Characteristics of Phytogeochemistry in Naomuhong Copper Mine Area at the Alasan of Nei Monggol

Characteristics of element contents(in ash) for 13 plant species in Naomuhong Cu mine area are disscussed. Results show that the level of element contents in sequence is: Mn>Cu> Zn > Cr > Ni>Pb>Co > Cd > Ag. Cu contents exhibit the greatest difference between species, with a 20 fold difference or more oetween maximum and minimum contents. Cu content is maximal in Potaninia mongolica, being from 209 ppm to 1543 ppm at various sites, with a mean of 735.2 ppm; whereas Cu content is minimal in Salsola passerina, being from 18 ppm to 54 ppm at various sites, with a mean of 31.01 ppm. Cu, Zn contents in skarn are more than in granite and those in limestone are mole than in sandstone. Correlation coefficients of linear regression between elements in the plants are of positive values. However, they are not significant between Cd, Ag and other eight elements, and between Cu, Cr et al. six elements are significant respectively. The correlative coefficients between elements in plants and soils are positive, Zn and Pb contents between P. mongolica and soils, and Pb content between Zygophyllum xanthoxylum and soils, and Cu content between Reaumuria soongorica and soils and significant, It is found that Cu phytogeochemical anomalies in P. mongolica and Reaumuria soongorica correlate closely with Cu ore deposit, and the anomalies were found not only in the outcropping ore, but also in the blind ore deposits.     

青海锡铁山矿区铅、锌的植物地球化学特征及其与矿的关系

 通过青海锡铁山铅、锌矿区植物群落和植物中铅,锌含量特征的调查研究表明：该区植被为荒漠植被类型。矿带上的植物群落与非矿带上的相比较,群落中种属数目更少,覆盖度更低,植物生长更低矮。植物灰分中的锌含量(平均)为125.9—1144ppm。膜果麻黄(Ephedra przewalskii)含量最高,变化范围最大,为86.11—5871.88ppm。植物中的铅含量为31.32—1129.6ppm。黑柴(Sympegma regelii)含量较高,变化最大,平均为746ppm,极值为14.3—5561.70ppm。在矿带上含量最高,非矿带对照区含量最低。植物及其生长的土壤中金属元素含量之间的关系,无论是铅还是锌含量都有很好的线性关系。膜果麻黄、黑柴、优若藜(Eurotia ceratoides)和中亚紫菀木(Asterothamnus centrali-asiaticus)等植物相关系数均达显著相关水平(α≤0.05)。 这在植物地球化学勘探上是非常有用的。例如中亚紫菀木和琵琶柴(Reaumuria soongorica)中铅的植物地球化学异常,准确地圈出了铅、锌矿的位置,衬度高,异常范围与矿化区基本吻合。     

大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物种群分布格局及动态的研究

本文运用方差／均值比率法及聚集强度的某些指数研究了大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物种群的分布格局及其动态。主要木本植物种群的分布格局大多为集群型,只有部分群落中大果榆、色木槭及家榆种群为随机分布。格局动态的分析表明,水曲柳、黄菠萝、春榆、大果榆种群幼苗一幼树一小树一中树一大树分布格局由集群分布逐渐变为随机分布,而蒙古栎由于较强的萌生性,大树阶段仍为集群分布。分析表明影响种群分布格局的因子大致可归纳为两类：一是物种本身的生物学特性,二是由环境条件引起的种内种间竞争;方差／均值比率法是一种较好的分析种群分布格局的方法。     

荒漠地区8种草本植物营养元素含量的比较分析

为深入了解荒漠植物营养元素计量特征,认识元素间的交互作用,揭示不同生长期、不同沙丘部位植物元素含量差异。以古尔班通古特沙漠8种优势草本植物（4种1年生植物,4种短命植物）为研究对象,采集不同生长期（旺盛期、枯萎期）、不同沙丘部位（坡上、腹地）的植株,测定全株植物的10种营养元素（C、N、P、K、Na、Mg、Al、Mn、Cu、Zn）。结果表明：（1）8种植物元素含量存在显著差异,体现了植物因遗传特性不同而对元素选择吸收的特点,含量为：C（230.19~401.82 mg·g^-1）、N（11.31~18.85 mg·g^-1）、P（0.95~2.08 mg·g^-1）、K（16.12~29.79 mg·g^-1）、Na（0.88~3.31 mg·g^-1）、Mg（3.38~5.31 mg·g^-1）、Al（0.33~1.99 mg·g^-1）、Mn（51.35~105.32 mg·kg^-1）、Cu（4.14~6.38 mg·kg^-1）、Zn（11.64~21.43 mg·kg^-1）。不同种的元素含量分布格局基本相似,大小排序为：C>N>K> Mg>Na>P>Al>Mn>Zn>Cu,典型特征为富K,贫Cu、Zn,属于N制约性植物,表明环境对各类植物元素含量的一致影响。（2）元素含量受物种、生长期和沙丘部位的影响显著。4种黎科植物（Chenopodiaceae）Na含量显著比4种短命植物高。与生长旺盛期相比,8种植物在枯萎期的C、N、P、Mg、Mn、Cu、Zn含量普遍降低,而Na、K含量有不同幅度的升高,并且碱蓬、沙蓬的K含量显著升高。受土壤水分和养分丰富程度的影响,沙丘腹地植物元素含量普遍比坡上同种植物高。（3）相关性分析表明：C与P,N与Na、Mg、Cu、Zn,K与P、Al,Na与Mg,Mn与Na、Mg、Cu,Zn与Cu之间具有极显著正相关关系（P≤0.001）,P与Cu,C与Cu、Zn,K与Mn、Cu、Zn之间具有极显著负相关关系（P≤0.001）。综上所述,荒漠植物元素含量的这些特征体现了其对干旱半干旱地区气候和土壤等生存环境的适应性。     

大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物种群分布格局及动态的研究

本文运用方差／均值比率法及聚集强度的某些指数研究了大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物种群的分布格局及其动态。主要木本植物种群的分布格局大多为集群型,只有部分群落中大果榆、色木槭及家榆种群为随机分布。格局动态的分析表明,水曲柳、黄菠萝、春榆、大果榆种群幼苗—幼树—小树—中树—大树分布格局由集群分布逐渐变为随机分布,而蒙古栎由于较强的萌生性,大树阶段仍为集群分布。分析表明影响种群分布格局的因子大致可归纳为两类：一是物种本身的生物学特性,二是由环境条件引起的种内种间竞争;方差／均值比率法是一种较好的分析种群分布格局的方法。     

The Phytocommtunity and the Relations of the Element Contents Between Plants and Soils at Qing Chengzi Mining Area of Liaoning Province

The types of plant community and the floristic compositions in the leadzine abnormal and normal areas identified by geochemical exploration are basieally similar. According to the chemical analysis the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd of plants and soils in abnormal areas are higher than in normal areas. The absorption coeffieients of heavy metal elements by plants change with various chemical element, in the order of Cd>Zn, Cu>Pb. The results of the correlation analysis showed that the linear relationship between the contents of Pb, Zn in plant communities and in soil are singnifieant. There is a considerable linear correlation of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd in soil and in Carex callitrichos, Sangnisorba officinalis, Polyoinum lopothitolium, Spirea pubescens, respectively. A close correlation presented in the contents of Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd between Carex callitrichos and soils. The multiple correlation coefficient is 0.999 (N=8, P<0.01). It may be suggested that Carex callitrichos can indicat the contents of Pb, Zn in soils.     

Phytoextraction of zinc, copper, nickel and lead from a contaminated soil by different species of Brassica

In a pot culture experiment, five different species of Brassica (Brassica juncea, Brassica campestris, Brassica carinata, Brassica napus, and Brassica nigra) were grown for screening possible accumulators of heavy metals, viz. Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb. The plants were grown to maturity in a soil irrigated with sewage effluents for more than two decades in West Delhi, India. The soil analysis showed enhanced accumulation of Zn, Cu, Ni, and Pb in this sewage-irrigated soil. Among all species, B. carinata showed the highest concentration (mg kg(-1)) as well as uptake (microg pot(-1)) of Ni and Pb at maturity. Although B. campestris showed a higher concentration of Zn in its shoots (stem plus leaf), B. carinata extracted the largest amount of this metal due to greater biomass production. However, B. juncea phytoextracted the largest amount of Cu from the soil. In general, the highest concentration and uptake of metal was observed in shoots compared to roots or seeds of the different species. Among the Brassica spp., B. carinata cv. DLSC1 emerged as the most promising, showing greater uptake of Zn, Ni, and Pb, while B. juncea cv. Pusa Bold showed the highest uptake of Cu. The B. napus also showed promise, as it ranked second with respect to total uptake of Pb, Zn, and Ni, and third for Cu. Total uptake of metals by Brassica spp. correlated negatively with available as well as the total soil metal concentrations. Among the root parameters, root length emerged as the powerful parameter to dictate the uptake of metals by Brassica spp. Probably for the first time, B. carinata was reported as a promising phytoextractor for Zn, Ni, and Pb, which performed better than B. juncea.     

The long-term variation of Cd and Zn hyperaccumulation by Noccaea spp and Arabidopsis halleri plants in both pot and field conditions

Three Cd and Zn hyperaccumulating plant species Noccaea caerulescens Noccaea praecox and Arabidopsis halleri (Brassicacceae) were cultivated in seven subsequent vegetation seasons in both pot and field conditions in soil highly contaminated with Cd, Pb, and Zn. The results confirmed the hyperaccumulation ability of both plant species, although A. halleri showed lower Cd uptake compared to N. caerulescens. Conversely, Pb phytoextraction was negligible for both species in this case. Because of the high variability in plant yield and element contents in the aboveground biomass of plants, great variation in Cd and Zn accumulation was observed during the experiment. The extraction ability in field conditions varied in the case of Cd from 0.2 to 2.9 kg ha^?1 (N. caerulescens) and up to 0.15 kg ha^?1 (A. halleri), and in the case of Zn from 0.2 to 6.4 kg ha^?1 (N. caerulescens) and up to 13.8 kg.ha^?1 (A. halleri). Taking into account the 20 cm root zone of the soil, the plants were able to extract up to 4.1% Cd and 0.2% Zn in one season. However, cropping measures should be optimized to improve and stabilize the long-term phytoextraction potential of these plants.     

暖温带森林生态系统主要树种若干水分参数的季节变化

本文通过PV技术对暖温带落叶阔叶林主要树种辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)、棘桦(Betula dahurica)、五角枫(Acer mono)、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus rhychophylla)及其林下灌木六道木(Abelia biflora)、山地针叶林的主要树种油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)以及次生灌丛主要树种山杏(Prunus armeniaca var.ansu)、山桃(Prunus davidiana)、大果榆(Ulmus macrocarpa)、北京丁香(Syringa pekinensis)的日最低叶水势Ψmin、饱和含水量时的最大渗透势Ψs sat、初始质壁分离时渗透势Ψs tlp、初始质壁分离的渗透水的相对含量(ROWCtlp)、相对含水量(RWCtlp)、质外体水的相对含量(AWC)6种水分生理指标的季节变化进行了研究。结果表明：1)所研究的10种树种叶水势Ψw min的季节进程基本与土壤湿度的变化一致。乔木Ψw min季节均值由低到高的顺序为油松<辽东栎<大叶白蜡<棘皮桦<五角枫。次生灌丛4种树种Ψw min季节均值由低到高依次为：山杏<山桃<北京丁香<大果榆。在生长季的不同时期,同为灌木、生长于落叶阔叶林下的六道木Ψw min均高于灌丛样地4类树种的同期值,且季节变幅较小。2)各树种饱和含水量时的最大渗透势Ψs sat和初始质壁分离时渗透势Ψs tlp,表现出随季节进程而不断降低的趋势;Ψs tlp和Ψs sat的季节变化并未表现出与土壤水分状况变化的一致关系,而与树木自身生长发育的物候节律有关。从Ψs tlp和Ψs sat指标所反映的树木耐旱能力的季节变化来看,表现为随季节进程不断上升的趋势。一般在展叶和随后的生长旺盛期,上述树种的耐旱能力较弱。3)初始质壁分离的渗透水的相对含量(ROWCtlp)和相对含水量 (RWCtlp)的季节变化在各树种间呈现大体相同的趋势,5月下旬的生长高峰期,达到生长季中的最高值。而后随林木当年生叶的成熟和嫩枝的木质化,ROWCtlp和RWCtlp呈下降趋势。4)各树种质外体水的相对含量(AWC)表现为随季节进程而上升的趋势。     

海南岛兴降地区某些药用植物中的微量元素

本文研究海南兴隆地区12种不同类型药用植物微量元素的生物吸收系数(Ax)及其含量水平变化特性,结果表明不同科、属、种植物对同一元素的吸收量差异显著,以Mg>Al>Fe>Mn>Zn>Cu为序;同属不同品种植物在不同生境中对微量元素的生物吸收系数各有差别,海南槟榔(Ax 0.30×10-6、12.51×10-6)>泰国槟榔(Ax 0.29×10-6、11.59×10-6)>云南槟榔(Ax 0.27×10-6、11.56×10-6),元素间吸收量相比以Mo>Zn>Cu>Mn>Ni为例;同种植物不同器官微量元素的吸收量也是不同的,例如巴戟天的含量以根(218.48×10-6)>叶(115.19×10-6)>茎(113.02×10-6)。植物与土壤中元素含量消长变化关系密切,相比之下,植物中Fe、Mn、Zn含量均高于Cu、Pb、Ni。绞股蓝(189.26)>巴戟天(169.04)>益智(161.70)>槟榔(155.88)。     

Study of Zn,Cu and Pb content in plants and contaminated soils in Sardinia

Trace elements in soils exist as components of several different fractions. We have analyzed the correlation between total and extractable (EDTA, calcium chloride and deionized water) Zn, Pb and Cu concentrations in soils and the concentration of these elements in plant leaves. Soil and plant samples have been taken from Sulcis-Iglesiente (Sardinia), an area rich in mining tailings. This has made that the concentrations of the trace element under study in soils were varied. Three plants have been studied: Dittrichia viscosa, Cistus salviifolius, and Euphorbia pithyusa subsp. cupanii. Soil samples beneath each of them at depths of 0–30 and 30–60 cm have been considered. The highest concentration of trace elements in the leaves of the studied species has been found for Zn. The calcium carbonate content and the crystalline and amorphous forms of iron in the soil have determined the concentration of metal in plant leaves. The soil concentrations that have been found with the extraction methods are uncorrelated with Pb and Cu concentrations in plants, but Zn is correlated with the fraction extracted with EDTA and calcium chloride. The concentrations of trace metals in plants are most closely related to the soil contents of CaCO₃, electrical conductivity, Fe_ox, and Fe_dc.     

大冶铜绿山矿区海州香薷(Elsholtzia hai-chowensis)植物地球化学特征分析

研究了大冶钢绿山矿区海洲香薷(Elsholtziahaichowensis)及其群落中几种主要植物Cu、Mn、Zn、Cd、Pb的累积分布,植物与土壤元素、Cu矿的关系,并对海洲香薷的重金属耐受性、铜矿的指示作用作了初步探讨.结果显示海洲香薷植物中的元素表现为Cu＞Mn＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd.其中Cu、Mn、Pb元素含量表现为根＞叶＞茎,Zn、Cd表现为叶＞根＞茎.和其它植物相比,海洲香薷中的Cu、Mn、Cd含量均高于其它植物,是其它植物的1～10倍.海洲香薷与土壤元素关系中,Cu的相关性最显著,其次为Pb.海洲香薷集中分布于矿区内含Cu较高的土壤上(1645～8950ug/g),其分布与Cu密切相关.     

Characteristics and Quantitative Analysis of K,Na, Ca,Mg and S Contents in the Dominant Plant Species on the Hutubi Cattle Stock Farm Area,Xinjing

The characteristics on K, Na, Ca, Mg and S contents of 25 plant species were analysed at the grassland on the Hutubi Cattle Stock Farm area, Xinjiang. The level of content is in the order of Na>S>K>Mg>Ca. Different plant species have considerable variation in contents of Na and S, for example, the contents of Na and S are more than 100000 ppm and 30000 ppm respectively in Suaeda physophara and Halocnemum strobilaceum and less than 30000 ppm and 4000 ppm respectively in Phragmites cornmunis and Aeluropus littoralis; their interspecific coefficient of variation (c. v. ) are 95.10 % and 63.16% respectively. The interspecific c. v. of K content, 34.42 %, is the lowest. The contents of K, Na, Ca and S in all innerspecific plants at different sites are less various than interspecific ones; the content of Mg in some innerspecific plants is more various than in interspecific ones. The analysis of correlation between contents of elements in plants and soil shows that Nitraria sibirica is the only plant specie whose coefficient of correlation (c. c. ) of Na content in plant with that in soil reaches the significant negative level in seven plant species; among 5 elements in plants, the c. c. between Na and Ca reaches the significant negative corrrelative level, the c. c. between Na and S reaches the significant positive correlation level. The results of classification and ordination of TWINSPAN and DCA of 25 plant species using the data of 5 elemental contents show that seven plant species, for example, H. strobilaceum, S. physophora, Kalidium foliatum, K. caspicum, etc. are Na and S type plant; Phragmites communis, Achnatherum splendens, etc. are Na and K type plant.     

NATURAL REVEGETATION OF ALKALINE TAILING HEAPS AT TAXCO,GUERRERO, MEXICO

The aim of this research was to identify adapted native plant species with potential for use in phytoremediation of a metalliferous mine tailings heap in Guerrero, Mexico. Physico-chemical characterization, total, DTPA-extractable and fractionation of metals in rhizospheric and non-rhizopheric samples were carried out to gain information about their potential risks. Metal concentrations in plant and bioconcentration factors (BCF) were also determined. Organic matter (OM) and total N contents were higher in the rhizospheric samples, which could improve the conditions for plant establishment. Total Cu, Zn, and Pb concentration were above those for normal soils. The highest metals concentration was found in the residual and organic fractions. Eleven plant species were recorded at the site; three behaved as metal accumulator plants: Gnaphalium chartaceum (accumulator of Cu, Mn, Zn, and Pb), Wigandia urens and Senecio salignus (1027 and 2477 mg kg^?1 of Zn). These species and Brickellia sp. presented high Pb-BCF; they may be suitable for metals phytoextraction. Seven species behaved as excluder plants; Guardiola tulocarpus, Juniperus flaccida, and Ficus goldmanii, presented low BCFs. These species are well suited to cope with the toxic conditions, and they could be propagated for revegetation and stabilization of these residues and to decrease metal bioavailability.     

太白山植物元素背景值的研究

用原子吸收,火焰光度、比浊,比色以及滴定等分析方法,测定了太白山北坡各植被垂直带主要建群种和一些优势种植物叶内氮、磷,钾、钙、镁、硫、铁、锰、锌、铜、硼、氯等元素。同时测定了上述植物生长的各类土壤中有效态元素含量。计算了叶内相关元素的比值以及植物吸收系数。讨论了土壤因素对叶内元素含量的影响。结果表明,这里的植物种类虽然繁多,生理特性各有不同,环境因素影响复杂,而植物叶内每种元素含量则有一定范围,元素间又有一定比值关系,维持着植物的正常生长和发育,这就是植物元素背景值获得的主要依据。     

Environmental Pollution and Relationship Between Total Antioxidant Capacity and Heavy Metals (Pb,Cd, Zn,Mn, and Fe) in Solanum tuberosum L. and Allium cepa L.

In the natural environment, plants are exposed to different stress factors that are responsible for overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Exposure to heavy metals is one of these factors. The present article highlights the correlation between the effects of bioaccumulation of heavy metals in a highly polluted region as the industrial zone of the Thermo Power Plants “Kosova” in Kosovo on the antioxidant capacity of two selected target species: Solanum tuberosum L. and Allium cepa L. The results show that environmental pollution in the industrial zone of the Thermo Power Plants “Kosova” generates a significant bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Mn, and Fe. The high concentration of heavy metals leads to an increased production of reactive radical species. The extracts of target plants cultivated in this region display a lower antioxidant capacity than the same plants grown in a control rural area. The Fe bioaccumulation markedly influences the antioxidant capacity of plant samples analyzed.     

Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals in Soil and Flora Associated with the Glass Industry in North Central India: Implications for Phytoremediation

The effect of the glass industry on soil metal characterization was assessed at five test sites at five successive distances in a semi-arid area. A comprehensive profile of Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Cu, and As levels in soils was obtained. The spatial distribution patterns of integrated contamination indices for these metals show a similar decreasing trend in distribution as we move further from the industrial cluster. There was significant correlation among individual heavy metal concentrations in the soil samples. Integrated contamination indices indicate that 64% of the sites were in the high contamination range and 28% were in the moderate contamination range. A statistically significant difference (P ≤ 0.001) was obtained for each metal on comparing mean metal content among soil samples. Phytoremedial potential of 12 native plant species was also evaluated. Individual elements displayed remarkably different patterns of accumulation in soils as well as plants. Plants established limited capabilities in mobilizing Zn, Pb, Ni, and Cu in the root zone. While Cd, Cu, As, Zn and Pb were predominantly partitioned in shoots, Ni was equally partitioned between shoots and roots. Interestingly, some plants showed a different partitioning trend at higher concentrations of different metals compared to lower concentrations. Potential species for phytoremediation include Calotropis procera (Milk weed), Chenopodium murale (Goosefoot),Poa annua (Annual bluegrass) and Datura stramonium (Thorn apple). None of the species showed phytoremedial potential for Ni and Cu.     

Micronutrient availability to cereals from calcareous soils

Summary On several alkaline calcareous soils, Zn and Cu deficiency occurred mainly in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and was rarely found in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Zinc and Cu requirement of plants was not responsible as the critical Zn and Cu contents in tops of the two plant species were almost similar i.e. 17.4, 6.5 and 14.5, 5.6 ppm respectively. Neither did rice absorb Zn and Cu less efficiently. On the contrary, their rates of absorption in rice were double than in wheat. They were 22.2, 6.3 and 10.2, 3.3 ng atoms/g fresh root/h respectively in the two plant species. Flooded soil conditions appeared to be responsible for Zn and Cu deficiency in rice as their deficiency was found mainly in plant samples collected from continuously flooded fields. The mechanism is not known.Both Zn and Cu inhibited uptake of each other in wheat on most of the soils. In rice, only applied Zn depressed Cu uptake but Cu had generally little effect on Zn uptake. Little Cu inhibition of Zn uptake in lowland rice seems to be related to flooded soil conditions. The mechanism is yet to be known. The antagonising element accentuated the deficiency of the other element both in wheat and rice and severely reduced their yields on soils marginal to deficient in Zn or Cu supplies. It is recommended that their soil availability status should be thoroughly considered before their fertilizers are applied. re]19750515     

大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物生态位研究

探讨了大青沟森林植物群落主要木本植物的生态位宽度、生态位重叠等生态位测度问题。结果表明 :在乔木种群中大果榆、蒙古栎、色木槭、叶底珠的生态位宽度较大。朝鲜柳、水曲柳、茶条槭、春榆、黄菠萝、小叶朴的生态位宽度较小。     

喀喇昆仑,昆仑山地区植物元素含量的区域分异和数量分析

对喀喇昆仑昆仑山地区８７种植物２１个元素含量及区域分异的研究表明,Ｃａ、Ｃｒ、Ｃｄ、Ｆｅ、Ｖ含量比高等植物含量偏高,Ｐ,Ｐ的含量偏低,同种植物在不同地点元素含量有差异,盐柴荒漠植物中Ｎａ,Ｋ,Ｍｇ,Ｐ含量较高;高山草甸、冰缘植被植物Ｂ,Ｃ,Ｆ,Ｖ,Ｔ含量较高,各植被类型植物元素含量Ｎａ／Ｋ差异最大,Ｃａ／Ｍｇ较小,Ｆｅ／Ａｌ差异最小,其变异系数分别为１５３．５、２０．５和１５．９％。