. dispersus captured by light traps equipped with violet LEDs and smeared with liquid paraffin had a significant positive correlation with the population density of adult A. dispersus in a guava orchard, with a correlation coefficient of 0.828. In general, the light traps with 15 violet LED bulbs hung into 550-mL plastic bottles and smeared with liquid paraffin were the portable devices for attraction of adult A. dispersus. The results have potential use for improving the efficiency of light traps at attracting and trapping the adult spiralling whitefly.     

Influence of light colours on growth and stress response of pearl gourami <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichopodus leerii</Emphasis> under laboratory conditions

This study aimed to investigate the influence of illumination with different light spectra on growth and stress response in pearl gourami Trichopodus leerii Bleeker, 1852. Fish (6.35 ± 0.43 cm, 5.69 ± 0.67 g) were reared in 8 glass aquaria each with 25 fish under one of four different lighting conditions: yellow (max 546 nm), red (max 605 nm), blue (max 470 nm) and white (control). Experiments lasted for 90 days. The stress response was evaluated by measuring cortisol levels. No significant effect was observed on final body weight, length and specific growth rate of fish. However, best values for these characteristics were achieved for fish reared under yellow light. A significant higher weight gain, condition factor was found in fish reared under yellow light compared with fish reared under blue or red light. In contrast, a lower final body weight, specific growth rate and weight gain were achieved for fish reared under red light. Feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in fish under yellow light compared with red or blue light. Stressed fish showed lower cortisol levels under yellow light compared with other light exposures. The study indicates that, pearl gourami grows better under yellow light and that yellow light lowers the stress-induced cortisol response.     

Internally illuminated photobioreactor using a novel type of light-emitting diode (LED) bar for cultivation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Arthrospira platensis</Emphasis>

The biochemical properties of Spirulina platensis in an internally illuminated photobioreactor (IlPBR) were investigated under different light-emitted diode (LED) wavelengths; blue (λ_max= 450 and 460 nm), green (λ_max= 525 nm), red (λ_max = 630 and 660 nm), and white (6,500K), with various light intensities (200, 500, 1,000, and 2,000 μmol/m²/sec) were examined. The highest specific growth rate, maximum biomass, and phycocyanin productivity occurred under the red LEDs (0.39/day, 0.10 g/L/day, and 0.14 g/g-cell/day, respectively) at 1,000 μmol/m²/sec; the lowest growth rate was obtained under blue LEDs. Indeed, the size of trichomes was changed into short form under blue LEDs at all light intensities or all LEDs at 2,000 μmol/m²/sec for the first 2 days after inoculation, and S. platensis did not grow in the IlPBR under the dark condition. These results provide a base for different approaches for designing the pilot scale photobioreactor and developing cost-effective light sources.     

Phototactic Behavior of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scleroderma guani</Emphasis> (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) - Parasitoid of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pissodes punctatus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Although light trap can be used to control pest populations, they can also kill the natural enemies of pests. Scleroderma guani (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) is a parasitoid of a bark-weevil Pissodes punctatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). To understand the phototactic behavior of S. guani, we investigated its diurnal and nocturnal behavior, then examined its phototactic response to nine monochromatic lights and to five intensities of the two most attractive lights. Our results showed that S. guani is most active during the day, while remain still in a dark room or at night. S. guani showed a positive response both to a broad spectrum of monochromatic light and total light (natural light), which implies a broad sensitivity to the light spectrum. S. guani was most sensitive to blue (450 nm) and green (549 nm) lights, suggesting its visual system composed of blue and green receptors. S. guani was least sensitive to ultraviolet (340 nm) light, which may be caused by long-term mass rearing and propagating under artificial conditions. Furthermore, low intensities elicited a positive phototactic response, while high intensities showed a decreased trend under both blue and green lights. Thus, S. guani is a phototactic insect which shows preferences for light in both color and intensity. This study suggests that light trap can only be utilized to control the adult P. punctatus during and after its peak emergence, due to the overlap in the spectral sensitivity of both pest and parasitoid adults.     

Fecundity, longevity and establishment of Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Fabricius) and Otiorhynchus ovatus (Linnaeus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from the Pacific North-west of the United States of America on selected host plants

1 The fecundity, longevity and establishment of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Otiorhynchus ovatus from the Pacific North‐west U.S.A. was studied on five selected host plants: Picea abies‘Nidiformis’, Picea glauca‘Conica’, Taxus baccata, Rhododendron catawbiense‘Boursault’ and Fragaria×ananassa‘Totem’. 2 Teneral adults were used to study adult longevity and reproductive success. Leaves of these host plants were used for sustenance for 9 months. Larval establishment was studied by infesting potted host plants with eggs. 3 Fragaria×ananassa‘Totem’ produced the longest survival, shortest preoviposition time, the greatest number of eggs, and the highest fertility for adults of both species. Picea spp. were not good adult hosts for O. sulcatus. Taxus was a good adult host for O. sulcatus, but was a nonhost for adults and larvae of O. ovatus. 4 Adult hosts did not affect preoviposition time or egg viability with O. ovatus adults. With O. sulcatus, preoviposition time was greatly increased and egg viability was < 50% on Picea spp. 5 The best larval host was F.×ananassa‘Totem’ for O. sulcatus and P. glauca‘Conica’ for O. ovatus. Rhododendron was a poor larval host for both species. 6 When all of the studies on these two pests are considered, O. sulcatus appears to have varying host preferences from among its many geographical areas of occurrence whereas O. ovatus has a more universal host selection.     

不同波长光照对草履虫增殖的影响及其感光蛋白基因克隆的初步探究

目的研究不同波长光照对草履虫增殖的影响,克隆草履虫感光蛋白基因.方法以双小核草履虫 Paramecium aureli为研究对象,分别置于黄色光(578～592 nm)、蓝色光(446～464 nm)、红色光(620～760 nm)、白光和自然光下,每隔1 h随机抽样法显微观察并计数;RT-PCR克隆草履虫感光蛋白基因.结果不同波长光的照射下,与自然光比较,第1天黄光组草履虫增殖显著上升(P<0.01),蓝光组和红光组草履虫增殖受到不同程度的抑制(P<0.01, P<0.05),白光组无明显差异(P>0.05);第2天,蓝光组、红光组和白光组草履虫增殖仍受到抑制(P<0.01),黄光组作用不显著(P>0.05).黄光组和白光组草履虫总RNA作为模板,克隆出大小约500 bp的rhodopsin-like基因cDNA片段, 5个不同光照组均克隆出大小约195 bp的Long wave sensitive opsin-like 基因cDNA片段.结论黄色光显著地促进草履虫增殖,蓝色光和红色光抑制其增殖;黄光和白光能诱导草履虫rhodopsin-like基因表达;Long wave sensitive opsin-like 基因在草履虫有表达.     

Attractive Effects of American Serpentine Leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), to Light-Emitting Diodes

Phototactic responses of Liriomyza trifolii adults to six different light-emitting diodes (LEDs) were investigated, and their responses were compared to that using a luring lamp (BLB) under laboratory conditions. Based on the attraction rate under optimal light conditions, the green LED (520?±?5 nm) showed the highest attraction rate (99.7 %), followed by the yellow LED (590?±?5 nm, 96.1 %), the red LED (625?±?10 nm, 91.4 %), the blue LED (470?±?10 nm, 91.2 %), the UV LED (365 nm, 71.0 %), and the IR LED (730 nm, 5.6 %). Moreover, the green LED was approximately 1.4 times more attractive than BLB (71.1 %) to L. trifolii adults. These results suggest that the green LED was the most useful for monitoring of L. trifolii adults under optimal conditions.