拟南芥磷酸酶基因亚细胞定位与组织表达

通过克隆拟南芥磷酸酶PP2C家族基因At3g51370,构建了绿色荧光蛋白融合表达载体,用基因枪将构建好的载体轰击洋葱表皮细胞进行瞬时表达分析,发现该At3g51370基因表达蛋白定位在细胞核中;用实时定量PCR方法分析At3g51370基因的组织表达特性,发现该基因在花器官中的表达量明显高于其它组织.进一步构建了含At3g51370基因的启动子和GUS报告基因的植物表达载体,经农杆菌介导转化拟南芥,对转基因拟南芥进行GUS组织化学染色,分析该启动子在不同生长时期与不同组织中的转录活性,结果发现,在幼苗期At3g51370基因主要集中在根尖分生组织和顶端分生组织表达,在成年植株中则集中在生殖器官如花和果荚柄等部位表达,在光照和黑暗条件下,At3g51370基因的表达特性没有明显差异.研究表明,At3g51370可能与其它核定位的PP2C磷酸酶一样参与了基因表达的调控,可能在拟南芥早期发育阶段的细胞增值分裂相关信号转导途径中发挥功能,并在花器官的发育过程中行使功能,且不参与光信号转导.     

拟南芥F-box基因At3g16740的表达分析

拟南芥At3g16740基因为F-box基因家族成员,其功能尚不清楚.通过连续和瞬时光照处理分析,发现蓝光、红光和远红光都诱导At3g16740基因的表达,其中远红光的诱导作用最明显.蓝光受体cry1、cry2,红光受体phyB或远红光受体phyA突变导致At3g16740基因表达的光诱导作用减弱或者消失,表明该基因为光信号通路相关基因.通过实时荧光定量PCR分析At3g16740基因在拟南芥不同组织器官中的表达,发现其在拟南芥根、茎、叶、花和果荚中都有表达,花和果荚中的表达量最高,推测该基因可能参与植物花和/或果荚的发育.酵母双杂交分析发现,At3g16740蛋白通过F-box结构域与拟南芥ASK(arabidopsis-SKP1-like)家族成员ASK1、ASK2和ASK11相互作用,表明At3g16740是SCF(Skp、Cullin、F-box)复合物的成员.     

拟南芥F-box基因At5g22700的功能初步分析

F-box蛋白作为SCF（Skpl,Cullin and anF-boxprotein）复合体的成员,参与调节植物的生长发育过程。At5g22700为功能未知的F-box基因家族成员。本研究通过酵母双杂交分析At5g22700蛋白与ASK（Arabidop-sis-SKP1-1ike）家族蛋白的相互作用,发现At5g22700蛋白的F-box结构域与ASK4蛋白相互作用。实时定量PCR分析该基因在不同组织器官中的表达,发现该基因在根和花中的表达量最高,说明At5g2700可能在根和花的发育中具有重要作用。以At5g22700基因的T—DNA插入突变体和过量表达转基因株系为材料,分析不同光照条件下幼苗的表型,发现蓝光下At5g22700过量表达转基因幼苗的主根比野生型长。这些研究结果表明,At5g22700在植物体内可能形成SCF复合体,并在植物幼苗主根伸长生长中起促进作用。     

拟南芥AtPI基因植物表达载体的构建及其在烟草中的遗传转化

花是被子植物主要的繁殖器官,在繁育后代的过程中,发挥着极其重要的作用,PISTILLATA(PI)基因作为控制花器官发育的B类功能基因中的一员,在花器官发育中起到重要的作用。为探究PI基因在花瓣和雄蕊发育中的功能,本文以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中的PI基因作为研究对象,利用PCR技术从拟南芥花序c DNA扩增出At PI基因,构建植物表达载体(p ROKⅡ-At PI)并进行烟草(Nicotiana tobacum)转化。转基因植株的PCR检测结果表明,At PI基因已经整合到了烟草基因组中。在T2代植株中,通过实时定量荧光PCR检测显示,At PI在m RNA水平也均有表达。过量表达PI的转基因烟草在花器官中存在明显表型,与野生型相比主要表现为转基因植株花冠变小,雄蕊缩短,果实畸形且子房基部比野生型长5~10 mm,上述结果表明At PI基因是特异性参与雄蕊和花瓣的发育并起着至关重要的作用。     

拟南芥中ELO家族同源基因的克隆与表达

采用RT-PCR方法,克隆了拟南芥中可能参与超长链脂肪酸合成的ELO家族同源基因At1g75000、At4g36830和At3g06470的全长cDNA,构建其与eGFP基因融合的植物表达载体At1g75000::eGFP::NOS/pPZP211、At4g36830::eGFP::NOS/pPZP211和At1g06470::eGFP::NOS/pPZP211,并利用基因枪介导法将构建的植物表达载体转入洋葱表皮细胞,并在荧光显微镜下检测到了绿色荧光信号.为进一步研究拟南芥中AtELO家族同源基因的功能奠定基础.     

拟南芥砷诱导基因At4g13180的表达模式研究

拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)砷诱导基因At4g13180编码蛋白是短链脱氢酶(Short-Chain Dehydrogenase/Reductase Superfamily,SDR)家族的成员之一,其过表达可以增强植物对过氧化氢的耐受性。该实验通过半定量RT-PCR,构建ProAt4g13180:GUS、At4g13180-EGFP和At4g13180-OE表达载体,获得At4g13180基因过表达转基因株系,并研究了At4g13180基因的表达模式及其编码蛋白的亚细胞定位。结果显示,At4g13180基因在根尖、叶脉、萼片和花丝等组织都强烈表达,该基因编码蛋白主要定位于胞质和核中。该研究结果为深入探究拟南芥砷诱导基因At4g13180的功能奠定了一定的基础。     

拟南芥醛还原酶编码基因At3g04000表达模式分析及过量表达转基因植株获得

植物体内的α,β-不饱和活性醛类化合物对植物细胞具有毒害作用,清除这些α,β-不饱和活性醛类化合物对于植物细胞维持正常的生命活动至关重要。前人研究报道通过体外酶活测定和异源瞬时表达鉴定拟南芥 At3g04000基因编码的蛋白为 NADPH 依赖的叶绿体醛还原酶(Arabidopsis NADPH-dependent chloroplastic aldehyde reductases, AtChlADRs),推测其在清除叶绿体中长链(≥5)α,β-不饱和醛类物质中具有重要的功能。该研究主要构建了拟南芥 At3g04000基因的表达模式分析载体 ProAt3g04000：GUS、亚细胞定位分析载体At3g04000-EGFP 和过量表达载体 At3g04000-OE,并获得了转基因拟南芥,并通过实时定量 PCR 分析了At3g04000基因在拟南芥不同组织中的转录水平。结果表明：拟南芥 At3g04000基因在幼苗中的转录水平最高,在莲座叶、茎生叶、花序和角果中均有较高的转录水平;而在根部和茎秆中的转录水平较低。通过对ProAt3g04000：GUS 转基因植株的 GUS 染色分析可知,At3g04000基因在子叶、莲座叶和萼片的维管组织和保卫细胞中均有较强的表达,在根的维管组织中有较弱的表达。通过共聚焦显微镜对 At3g04000-EGFP 转基因植株的观察和分析发现,At3g04000不是定位于叶绿体中,而是定位在细胞质和细胞核中。该研究结果为深入研究拟南芥醛还原酶编码基因 At3g04000的功能奠定了基础。     

拟南芥BAND7基因序列分析及相关突变体的生理功能研究

BAND7是具有SPFH特征结构域的一类膜蛋白,同其他膜蛋白偶联,调节离子转运和信号转导,广泛分布于不同的动物细胞中.通过序列比对,在模式植物拟南芥中鉴定到4个可能编码BAND7蛋白的基因,其基因代码分别是Atlg69840、At3g01290、At5g62740和At5g51570.半定量反转录PCR检测发现,它们在拟南芥的叶和根中都有表达,叶中的表达均高于根.通过PCR检测,获得基因Atlg69840和At5g51570的T-DNA插入敲除型纯合突变株SALK_088328和SALK_104547.通过对比野生型植株和基因敲除突变体在不同培养基上的根长和鲜重方面的差异,证明植物BAND7基因At5g51570参与了植物钙离子的吸收过程.     

人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647(Domain of unknown function 647)蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员,迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架,构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs,amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列,通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs,在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明,amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达,获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

人工microRNAs对拟南芥At1g13770和At2g23470基因的特异沉默

DUF647 (Domain of unknown function 647) 蛋白家族是在真核生物中广泛存在的、高度保守的蛋白家族。拟南芥中该基因家族共有6个成员, 迄今为止拟南芥DUF647家族中4个成员的功能尚不清楚。文章以拟南芥内源MIR319a前体为骨架, 构建了敲减DUF647家族中2个基因At1g13770和At2g23470表达的人工microRNAs(Artifical microRNAs, amiRNAs)。利用WMD(Web microRNA designer)平台设计分别靶向At1g13770和At2g23470基因的amiRNAs序列, 通过重叠PCR置换拟南芥MIR319a前体序列。构建融合amiRNAs前体的植物表达载体pCHF3-amiRNAs, 在农杆菌介导下转化拟南芥。RT-PCR分析表明, amiRNAs能够显著抑制At1g13770和At2g23470基因的表达, 获得了抑制效果明显的转基因株系。At2g23470-amiRNA转基因植株At2g23470转录水平的下调导致育性严重下降。文章为进一步研究这两个基因的功能奠定了良好的基础。     

Expression of cytokinin biosynthetic isopentenyltransferase genes in Arabidopsis: tissue specificity and regulation by auxin, cytokinin, and nitrate

The rate-limiting step of cytokinin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana Heynh. is catalyzed by ATP/ADP isopentenyltransferases, A. thaliana IsoPentenyl Transferase (AtIPT)1, and AtIPT4, and by their homologs AtIPT3, AtIPT5, AtIPT6, AtIPT7, and AtIPT8. To understand the dynamics of cytokinins in plant development, we comprehensively analyzed the expression of isopentenyltransferase genes of Arabidopsis. Examination of their mRNA levels and the expression patterns of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene fused to the regulatory sequence of each AtIPT gene revealed a specific expression pattern of each gene. The predominant expression patterns were as follows: AtIPT1::GUS, xylem precursor cell files in the root tip, leaf axils, ovules, and immature seeds; AtIPT3::GUS, phloem tissues; AtIPT4::GUS and AtIPT8::GUS, immature seeds with highest expression in the chalazal endosperm (CZE); AtIPT5::GUS, root primordia, columella root caps, upper part of young inflorescences, and fruit abscission zones; AtIPT7::GUS, endodermis of the root elongation zone, trichomes on young leaves, and some pollen tubes. AtIPT1, AtIPT3, AtIPT5, and AtIPT7 were downregulated by cytokinins within 4 h. AtIPT5 and AtIPT7 was upregulated by auxin within 4 h in roots. AtIPT3 was upregulated within 1 h after an application of nitrate to mineral-starved Arabidopsis plants. The upregulation by nitrate did not require de novo protein synthesis. We also examined the expression of two genes for tRNA isopentenyltransferases, AtIPT2 and AtIPT9, which can also be involved in cytokinin biosynthesis. They were expressed ubiquitously, with highest expression in proliferating tissues. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of cytokinins in plant development.     

Expression patterns of two Arabidopsis endo-beta-1,4-glucanase genes (At3g43860, At4g39000) in reproductive development

Endo-beta-1,4-D-glucanases (EGases) are a widespread and vital group of glycosyl hydrolases that generally break the beta-1,4-glucosyl linkages. Studies of plant EGases have mainly been concentrated on vegetative growth, while little is currently known about their role in reproductive processes. Using the GUS reporter aided analysis of promoter activities, we identified the expression patterns of two putative Arabidopsis EGases genes (At3g43860 and At4g39000) whose promoters conferred specific localization of the GUS activity in reproductive organs. We found that At3g43860, which is similar to KOR in its protein structural organization, is expressed in mature pollen and the pollen tube, implying that it may have a role in pollen and pollen tube growth. At4g39000 was found to be activated in the developing ovules and seeds, especially at the micropylar end of the inner integuments and nucellus in a proximal-distal pattern. Our results suggested that the two EGases play specific roles in Arabidopsis sexual reproduction.     

ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE1 (ADPG1), ADPG2, and QUARTET2 Are Polygalacturonases Required for Cell Separation during Reproductive Development in Arabidopsis

Cell separation is thought to involve degradation of pectin by several hydrolytic enzymes, particularly polygalacturonase (PG). Here, we characterize an activation tagging line with reduced growth and male sterility caused by increased expression of a PG encoded by QUARTET2 (QRT2). QRT2 is essential for pollen grain separation and is part of a small family of three closely related endo-PGs in the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome, including ARABIDOPSIS DEHISCENCE ZONE POLYGALACTURONASE1 (ADPG1) and ADPG2. Functional assays and complementation experiments confirm that ADPG1, ADPG2, and QRT2 are PGs. Genetic analysis demonstrates that ADPG1 and ADPG2 are essential for silique dehiscence. In addition, ADPG2 and QRT2 contribute to floral organ abscission, while all three genes contribute to anther dehiscence. Expression analysis is consistent with the observed mutant phenotypes. INDEHISCENT (IND) encodes a putative basic helix-loop-helix required for silique dehiscence, and we demonstrate that the closely related HECATE3 (HEC3) gene is required for normal seed abscission and show that IND and HEC3 are required for normal expression of ADPG1 in the silique dehiscence zone and seed abscission zone, respectively. We also show that jasmonic acid and ethylene act together with abscisic acid to regulate floral organ abscission, in part by promoting QRT2 expression. These results demonstrate that multiple cell separation events, including both abscission and dehiscence, require closely related PG genes.     

Ethylene-dependent and -independent pathways controlling floral abscission are revealed to converge using promoter::reporter gene constructs in the ida abscission mutant

The process of floral organ abscission in Arabidopsis thaliana can be modulated by ethylene and involves numerous genes contributing to cell separation. One gene that is absolutely required for abscission is INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION, IDA, as the ida mutant is completely blocked in abscission. To elucidate the genetic pathways regulating floral abscission, molecular markers expressed in the floral abscission zone have been studied in an ida mutant background. Using plants with promoter-reporter gene constructs including promoters of a novel FLORAL ABSCISSION ASSOCIATED gene (FAA) encoding a putative single-stranded binding protein (BASIL), chitinase (CHIT::GUS) and cellulase (BAC::GUS), it is shown that IDA acts in the last steps of the abscission process. These markers, as well as HAESA, encoding a receptor-like kinase, were unaffected in their temporal expression patterns in ida compared with wild-type plants; thus showing that different regulatory pathways are active in the abscission process. In contrast to BASIL, CHIT::GUS and BAC::GUS showed, however, much weaker induction of expression in an ida background, consistent with a reduction in pathogen-associated responses and a lack of total dissolution of cell walls in the mutant. IDA, encoding a putative secreted peptide ligand, and HAESA appeared to have identical patterns of expression in floral abscission zones. Lastly, to address the role of ethylene, IDA::GUS expression in the wild type and the ethylene-insensitive mutant etr1-1 was compared. Similar temporal patterns, yet restricted spatial expression patterns were observed in etr1-1, suggesting that the pathways regulated by IDA and by ethylene act in parallel, but are, to some degree, interdependent.     

Isolation of GUS marker lines for genes expressed in Arabidopsis endosperm,embryo and maternal tissues

In order to identify marker lines expressing GUS in various endosperm compartments and at different developmental stages, a collection of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. promoter trap lines were screened. The screen identified 16 lines displaying GUS-reporter gene expression in the endosperm, embryo and other seed organs. The distinctive patterns of GUS expression in these lines provide molecular markers for most cell compartments in the endosperm of Arabidopsis seeds at all developmental stages, and represent a valuable research tool for characterizing present and future Arabidopsis seed mutants. GUS expression patterns of these 16 lines are presented here. One line showed chalazal endosperm-specific GUS activity at the heart stage of embryo development. In six lines embryo-specific GUS activity was detected. Six lines exhibited GUS activity predominantly in the endosperm and embryo while two lines showed strong GUS activity in all seed organs. In one line GUS activity was detected in integuments and syncytial endosperm, while the GUS activity at the cotyledonary stage of the embryo was seed coat-specific. In addition, two funiculus markers and two silique markers expressed in the abscission zone and the guard cells are also presented.