东北地区中生代化石木异木属及其古生态

迄今为止,我国共了现异木属（Ｘｅｎｏｘｙｌｏｎ）化石木１０种（包括２新种）,它们是Ｘ．ｌａｔｉｐｏｒｏｓｕｍ,Ｘ．ｃｏｎｃｈｙｌｉａｎｕｍ,Ｘ．ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｍ,Ｘ．ｅｌｌｉｐｔｉｃｕｍ,Ｘ．ｈｏｐｅｉｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｐｅｉｄｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｙｉｘｉａｎｅｎｓｅ,Ｘ．ｆｕｘｉｎｅｎｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．,Ｘ．ｈｕｏｌｉｎｈｅｎｅｓｅ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。文中对该属的古生态作了     

CONIFER WOOD FROM THE UPPER JURASSIC OF UTAH PART I: XENOXYLON MORRISONENSE SP. NOV.

A new species of conifer wood, Xenoxylon morrisonense, is described from the Morrison Formation on the Colorado Plateau. It is compared with other species of Xenoxylon, with X. latiporosum being the closest. Xenoxylon morrisonense differs from X. latiporosum in its marked indentations, simple pits on the horizontal and tangential walls of ray cells, absence of crassulae, presence of wood parenchyma, and thin borders on podocarpoid type crossfield pits. The origin of the septa in the tracheids is summarized, and the possible affinity of Xenoxylon with the Podocarpaceae is considered.     

Structure and diversity of the Mesozoic wood genus Xenoxylon in Far East Asia: implications for terrestrial palaeoclimates

Although the faunal elements of Far East Asian Mesozoic terrestrial biota have attracted much attention in recent years, their palaeoecology remains poorly known. In particular, features of the palaeoclimate are highly controversial. To address this point we used the Mesozoic fossil wood Xenoxylon , a genus recognized as an indicator of wet temperate biotopes and which is common in the area during the Carnian–Maastrichtian interval. We re-appraised bibliographic data and gathered new data for Xenoxylon in the Mesozoic of Far East Asia. This demonstrated that previous taxonomic approaches to the genus have been so far idiosyncratic. We examined the anatomical diversity of morphogenus Xenoxylon in Far East Asia and compared it to that of samples from Europe. This indicates that in an area centred on north-eastern China, Xenoxylon reached a level of anatomical diversity unmatched elsewhere in the world. We hypothesize that this diversity witnesses the persistence of palaeoecological conditions particularly suitable for Xenoxylon and that a wet temperate climate prevailed over most of the area throughout the Carnian–Maastrichtian interval. It is in this setting that the famous Jehol Biota probably evolved.     

中国东北辽宁省西部几种中生代化石木

对产自辽宁省西部中生代化石木进行了解剖学研究。经鉴定,它们是：朝阳原始云杉型木（新种）（Ｐｒｏｔｏｐｉｃｅｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｃｈａｏｙａｎｇｅｎｓｅ Ｄｕａｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）,西部南洋杉型木（Ａｒａｕｃａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｓｉｄｕｇａｗａｅｎｓｅ Ｓｈｉｍａｋｕｒａ）,巴图南洋杉型木（新种）（Ａｒａｕｃａｒｉｏｘｙｌｏｎ ｂａｔｕｅｎｓｅ Ｄｕａｎ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．）和辽西紫杉型木（新种）（Ｔａｘｏｘ     

A New Genus (Protosciadopityoxylon gen. nov.) of Early Cretaceous Fossil Wood from Liaoning,China

A new genus ( Protosciadopityoxylon gen nov. ) of Early Cretaceous fossil wood reported in the present paper was discovered from Liaoning Province, China, and is named as a new species:Protosciadopityoxylon liaoningense gen. et sp. nov. It is described here and this generic name, adopted by the authors, is employed for fossil wood that is believed to be nearly related to the recent genus Sciadopitys and the fossil genus Sciadopityoxylon. The new genus bears some similarities to Protophyllocladoxylon,Protocircoporoxylon and Xenoxylon in different geological ages, but it differs from them in the types of cross-field pitting.     

Lower and middle Jurassic woods of the Cleveland Basin (North Yorkshire), England

Allochthonous Lower and Middle Jurassic (Pliensbachian–Bathonian) permineralized and charcoalified woods from the Cleveland Basin (North Yorkshire, England) are assigned to five genera of gymnospermous wood ( Cupressinoxylon spp., Taxodioxylon spp., Cedroxylon spp., Xenoxylon Araucarioxylon ) and two species ( Xenoxylon phyllocladoides Araucarioxylon lindlei ). Cell structure is commonly well preserved, particularly in calcified and charcoalified samples, and several features of the growth rings have palaeoclimatological significance. These include distinct growth rings, commonly narrow latewood, low to moderate annual sensitivity and mean sensitivity values, and presence of false rings. Overall, these characteristics reflect fairly consistent growth, both during the growing season and from year to year. Temporally, there is a transition towards narrower rings of more variable width, proportionally wider latewood, and more abundant false rings in Bathonian woods. Water supply is interpreted as the primary limiting control on growth and was probably more restricted in the Bathonian. This is suggested to be a consequence of relatively low sea-level and, more importantly, a genuinely drier climate at this time, manifested as an accentuated annual dry season. In all, the increase in seasonality during the Early and Mid Jurassic in North Yorkshire is compatible with the effects of a developing Mediterranean-type climate.     

Structure and affinities of the petrified plants from the cretaceous of Northern Japan and Saghalien III petrified plants from the upper cretaceous of Saghalien

Five species including two new species,Araucarioxylon kiiense Ogura,Taxodioxylon albertense (Penhal.) Shimakura,Cupressinoxylon cryptomerioides Stopes,Xenoxylon watarianum sp. nov. andCedroxylon shimakurae sp. nov., were described from the Upper Cretaceous (Late Turonian-Santonian) of southern Saghalien. Consecutive number from the previous paper (Nishida and Nishida, 1985). Contributions from the Laboratory of Phylogenetic Botany, Chiba University No. 100. Supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture No. 59540441.     

A Petrified Forest from Beijing

This paper deals with some fossil woods found in a hill near to Xiadelongwan village, Yanqing district, about 120 km north of Beijing. There are more than 30 thick fossil trunks 0.6–2.5 m in diameter. They arc erect above the ground 30–50 cm, grey, light brown and grey-black in color. Two species are identified: Xenoxylon latiporosum (Cramer) Gothan and X. sp. along with Zamites sp. and Neocalamites sp. All of them are from the Houcheng Formation of late Middle Jurassic. These fossils are well- preserved. It show that the climate of Beijing by the Middle Jurassic was subtropical, hot and damp, rich in rainfall. The well-marked growth-rings of these woods show that the seasonal changes were quite clear. Spring woods are very wide which indicates that the growth rate was very fast.     

辽西义县下白垩统沙海组木化石新材料

辽西地区下白垩统沙海组是我国北方地区重要的白垩纪木化石产出层位,其产出的木化石数量丰富、类型多样.尽管前人开展了部分研究,但目前对沙海组木化石植物群组成特征的认识仍相对薄弱.本文报道了辽西义县上石洞沟地区沙海组产出的木化石新材料,共鉴定出2属3种,分别为:Phyllocladoxylon cf.eboracense(H...     

Reappraisal of two of Witham's species of fossil wood with taxonomical and nomenclatural notes on Planoxylon Stopes, Protocedroxylon Gothan and Xenoxylon Gothan

Fossil wood collections at the Natural History Museum, London, were searched for the type material of two important species, described as early as 1831 by Witham, on the basis of material at least partly furnished by Nicol and collected in the Liassic of Whitby (Yorkshire, UK). The names given to these two species by Witham are the basionyms for more than ten other species names, while these species names also provide syntypes for several generic names. Despite this, the original material has been only rarely and partly revised, leading to much confusion.We managed to locate some of the original material. Several topotypes were also studied. On the basis of this review we propose here a neotypification for Peuce huttoniana Witham, a lectotypification for Cupressinoxylon barberi Seward and a lectotypification for Tiloxylon Hartig. We evidence several taxonomical and nomenclatural synonymies, assign Peuce lindleyana Witham to Protocedroxylon and P. huttoniana to Xenoxylon Gothan, and introduce the new combination Xenoxylon huttonianum (Witham) nov. comb. as the correct name for Xenoxylon ellipticum Gottwald & Holleis ex Schultze-Motel.A topotype of Araucariopitys americana Hollick & Jeffrey was also reviewed, which, together with previous results, leads us to suggest that Araucariopitys Hollick & Jeffrey, Protocedroxylon Gothan and Planoxylon Stopes should not be considered as taxonomical synonyms. This point is crucial to the interpretation of the fossil record of Early Abietinae.     

Fossil coniferous wood from the Middle Jurassic of Liaoning Province, China

Silicified coniferous wood was collected from the Lanqi Formation (late Middle Jurassic in age) at Shebudaigou Village, Liaoning Province, China. Three taxa are identified, namely Pinoxylon dacotense Knowlton, Xenoxylon phyllocladoides Gothan, and Araucariopitys sp. Based on these new data, and those of other fossil plants reported previously from the same formation, we consider the climate during the deposition of the Lanqi Formation was subtropical, humid and seasonal. In this respect the Lanqi flora differs from the coeval Shimengou and Longmen floras from North China. The Longmen flora was deposited during more humid, subtropical conditions, while the Shimengou Formation indicates that the climate was warm temperate and dry. Our data would suggest that the Late Jurassic climatic pattern was initiated as early as the late Middle Jurassic.     

Two Fossil Woods from Heilongjiang Sheng of China

Two fossil coniferous woods, Xenoxylon latiporosum (Cramer) Gothan and Protopiceoxylon amurense sp. nov. found in Heilongjiang Sheng of China are described in this paper. The diagnosis of Protopiceoxylon amurense sp. nov. is as follows: Growth rings distinct. The transition from the early wood to the late wood slightly abrupt. Tracheids of the early wood square to rectangular in the transverse section. Bordered pits on the radial walls of early wood traeheids 1-2-seriate, opposite, circular with round apertures. The erassula well marked. Walls of the late wood traeheids much thickened. Rays uniseriate and partly biseriate, 1–45 cells high. The highness of the biseriate part is often more than 2/3 that of the ray. Transverse walls of ray cells rather densely pitted and the tangential walls with marked nodular thickenings. The pitting of the cross-field is small, simple or taxodioid type. The axial wood parenchyma absent. The axial resin canal, both traumatic and normal, present, separate or gathered in tangential rows. Epithelial cells with thickwalls are more than 10 in number. The affinities of the two woods are discussed. The age of the fossil woods is assigned to Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous. It is inferred that they grew in the then north subtropical warm temperate zone and on a hilly area with an elevation of 1000 metres approximately.     

Preservation of phosphatic wood remains in marine deposits of the Brentskardhaugen Bed (Middle Jurassic) from Svalbard (Boreal Realm)

The exceptional record of well-preserved wood remains from the Middle Jurassic of Svalbard is studied from the taphonomic point of view. These remains were recovered from the Brentskardhaugen Bed, a conglomerate with phosphatic nodules, which constitutes the record of the eroded deposits corresponding to the Toarcian–Early Bathonian gap. The wood remains occur in the cores of these nodules. These wood fragments are preserved as phosphate (francolite) and as charcoals. The well preservation allows us to identify xenoxyloid cross-field pits and xenoxylean pitting on the radial wall of tracheid, characterizing the species Xenoxylon phyllocladoides. Phosphatic nodules originated as the result of early phosphate precipitation filling the inter-particle pore space of the sandy quartz sediment around the wood fragments (and other organic-rich nucleation centers) below the sediment–water interface. This phosphatization involved a sudden burial of the wood remains in the sea-bottom, the subsequent decay of the lignin, and a fast growth of carbonate fluorapatite forming phosphatic inner moulds. Fossil microbial biofilms induced the phosphatization. The dissolution/decay of the lignin is not possible in charcoal, and phosphatic casts did not develop in charcoalified parts. Some remains were not totally charred, with the lignin preserved only in reduced relicts that were later replaced by phosphate. The phosphate precipitation occurred in recurrent episodes during the Toarcian–Callovian as a result of distinct sea-level rises and the associated nutrification of the shelf. The phosphatic nodules were developed and reworked during the transgressive–regressive cycle of the Toarcian–Early Bathonian, as well as during the final transgression of the Late Bathonian–Earliest Callovian, which resulted in the Brentskardhaugen Bed.     

Helminth parasites of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta belli (Gray), including Neopolystoma elizabethae n. sp. (Monogenea: Polystomatidae), a parasite of the conjunctival sac

Neopolystoma elizabethae n. sp. is described from the conjunctival sac of the western painted turtle Chrysemys picta belli (Gray), from the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. This is the first species found in this location from chelonians in North America. The new species differs from all other species of Neopolystoma in possessing a circle of 8 genital spines that are recurved and possess a crescent-shaped base. Eight additional species of helminths were found in the 5 turtles examined in this study. All are common parasites of North American freshwater turtles. An additional species of Monogenea (Polystomoidespauli) was found in the oral cavity. Four species of Digenea (Eustomos chelydrae, Allassostomoides chelydrae, Spirorchis kirki, and Spirorchis parvus) and 3 species of Nematoda (Spiroxys contorta, Serpinema trispinosus, and Amphibiocapillaria serpentina) were also found. The following are reported from Michigan for the first time: P. pauli, S. kirki, and A. serpentina.     

Diversity of terrestrial isopod species along a transect through northern Israel

The distribution of isopod species along a 70 km transect through northern Israel is described. The transect started from the Mediterranean seashore through Mt. Carmel and the Gilboa Mts. to the Jordan Valley. The habitats ranged from grassland, macqui to woodland in the Mediterranean region, onto grassland in the semi-arid region. Thirty isopod species were found, of these only one species was common to all the regions, and two species were found in four out of five regions. The largest number of species inhabited the mountainous habitats of Mt. Carmel and the Gilboa Mts: 20 and 14 species, respectively. Twelve species were found in the Coastal Plain; five of these were found exclusively there. Two of the four species found in the Jordan Valley were characteristic of that semi-arid region. Beta-diversity was found to be low in most cases and especially in the comparison between Mediterranean and semi-arid habitats.     

Helminthic fauna of commercial fishes from the Saya-de-Malya bank (Indian Ocean)

The data on infestation of 8 species of commercial fishes from Saya-de-Malya bank (the Indian Ocean) are presented. 43 helminth species were identified: 10 Monogenea species, 18 trematode, 7 cestode and 8 nematode species. The mature worms are observed to be related to a certain host, whereas the nematode and cestode larvae have wide specificity. High infestation degree by Anisakis larvae is found in fishes, especially in Carangidae. At the bank area fishes are found to be free from Acanthocephala while those Acanthocephala are found in fishes from other areas of the Indian Ocean which may be attributed to the specific diet at the Saya-de-Malya bank. On the whole the helminth fauna of fishes examined at the Saya-de-Malya bank does not demonstrate the endemic pattern. The most specific helminth species were found in some fish species.     

Potential role of seed banks and understory species in restoring quaking fens from floating forests

Quaking fens and floating forests in the Westbroek Polder, the Netherlands, have seed banks with an estimated mean total seed density of 920 and 690 seeds m^-2, respectively. Fifty nine species were found in two or more quaking fens of which 39 were also found in their seed banks. Fifty species were found in two or more floating-forests and 31 of these were also found in their seed banks. The seed banks of fens and forests had 36 species in common. The seed banks of fens and forests were more similar (Spearman rank order correlation coefficients of 0.64 on the basis of percent presence and 0.61 on the basis of mean seed density in the seed bank and mean species cover in the vegetation) than were the seed banks and vegetation of either fens or forests (0.46 and 0.46 for fens; 0.26 and 0.23 for forests).When the tree canopy is removed from a floating forest to try to restore it to a quaking fen, it is predicted that a total of 47 species from the floating-forest understory will persist. Eleven of these species are not present in fens. Fifteen additional species can become established potentially from the forest seed banks. Sixteen species found in fens, however, are predicted to be missing from cleared sites. Of these 16 species, 7 are uncommon aquatic-and fen species.     

A new species of Acantholimon Boiss. sect Staticopsis (Plumbaginaceae) from North Anatolia, Turkey

A new species, Acantholimon yildizelicum (Plumbaginaceae) is described and illustrated. The species is found in Astragalus sp. and Festuca sp. steppe in Çamlibel Mountain around Yidizeli (B6 Sivas) in North Anatolia, Turkey. Diagnostic morphological characteristics from the closely related species are discussed and conservation statuses of the species is given. A revised key to Acantholimon species with scapes lacking or inflorescence borne at level of leaves and bracts pubescent is also given for the species found in Turkey.     

中国半胶菌属研究小记(英文)

总结了我国半胶菌属的种类。该属在我国共发现三种,其中类革半胶菌为中国新记录种,该种与本属其他种的区别是子实体平伏反卷、孔口表面奶油色至浅粉红色、生殖菌丝具简单分隔。根据中国的材料对该种进行了详细描述和显微结构绘图。