不同年代大豆品种根系活力的变化及其与植株生物量的关系

为探索不同年代大豆品种根系活力的变化及其与植株各器官生物量和根系伤流液重量的关系。以吉林省1923~2009年间育成的27个大豆品种为材料进行田间试验,在四叶期(V4),盛花期(R2),结荚盛期(R4)和鼓粒盛期(R6)测定根系活力、伤流液重量和植株各器官生物量。结果表明,随生育期的推进,植株器官生物量不断增加,而根系活力和伤流液重量则呈单峰曲线变化,在R4期达到最大。在R4期,植株根系活力、根系伤流液重量和器官生物量与育成年代均呈显著或极显著正相关,但在V4、R2和R6期均未达到显著水平。在R4期,根系活力与根系伤流液重量、植物器官茎、叶和根生物量呈显著或极显著正相关;各品种间地上部器官生物量与根系活力的比值差异不显著。大豆的遗传改良使地上部器官与根系活力协同演进,在根系活力增强的同时植株器官生物量和根系伤流液重量也增加,且在R4期,根系活力与植物器官生物量和根系伤流液重量相关最为密切;可以把R4期的根系活力作为高产育种的指标之一。     

淹涝胁迫对水稻生育后期的生理特性和产量性状的影响

比较研究了水稻（湘中灿３号）在生育后期（孕穗期和乳熟期）进行没顶淹水胁拓处理后几个相关的生理指标和生长发育、产量的形态指标。研究结果显示水稻受淹后完全伸展叶片净光合速率降低,叶绿素含量在孕穗期明显降低,但在乳熟期只有少量下降。电导率明显增加,细胞膜透性增大,脯氨酸含量增加。奶系伤流量和,根系活力降低经与中群伤流液中的主要基酸如Ａｌａ,ＯＰｒｏ,Ｐｈｅ的含量增加,根系伤流量减少,根系活力降低,伤流液     

水稻不同穗型品种穗部的某些生理特性观察(简报)

水稻开花期及乳熟期群体饲喂＾１４ＣＯ２的结果表明,直、弯穗品种稻穗的光合量仅占单株总光合量的５．３％￣．２％;稻穗谷壳中含有的叶绿素量比剑叶低,叶绿素ａ／ｂ值高;水稻抽穗以后,谷壳的重量有所增加,但穗下部谷壳的重量始终比穗上部的轻;收获时相关分析表明,谷壳重量与最终糙米重呈显著正相关。     

不同水稻品种库源的特征变化

为探讨不同年代水稻(Oryza sativa)品种间库、源及库/源的变化,用吉林省1958–2005年间育成的33个水稻品种为材料,对库、源及库/源的特征进行了研究。结果表明,吉林省47年来在水稻品种遗传改良过程中库和源性状均得到了改善。其中,单株穗重和单株粒数分别增长了62.93%和37.65%,平均年增长率分别为1.34%和0.80%,与育成年代均呈极显著正相关;单株叶面积、单株光合能力和剑叶净光合速率(Pn)分别增长了13.75%、24.80%和12.60%,年增长率分别为0.29%、0.53%和0.27%,与育成年代均呈显著正相关。不同年代育成水稻品种穗重/单株光合能力、粒数/单株光合能力无明显变化,但穗重/叶面积和粒数/叶面积与育成年代呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.441 0(P0.05)和0.401 7(P0.05);穗重/Pn和粒数/Pn与育成年代呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.509 3(P0.01)和0.483 2(P0.01)。以上结果说明,吉林省水稻品种产量的增加是由于库和源共同作用的结果,但单位叶面积光合能力的改善远远落后于其它库源性状的增长。进一步提高叶片Pn并改善叶片的光合能力应作为高产水稻品种选育的新目标。     

水稻抽穗后剑叶衰老过程中光合关键酶的基因表达

协优 930 8、培矮 6 4s/ 9311和汕优 6 3三个超级高产水稻品种抽穗后 ,剑叶中光合速率减小、叶绿素含量下降、SOD活力降低和MDA含量上升的幅度不同 ,显示它们开花结实过程中叶片衰老的速度不同 ,以汕优 6 3衰老最快 ,协优 930 8最慢 ,培矮 6 4s/ 9311居中。Northern杂交和免疫定量研究表明 ,汕优 6 3和培矮6 4s/ 9311剑叶rbcS(Rubisco小亚基基因 )和rca(Ru bisco活化酶基因 )mRNA的表达随抽穗后天数的增加而下降 ,而协优 930 8在抽穗后第 10天才开始下降 ;Rubisco和Rubisco活化酶蛋白含量的下降趋势与rbcS和rcamRNA的变化趋势相似。因此 ,水稻抽穗后剑叶衰老过程中光合能力的下降与光合关键酶基因(rbcS和rca)表达下降密切相关     

不同播期和抽穗期弱光胁迫对杂交稻生理性状及产量的影响

以耐阴性中等的杂交稻川香9838为材料,研究不同播期和抽穗期弱光胁迫对杂交稻抽穗期光合特征、渗透调节物质、保护性酶活性和产量的影响.结果表明:不同播期和抽穗期弱光胁迫对水稻抽穗期干物质积累、剑叶光合速率、抗氧化酶活性和产量均有显著影响.随播期的推迟,全生育期明显缩短,稻谷产量呈不同程度的下降趋势.与对照相比,抽穗期轻度弱光胁迫(遮光20％)能缓解水稻生育过程中面临的高温及强光照危害,进而能缓解剑叶光合速率和抽穗期干物质累积的降低,调节抗氧化酶活性,适度提高结实率;而抽穗期中度(遮光40％)、重度(遮光60％)弱光胁迫均不利于水稻生长.剑叶光合速率、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活性对播期和抽穗期弱光胁迫较为敏感.水稻始穗1 ～5d剑叶光合速率与稻谷产量和抽穗后干物质积累量显著相关.     

超高产杂交稻灌浆期光合功能与产量的关系

以杂交水稻协优63为对照, 对亩产800 kg以上的超高产杂交水稻组合协优9308抽穗前、后的物质生产特性及剑叶光合作用与穗部物质积累的关系进行研究. 结果表明: (ⅰ) 与协优63相比, 协优9308抽穗前、后的物质生产能力无论生物量还是日干物质生产量, 均极显著高于协优63, 尤以抽穗后更为明显. (ⅱ) 协优9308剑叶的光合碳同化能力(叶源量)极显著高于协优63, 且能够切合籽粒灌浆需求, 在单株水平上其净同化产物基本满足籽粒灌浆的需求, 而协优63抽穗后20 d左右剑叶光合功能快速衰退, 单株净同化产物不能满足籽粒灌浆的需求. 结果证明, 灌浆后期仍能保持高效光合功能、并且能够切合籽粒灌浆需求是实现水稻超高产的关键环节.     

不同品种(系)小豆根系活力与叶片衰老的关联研究

以高产小豆品种(系)‘2000-75’、‘冀红9218’和低产品种(系)‘红宝1号’、‘湾选1号’为材料,测定小豆开花至成熟期,根系与始花节位叶片生长指标、保护酶活性、可溶性蛋白含量等变化,分析其根系与始花叶协同衰老的相关性,以揭示小豆根系活力与地上部叶片衰老之间的关系。结果表明:(1)各品种(系)开花后,植株根系伤流强度随着花后生育进程的推进呈单峰增长趋势,但根系活力的衰老起始期晚于叶片功能的衰退开始期。(2)从开花至成熟期,小豆根系活力与叶片中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白、叶片净光合速率都存在正相关关系,与丙二醛含量呈负相关关系。(3)与低产品种相比,高产小豆品种(系)‘2000-75’和‘冀红9218’的根系活力强,叶片功能期持续时间长,叶绿素含量下降速度慢,保护性酶含量高,使花后小豆的功能叶捕获光能的能力增强,从而形成较高光合能力的小豆群体,最终获得高产。     

亚种间杂交稻根系伤流液与地上部细胞分裂素的变化

本文以水稻亚种间杂交组合Ⅱ优2070及恢复系2070、Ⅱ优419及恢复系中419为材料．应用HPLC和ELISA法测定灌浆期间根系伤流液中根源细胞分裂素(CTKs)种类和数量以及稻叶和籽粒中细胞分裂素组分含量的变化,研究表明在亚种杂交稻及其恢复系灌浆起始阶段,玉米素(Z) 占总CTKs的比例高达62．8％-89．1％,是根系伤流液中细胞分裂素的主要成分,而二氢玉米素(di- HZ)和二氢玉米素核苷(diHZR)则在灌浆后期明显上升．这种变化动态与Ⅱ优2070和2070剑叶中ZRs(Z ZR)、diHZRs(diHZ diHZR)的波动变化是相符合的。与根系伤流液的主要细胞分裂素组成不同,IPAs在叶片和籽粒中占总CTKs量的比例最高。说明在灌浆期间,根系伤流液中CTKs的种类及其活性存在着变化,这种变化可能与细胞分裂素代谢酶活性变化及其相关酶基因表达的不同有关。讨论了强、弱势粒的CTKs组分的变化与籽粒结实的可能关系。     

亚种间杂交稻根系伤流液与地上部细胞分裂素的变化

本文以水稻亚种间杂交组合Ⅱ优2070及恢复系2070、Ⅱ优419及恢复系中419为材料．应用HPLC和ELISA法测定灌浆期间根系伤流液中根源细胞分裂素（CTKs）种类和数量以及稻叶和籽粒中细胞分裂素组分含量的变化．研究表明在亚种杂交稻及其恢复系灌浆起始阶段,玉米素（Z）占总CTKs的比例高达62．8％-89．1％,是根系伤流液中细胞分裂素的主要成分．而二氢玉米素（diHZ）和二氢玉米素核苷（diHZR）则在灌浆后期明显上升,这种变化动态与II优2070和2070剑叶中ZRs（Z＋ZR）、diHZRs（diHZ＋diHZR）的波动变化是相符合的。与根系伤流液的主要细胞分裂素组成不同,IPAs在叶片和籽粒中占总CTKs量的比例最高。说明在灌浆期间．根系伤流液中CTKs的种类及其活性存在着变化,这种变化可能与细胞分裂素代谢酶活性变化及其相关酶基因表达的不同有关。讨论了强、弱势粒的CTKs组分的变化与籽粒结实的可能关系。     

水稻轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1表型遗传多样性分析

该研究基于4个陆稻群体及172个水稻品种或杂交组合,构建了水稻多亲本隐性核不育轮回选择群体XTBG-HP1,并经过4次轮回重组,采用16个表型性状对其进行了遗传多样性分析。结果表明:(1)该群体14个数量性状符合正态分布,各表型均存在极端性状个体。(2)数量性状变异系数范围为0.08～0.41,均值为0.20; Shannon-Wiener多样性指数范围为0.72～1.92,均值为1.50。(3)群体在株型与产量构成因子性状方面有显著的相关性,对株型的选择可以实现产量性状的改良。(4)剑叶长、每穗粒总数、千粒重、穗长、粒长、一次枝梗数、有效穗数、剑叶宽、二次枝梗数、抽穗期10个性状可作为群体综合评价指标。(5)剑叶长、二次枝梗数、每穗粒总数3个表型性状具有较高的遗传变异、丰富的遗传多样性及与综合得分F值相关系数较高。综合以上结果发现,后期群体进行基因挖掘、品种改良以及优良育种材料的选育可以基于剑叶长、二次枝梗数及每穗粒总数3个表型性状,同时要充分利用群体株型与产量构成因子性状间的显著相关性。此外,该研究群体中极端单性状或综合得分F值较高的个体,可进一步用于品种选育。     

水稻剑叶取向对其光合功能的影响

水稻的水平剑叶净光合速率 (Pn)和羧化效率(CE)显著高于直立剑叶 ,其胞间CO2 浓度 (Ci)显著低于直立剑叶 ,但两者的气孔导度 (Gs)没有明显差别。这表明剑叶取向对水稻叶片的光合能力有重要影响。水平剑叶的高Pn可能同其RuBP羧化酶含量和活性高有关。这可能是水平叶生长期间吸收光量较多的结果。     

鸭稻共作方式对水稻生长的影响

对鸭稻共作生产方式下水稻几个生育期的株高、叶面积指数、生物量、根系活力、根系形态特征指标等进行了对比研究。结果表明,鸭稻共作生态模式中由于鸭子的活动,对水稻生长发育具有一定影响。与常规水稻栽培方式相比,鸭稻共作方式下水稻株高、叶面积指数、生物量有减小的趋势,而且在有效分蘖期和幼穗分化期存在着显著或极显著差异。鸭子活动对水稻根系生长状况(根/冠比、根系活力)也具有一定作用,与常规水稻栽培方式相比,鸭稻共作方式下水稻根冠比和根系活力有增加趋势,根冠比在幼穗分化期达到显著差异,根系活力在有效分蘖期存在显著差异;鸭稻共作方式下水稻根系总长变化无明显规律,根系表面积与常规栽培方式下相比无显著差异。     

不同育秧方式和插植密度下华南双季晚籼稻根系活力的初步研究

本试验于1995年晚季初步研究了水、旱育秧方式和不同插植密度下根系活力的变化趋势及与地上部生长发育的关系。结果表明:(1)旱育秧苗根系活力明显高于水育秧,根系活力与白根数、地上部苗体干/鲜重比值呈显著正相关,与褐根数、苗高、叶龄和百苗干、鲜物重呈负相关。(2)旱育单苗移植处理的根系活力在水稻整个生育过程中均高于旱育多苗移植处理,水秧单苗和多苗移植处理。生育后期根系活力与主茎功能叶片叶绿素含量和叶面积系数分别呈极显著正相关和正相关,旱育秧苗的这些特性有利于移植后叶片与分蘖的快速形成及生育后期延缓叶片衰老,提高籽粒充实度。同时提出,在水肥管理上应适当加大后期穗肥比例,改善光照条件和土壤的通气排水状况,以便充分发挥旱育稀植秧苗的增产优势。     

Photosynthetic efficiency and nitrogen distribution under different nitrogen management and relationship with physiological N-use efficiency in three rice genotypes

Nitrogen fertilization strategies were widely adopted to enhance grain production and improve nitrogen utilization in rice all over the world. For fertilization timing strategy, ear fertilization was usually employed in recent years. For fertilization amount strategy, nitrogen fertilization would continually increase to meet the demands of increasing people for food. However, under heavy ear fertilization as well as great nitrogen amount (NA), physiological N-use efficiency (PE, defined as grain production per unit nitrogen uptake by plants) decreased. Under three NA and two ratios of fertilization given during ear development period to total NA (ear fertilization distribution ratio, EFDR), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), Pn to nitrogen content per unit area (photosynthetic N-use efficiency, Pn/N), nitrogen accumulation in plant tissues and PE of three rice (Oryza sativaL.) genotypes, Jinyou 253, Liangyoupeijiu and Baguixiang were screened in the first and second seasons in 2002 so as to understand the fluctuation patterns of Pn/N and nitrogen distribution in leaf blades under great NA & EFDR and relationship with PE in rice. Results showed that under greater NA & EFDR, Pn in flag leaves at heading and plant nitrogen accumulation at maturity always increased and PE & Pn/N always decreased in spite of increased grain production. Rice distributed more nitrogen in leaf blade under greater NA and EFDR. PE indicated significantly (P<0.05) positive relationship with Pn/N and negative relationship with nitrogen distribution ratio in leaf blades at heading and maturity, and no association with Pn in two growing seasons. Results suggested that low PE in rice under great NA and heavy ear fertilization is associated to more nitrogen distribution in leaf blades and decreases in photosynthetic efficiency.     

Cultivar differences in leaf photosynthesis of rice bred in Japan

The grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.), as well as of other cereal crops, is limited to a large extent, by the supply of photosynthates produced during grain filling period. In this study, flag leaf photosynthesis (LPS) after heading was compared among 32 cultivars bred during the past century in Japan, to determine if the improvement of LPS has occurred with the breeding advance of high yielding cultivars. Measurement of LPS was made for 5 consecutive years in the paddy field, on the flag leaf of the main stem, at heading (LPS-0), and 2 weeks (LPS-2) and 4 weeks (LPS-4) after heading. LPS decreased with advance of leaf senescence from LPS-0 to LPS-2, and then to LPS-4. However, if nitrogen was top-dressed at the heading time, high LPS-2 was maintained, particularly in the newer cultivars. A significant positive correlation between LPS and the released year of cultivar was found at LPS-2, especially in the nitrogen top-dressed plot, but not at LPS-0 or LPS-4. Cultivar difference in LPS of the senescing leaves were not stable through the different years, whereas LPS-0 was stable over years, suggesting that the LPS in the senescent leaf is susceptible to the environmental variation due to the effects on leaf senescence. Cultivar difference in LPS at any stage was closely associated with mesophyll conductance to CO₂, and stomatal conductance was also associated with cultivar difference in such a high LPS as LPS-0 and nitrogen top-dressed LPS-2. Significant correlation between LPS and specific leaf weight was not observed at any stage of the flag leaf.Abbreviations CV coefficient of variation - g_m mesophyll conductance - g_s stomatal conductance - LPS apparent photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area (leaf photosynthesis) - LPS-0 LPS at heading - LPS-2 LPS at active grain filling - LPS-4 LPS at maturity of grain - NT non-top dressed plot - PPFD photosynthetic photon flux density - r_m mesophyll resistance - r_s stomatal diffusion resistance against CO₂ - r_s(H₂O) stomatal diffusion resistance against H₂O - RuBisCO ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase - SLW specific leaf weight - TD nitrogen top-dressed plot     

Photosynthetic light and CO2 utilization and C4 traits of two novel super-rice hybrids

Characteristics of photosynthetic light and CO2 use efficiency from seedling to heading stage, and C4 pathway enzyme activities in both flag leaves and lemma were compared between two newly developed super-rice hybrids (Oryza sativa L.), Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3, and a traditional rice hybrid, Shanyou 63. At seedling and tillering stages, Liangyoupeijiu and Hua-an 3 had higher net photosynthetic rates (Pn) and light saturated assimilation rates (Asat) than did Shanyou 63, at both normal (360 micromol mol(-1)) and doubled (720 micromol mol(-1)) CO2 concentrations. At the heading stage, the flag leaves of all three rice hybrids had similar Pn and Asat. However, the two super-rice hybrids had higher apparent quantum yield (AQY) and carboxylation efficiency (CE) during all three typical developmental stages, and higher quantum yield of CO2 fixation (PhiCO2) at the tillering and heading stages. In addition, Liangyoupeijiu showed significantly higher activities of the C(4) pathway enzymes in both flag leaves and lemmas than did Shanyou 63. As a result, flag leaves of the two super-rice hybrids had higher Pn at morning, noontime and late afternoon during the daily cycle. Since most of the grain yield of rice comes from the photosynthesis of flag leaves, the similar Asat and much higher AQY, CE and PhiCO2 at heading stage of the two super-rice hybrids indicates that higher photosynthetic efficiency rather than higher photosynthetic capacity may be the primary factor contributing to their higher grain yields.