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1.
2001年7月8—14日在横断山区东部选择皆伐后经过管理的人工次生林(MSF)、无人管理的农耕区次生林(USF)、邻近天然的冷杉林(NAF)和杜鹃矮曲林(NRF)4种林型,共设置样地20块,以巴氏罐诱法收集地表甲虫的物种组成和数量数据,并以地表甲虫的种类和数量分布为属性做主成分分析和聚类分析,研究森林皆伐和管理行为对地表甲虫物种多样性的影响。共采集地表甲虫标本4292号,步甲科、觅葬甲科和隐翅虫科分别占总数46.8%、13.1%和11.4%,是数量最多的类群;金龟科、象甲科和拟步甲科的数量也各在5%以上,为常见类群。其中,步甲科的个体数量在NRF显著多于其他林型,在USF显著少于其他林型;觅葬甲科在两个天然林显著多于两个次生林;拟步甲科在NRF显著多于其他林型;花萤科在MSF和NAF显著多于USF;叩甲科在USF显著多于MSF和NAF;象甲科在NRF和MSF明显多于USF;叶甲科在NRF明显多于USF。地表甲虫的个体数量从USF、MSF、NAF到NRF逐渐增多,而均匀度指数则逐渐降低;MSF内物种丰富度和多样性指数分别显著高于USF和NRF。主成分分析和聚类分析表明,除了USF与其他林型有明显差异外,其他林型间有一定的相似性,但MSF与天然NAF间相似性较低。以上结果表明,森林砍伐后并种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表甲虫群落的物种分布格局,有助于恢复物种多样性。 相似文献
2.
在野外调查和查阅文献资料的基础上,对宁镇山脉蕨类植物区系组成、分布区类型及生态类型进行了分析,并与邻近的7个蕨类植物区系相似性进行比较。结果表明:(1)宁镇山脉共有蕨类植物28科47属109种,主要科为鳞毛蕨科、金星蕨科及蹄盖蕨科,主要属为鳞毛蕨属、铁角蕨属及复叶耳蕨属,并有14种中国特有蕨类植物。(2)分布区类型以热带分布科、属为主,以东亚分布种为主,表明宁镇山脉蕨类植物区系具有亚热带向温带过渡的特征。(3)与邻近7个山区蕨类植物区系科、属、种相似性系数的比较表明,宁镇山脉与河南鸡公山亲缘关系最近,其次是浙江凤阳山和江西武夷山。(4)宁镇山脉蕨类植物可划分为湿生、石生及土生3种类型,其中石生类型有31种,湿生类型有8种,土生类型有70种。 相似文献
3.
In the present study, we used two chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments (trnL-F and rps16) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence data to examine intraspecific differentiation and phylogeographical history of Allium wallichii. Based on wide scale sampling (28 populations and 174 individuals) across the entire distribution range of this species, 33 cpDNA haplotypes and 25 ITS ribotypes were detected in our investigation. These cpDNA haplotypes were divided into three major lineages, which was further supported by the ITS phylogenetic results. High haplotype/ribotype diversity and population differentiation, together with most of the haplotypes/ribotypes being exclusive to single populations, implied restricted gene flow among populations and significant geographical isolation. Nearly all populations with high haplotype/ribotype diversity were found in the Hengduan Mountain Region (HMR), whereas the populations of the Himalayas and Nanling Mountains showed a lower level, suggesting the HMR might serve as a potential divergence center for A. wallichii. The main lineages of A. wallichii diverged from each other between Mid–Late Pliocene and Early Quaternary based on two sets of molecular markers, indicating that the Quaternary climatic fluctuation could not have contributed greatly to the divergence of the main lineages of A. wallichii. Instead, the intricate topography and heterogeneous habitats resulting from the drastic uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau from the Late Pliocene could be responsible for the intraspecific differentiation of A. wallichii. The present study further highlights the importance of geographic isolation and habitat heterogeneity in shaping and maintaining high species diversity within the HMR. 相似文献
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SHENGYUN CHEN GUILI WU DEJUN ZHANG QINGBO GAO YIZHONG DUAN FAQI ZHANG SHILONG CHEN 《Botanical journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2008,157(1):125-140
Metagentiana striata is an alpine annual herbaceous plant endemic to the east of the Qinghai–Tibet (Q–T) Plateau and adjacent areas. The phylogeography of M. striata was studied by sequencing the chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) trn S– trn G intergenic spacer. Ten haplotypes were identified from an investigation of 232 individuals of M. striata from 14 populations covering the entire geographical range of this species. The level of differentiation amongst populations was very high ( G ST = 0.746; N ST = 0.774) and a significant phylogeographical structure was observed ( P < 0.05). An analysis of molecular variance found a high variation amongst populations (76%), with F ST = 0.762 (highly significant, P < 0.001), indicating that little gene flow occurred amongst the different regions; this was explained by the isolation of populations by high mountains along the Q–T Plateau and adjacent areas ( N m = 0.156). Only one ancestral haplotype (A) was common and widespread throughout the distributional range of M. striata. The populations of the Hengduan Mountains region of the south-eastern Q–T Plateau showed high diversity and uniqueness of haplotypes. It is suggested that this region was the potential refugium of M. striata during the Quaternary glaciation, and that interglacial and postglacial range expansion occurred from this refugium. This scenario was in good agreement with the results of nested clade analysis, which inferred that the current spatial distribution of cpDNA haplotypes and populations resulted from range expansion, together with past allopatric fragmentation events. © 2008 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 2008, 157 , 125–140. 相似文献
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南岭国家级自然保护区兰科植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:5
兰科是单子叶植物最大的科和被子植物中的第二大科.兰科植物物种多样性的海拔梯度格局因地域或坡向不同而呈不同趋势.南岭国家级自然保护区地处南岭山脉中段南坡,植物资源丰富.作者对南岭国家级自然保护区兰科植物进行了为期4年的调查,记录了其种类、数量、生活型、海拔、生境,分析了其区系成分,并依据IUCN(2001)濒危物种红色名录及保护区的具体情况对其濒危等级进行了评估.从海拔230-1,902m,每200 m分段,共划分为9个海拔段分析其垂直分布格局.结果显示:(1)实地记录兰科植物38属70种,大多数种类数量较少,乳阳管理处的种类最为丰富;(2)随着海拔的上升,总体兰科植物以及不同生活型的兰科植物物种数量均呈现\"中间高度膨胀型\"而峰值偏向低海拔的特点;(3)濒危物种主要集中在600-1,000 m人为活动稀少、环境好的小生境中;(4)800-1,000 m的区系成分最丰富,热带性质的兰花多数分布在海拔1,600 m以下;(5)相邻海拔段的兰科植物种类的相似性系数较高;海拔段相隔越远,相似性系数越小.小生境和水分条件对于兰科植物的生长非常重要,中海拔具有良好的水热条件,因此物种多样性最高;而低海拔地区的人为破坏使得该海拔段兰科植物物种的多样性显著降低. 相似文献
6.
依据2004~2006年的野外调查和标本馆标本以及文献资料,初步分析了峨眉山蕨类植物区系的地理特征,结果表明:峨眉山共有蕨类植物46科110属425种,优势科为蹄盖蕨科、水龙骨科和鳞毛蕨科,共192种,占总种数45.2%,优势属为耳蕨属、鳞毛蕨属、凤尾蕨属和蹄盖蕨属等;在科、属的水平上,为热带分布型,以泛热带分布为主,而种的地理分布则以温带分布的中国特有和东亚成分占绝对优势,分别为36.5%和32.0%,揭示了峨眉山蕨类植物区系是以温带性质为主的亚热带类型,具有较强的热带亲缘;与大巴山关系密切,和云南哀牢山有一定的联系,而与秦岭、西藏和陕西天华山的关系较为疏远。 相似文献
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横断山区是全球25个生物多样性热点之一,其生态安全和生物多样性保护备受国内外关注。经济社会发展给横断山区特有龙蜥属动物带来许多新的挑战,大量原始生境被道路修建和水电工程彻底破坏,有些物种甚至在局部地区灭绝。因此及时开展龙蜥保护生态学相关研究,对准确制定保护行动计划非常关键。生境偏好与形态分化是保护生态学研究的重要内容。采用样线和样方法,对横断山区9个龙蜥属物种生境因子进行了测量。同时借助野外标本采集和标本馆标本测量,对19个龙蜥属物种进行了形态量化。采用广义线性混合模型(Generalized Linear Mixed Model,GLMM)和基于系统发育的广义最小二乘法(Phylogenetic Generalized Least-Squares,PGLS)对龙蜥生境偏好和形态学分化进行了分析。结果表明,来自不同生境的龙蜥对生境因子具有特殊的偏好。灌丛型龙蜥更偏好石块灌丛、阳坡、较陡、平均石块粒径较大、温度适中的生境,偏好生境中往往有两头毛(Incarvillea arguta)分布;林地型龙蜥偏好乔木、较陡的上坡位和植被覆盖率高的生境,偏好生境中往往有红花羊蹄甲(Bauhinia×blakeana)分布。从形态分化方面看,灌丛型和林地型龙蜥在体型大小和运动形态方面均发生了明显地分化,对雄性而言,林地型龙蜥尾长、鼻眼距、第4指长以及第4趾爪长大于灌丛型龙蜥,而灌丛型龙蜥吻长和胫骨长大于林地型龙蜥。对雌性而言,尾长、头长、吻长、鼻眼距、第4指长、第4趾长以及第4趾爪长均为林地型龙蜥大于灌丛型。研究为横断山区龙蜥生境偏好和形态分化提供了直接证据,有助于理解龙蜥对干热河谷生境的适应策略,同时为科学制定龙蜥保护计划提供重要支撑。 相似文献
8.
There have been few studies of the alpine subnival belt flora in the Hengduan Mountains (HM), which host remarkable biodiversity. To extend knowledge of this flora, we examined published florae, herbarium specimens, and field observations (and material) collected by both ourselves and others. In total, 942 seed plant species have been recorded in the belt, representing 168 genera and 48 families. Twenty-four large families (with ≥10 species) are present, represented by 873 species (92.68% of the total). These include Asteraceae, Saxifragaceae, and Brassicaceae (146, 82, and 71 species, respectively). There are also 27 large genera (represented by ≥10 species), collectively contributing 587 species (62.31%) to the flora, including Saxifraga, Corydalis, and Saussurea (75, 55, and 49 species, respectively). Areal elements represented by the highest numbers of genera are the North temperate, Sino-Himalaya, and Old World temperate elements (39.88%, 14.29%, and 12.50%, respectively), while the Hengduan Mountains, Sino-Himalaya, and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau elements are most species-rich (355, 281, and 161 species, respectively), collectively accounting for 84.61% species of the known flora. Of these, 295 species (31.32%) are endemic to the Sino-Himalayan alpine subnival belt and 151 (16.03%) strictly endemic to the alpine subnival belt of the HM. These findings indicate that the flora is young, strongly differentiated, probably developed as a result of the plateau's uplift, and speciation has been accelerated by the harsh environment and strong heterogeneity of niches. 相似文献
9.
马头山蕨类植物区系由 3 0科 62属 1 42种组成。区系地理成份复杂 ,科属的地理成份以热带亚热带性质为主。主要的科是鳞毛蕨科 (2 5种 )、水龙骨科 (1 8种 )、金星蕨科 (1 5种 )、卷柏科 (1 1种 )、蹄盖蕨科 (1 1种 ) ,5科占总种数 5 6.3 4%。主要的属是鳞毛蕨属 (1 6种 )、卷柏属 (1 1种 )、凤尾蕨属 (8种 )、铁角蕨属 (8种 )、复叶耳蕨属 (5种 )、假瘤蕨属 (4种 )占总种数 3 6.62 %。马头山蕨类植物区系属的地理成份可分为 8个 ,主要是泛热带 (1 9属 )、热带亚洲 (7属 )、世界广布 (1 9属 )成份 ,占总属数 72 .5 8%。而种的地理成份则以亚热带山地成份为主 ,本区东亚成份突出 ,加上中国特有成份共占总种数的 66.2 1 %。显然应是东亚植物区系的一部分。掌叶假瘤蕨为江西省首次发现。 相似文献
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The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau caused significant ecogeographical changes that had a major impact on the exchange and isolation of regional fauna and flora. Furthermore, Pleistocene glacial oscillations were linked to temporal large‐scale landmass and drainage system reconfigurations near the Hengduan Mountain Region and might have facilitated speciation and promoted biodiversity in southwestern China. However, strong biotic evidence supporting this role is lacking. Here, we use the Euchiloglanis fish species complex as a model to demonstrate the compound effects of the Tibetan Plateau uplift and Pleistocene glacial oscillations on species formation in this region. The genetic structure and geographical differentiation of the Euchiloglanis complex in four river systems within the Hengduan Mountain Region were deduced using the cytochrome b (cyt b) gene and 10 microsatellite loci from 360 to 192 individuals, respectively. The results indicated that the populations were divided into four independently evolving lineages, in which the populations from the Qingyi River and Jinsha River formed two sub‐lineages. Phylogenetic relationships were structured by geographical isolation, especially near drainage systems. Divergence time estimation analyses showed that the Euchiloglanis complex diverged from its sister clade Pareuchiloglanis sinensis at around 1.3 Million years ago (Ma). Within the Euchiloglanis complex, the divergence time between the Dadu–Yalong and Jinsha–Qingyi River populations occurred at 1.0 Ma. This divergence time was in concordance with recent geological events, including the Kun‐Huang Movement (1.2–0.6 Ma) and the lag time (<2.0 Ma) of river incision in the Hengduan Mountain Region. Population expansion signals were detected from mismatched distribution analyses, and the expansion times were concurrent with Pleistocene glacier fluctuations. Therefore, current phylogeographic patterns of the Euchiloglanis fish complex in the Hengduan Mountain Region were influenced by the uplift event of the Tibetan Plateau and were subsequently altered by paleo‐river transitions during the late Pleistocene glacial oscillations. 相似文献
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在一定实地调查和分类的基础上,采用统计分析及区系地理分析法,对云南地区蕨类植物进行研究。结果表明:云南地区共有蕨类植物60科193属1 530种(包括变种和变型),科、属、种分别占中国蕨类植物科总数的58.8%,属的83.9%和种的95.2%;在这60个科中含30种以上的有13个,含5个属以上的有11个,分别占该蕨类植物区系属、种数的56.5%和79.2%,特别是鳞毛蕨科、蹄盖蕨科、水龙骨科和金星蕨科,这4个科共拥有70属761种,分别占总属数、总种数的36.3%、49.7%;193属中含30种以上的有11个,分别占总属、总种数的5.7%和41.7%,最具优势的是鳞毛蕨属和耳蕨属、蹄盖蕨属、铁角蕨属、卷柏属,这5个属共有403种,占总种数的26.3%;该区系中无云南特有科,但具有4个亚洲特有科:雨蕨科、稀子蕨科、柄盖蕨科和骨碎补科;该区系以热带、亚热带性质为主,科的区系成分中热带亚热带分布的科占66.6%,热带成分的属有112个,占68.7%(除世界分布类型);该区系是东亚地区蕨类植物区系的重要组成部分,东亚分布31属和中国特有分布6属,分别占总属数(除世界分布属外)的19.0%和3.7%;该地区蕨类植物区系与西藏、台湾具有共同的区系起源和物种分化形成的背景,属的相似性系数约为70%,种的相似性系数约为30%,均起源于热带亚热带地区;属的热带区系成分与温带区系成分所占比例分别为68.7%和27.6%,存在一定的区系过渡性;该区系科的分化强度为3.2,属的分化强度为7.9,在科、属水平上均表现出较强的区系分化特征。 相似文献
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对横断山区伞形科棱子芹属2种植物(松潘棱子芹Pleurospermum franchetianumHemsl.和西藏棱子芹Pleurospermum hookeriC.B.Clarke var.thomsoniiC.B.Clarke)和茴芹属2种植物(异叶茴芹Pimpinella diversi-foliaDC.和锐叶茴芹Pimpinella argutaDiels)共7个居群进行体细胞染色体数目观察和核型比较分析,结果表明,棱子芹属和茴芹属植物属内种间染色体基数存在差异,其中松潘棱子芹为2n=2x=18=16sm 2st,西藏棱子芹为2n=2x=22=16m 6sm;茴芹属光果组中锐叶茴芹为2n=2x=22=22m,毛果组中异叶茴芹为2n=18=18st或2n=18=2sm 16st.松潘棱子芹、西藏棱子芹、锐叶茴芹的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道,从而为棱子芹属和茴芹属的分类和演化研究提供细胞学依据. 相似文献
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Abstract A synthesis of the epiphytic lichen vegetation on larch in the Italian Alps is presented. Vegetation types are described on the basis of a numerical classification of 291 relevés. They can be compared to a few well-known phytosociological unions found in other parts of the Alps. Some communities are restricted to subalpine areas with continental climate. Despite the homogeneity of the substrate, the flora is rich, with 98 species, several of which are rare, and hence of interest from a conservational point of view. 相似文献
16.
中国喀喇昆仑山地区离瓣花类植物有24科114属310种及11变种。分布种数大于60种的科有十字花科(66种)和豆科(63种),20~39种的有3科,10~19种的有4科,这9个科占该地区离瓣花类植物总属数的78.95%和总种数的88.39%,在本植物区系中占较大优势。单种属与寡种属有103属,在属级水平占绝对优势,但多种属与寡种属共含245种,在种级水平优势明显。对其地理成分分析包括8个分布区类型和14个变型,其中,温带或含温带分布的有67属194种,占该区总属数、种数的66.34%和79.18%,区系温带性质明显,且与地中海、西亚、中亚交流相对较多,而与东亚交流很少,缺乏热带分布型及中国特有分布型。与邻近区域相比,本区系与中国帕米尔高原的关系最为密切,相似系数最高,科级、属级与种级水平上,分别达82.14%、63.69%及33.86%;其次,在属级水平与阿富汗、东喜马拉雅及青藏高原相似性也分别达到17.92%、15.36%、16.26%,但种级相似性系数较低,仅为1.76%~5.69%,有一定联系。 相似文献
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草本沼泽是横断山区重要的湿地类型,为探明横断山区草本沼泽湿地水体中总氮、硝氮和氨氮的空间分布特征及其控制因素,于2014—2017年在横断山区对典型草本沼泽湿地开展水样采集和分析工作,同时收集降水量、地表大气温度、水温、水深、人口数量、GDP、家畜数量等环境数据。结果表明:(1)横断山区草本沼泽湿地水体中总氮含量表现出明显的纬向地带性和垂直地带性:总氮含量随纬度和海拔增加而下降,水温是控制这种地带性特征的主要因素。同时,随经度增加,水体中总氮含量也显著增加,社会经济发展因素是导致这种分布特征的主要原因;(2)横断山区沼泽湿地水体中硝氮和氨氮含量在海拔梯度上的变化趋势不明显;(3)随经度和纬度增加,沼泽湿地水体中硝氮含量逐渐增加,导致这种现象的主要原因是水深和水温;(4)随经度增加,沼泽湿地水体中氨氮的含量逐渐增加,但氨氮含量与自然环境因素和社会经济发展因素均无显著相关性。 相似文献
18.
横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫 总被引:5,自引:4,他引:5
横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪海相沉积分布非常广泛,在早石炭世杜内期至晚二叠世各沉积中均含有大量有孔虫化石,其中尤以维宪期和长兴期沉积中的有孔虫化石最为丰富和保存极佳。本文描述了较为常见和特征的分子共11科30属65种,其中8个为新种,根据分析和比较,横断山地区石炭纪和二叠纪有孔虫动物群的组合面貌和特征与我国华南地区同期地层中所见有孔虫动物基本一致,同属“南方型”生物群,同时也与特提斯海域同期地层中有孔虫动物群非常近似,因此可以说明横断山地区当时的海水不仅与我国华南海域及特提斯海域都是相通的,同时都繁衍着大致相同的有孔虫动物群,它们均生活在温暖和盐度较为正常的浅海水域中。 相似文献
19.
贡嘎山地区位于青藏高原的东南缘,横断山系的东北段,现有杜鹃属植物73种4变种2亚种。在贡嘎山地区东坡的不同垂直高度上分布有43种(包括变、亚种)杜鹃,西坡则分布有63种(包括变、亚种)。贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物的区系组成属于泛北极植物区,大致分为:1、中国-日本森林植物亚区,只有1种杜鹃。2、中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区,有78种(包括4变种, 2亚种),其中(1)1种分布于西藏、云南,并经云南入缅甸分布;(2)44种为四川特产;(3)5种为贡嘎山地区特有种。另外,贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物区系还有其特点:1、贡嘎山地区是杜鹃属植物分布中心之一;2、贡嘎山地区是杜鹃属植物分化中心之一;3、贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物有垂直替代现象。 相似文献
20.
横断山区蚜虫区系的特异性与历史渊源 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:3
文章系统分析了横断山区蚜虫区系的特异性,主要表现在:区系成分的复杂性、古北与东洋成分的交融性、区系组成的特有性和物种分布的间断性.进一步结合地质历史事件对横断山区蚜虫区系的历史渊源及其特异性演化进行了初步讨论.根据蚜虫类分布特点,建议古北区和东洋区在横断山区的分界线南移至丽江一线;横断山区蚜虫和其他地区的间隔分布可能是由地质历史上板块运动和青藏高原的隆升及第四纪冰期-间冰期的循环往复造成的;横断山区蚜虫区系是一个复合区系,同其他动物地理区划如新北区、澳洲区、非洲区等的蚜虫区系都有密切的历史渊源,青藏高原和横断山区的隆起及第四纪冰期-间冰期的循环往复又使得本区蚜虫区系有着独特的演化历程,从而造成了本区蚜虫区系的特有性. 相似文献