Synopsis of Leymus Hochst. （Triticeae： Poaceae）

Leymus is a genus in the Triticeae tribe, Poaceae. The taxa of this genus are allopolyploid species which possess the Ns and Xm genomes. According to cytological, cytogenetic and molecular genetic analyses, some species of Hystrix and Elymus ought to be transferred to this genus. A world revision of the genus Leymus is needed. In this paper we summarize experimental results, provide a key to sections, species and varieties, and list all the taxa we recognize in Leymus with their synonyms. This synopsis is a new taxonomic system to be used for the revision of Leymus.     

前胡族花粉外壁超微结构及其系统学意义(英文)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of pollen grains of 18 species belongingto 18 respective genera of the tribe Peucedaneae Drude revealed distinct ultrastructural difference in thepollen exine, including the thickness and features of rectum, columnar layer, foot layer and endexine. Thesystematic position of those 18 species are re-evaluated based on their ultrastructural characteristics ofpollen exine observed in this study. Seven genera related to Angelica L. in Angelicinae Drude have beendeduced to genus Angelica L. For example, Osterfcum grosseserratum (Maxim.) Kitagawa was changed toAngelica L. by some authors, but it differs from Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels in having well developedtectum which is thicker than the columnar layer and foot layer. Its columnar layer is quite well-developedwith long and branched columellae. Besides its surface is tuberculated. Evidently, its development exceedsthat of Angelica sinensis. However, it is only a moderate evolutional species in its genus, and the Angelicasinensis accounts as the most advanced species in Angelica Diels, thus, placing genus Ostencum Hoffm.in Angelica L is not suitable, it may be more appropriate to keep its original position. In addition, Ferulaakitschkensis B. Fedtsch. ex K.-Pol. differs greatly from those of Talassia transiliensis (Herd.) Korov. andSchumannia turcomnnia Kuntze, because of its very well-developed columnar layer, being about four tofive times thicker than the total of tectum and foot layer, tuberculated tectum surface and complicatedstructure of columnellae. As another species Heracleum forrestJ‘iWolff also differs from Semenovia rubtzovii(Schischk.) Monden. in having an even thickness of exine and well-developed columnar layer, it seemssuitable that they should also be treated as two independent genera.     

On the complementarity of DNA barcoding and morphology to distinguish benign endemic insects from possible pests: the case of Dirioxa pornia and the tribe Acanthonevrini (Diptera: lephritidae: Phytalmiinae) in Australia

Fruit flies are considered economically important insects due to some species being agricultural pests.However,morphological identification of fruit fly adults and larvae can be difficult requiring a high level of taxonomic expertise,with misidentifications causing problematic false-positiv/negative results.While destructive molecular techniques can assist with the identification process,these often cannot be applied where it is mandatory to retain a voucher reference specimen.In this work,we non-destructively(and partialdestructively)processed larvae and adults mostly belonging to the species Dirioxa pornia(Walker,1849),of the poorly studied nonpest fruit fly tribe Acanthonevrini(Tephritidae)from Australia,to enable molecular identifications whilst retaining morphological vouchers.By retaining the morphological features of specimens,we confirmed useful characters for genus/species-level identification,contributing to improved accuracy for future diagnostics using both molecular and morphological approaches.We provide DNA barcode information for three species of Acanthonevrini known from Australia,which prior to our study was only available for a single species,D.pornia.Our specimen examinations provide new distribution records for three nonpest species:Acanthonevroides variegatus Permkam and Hancock,1995 in South Australia,Acanthonevroides basalis (Walker,1853)and D.pornia in Victoria,Australia;as well as new host plant records for D.pornia,from kangaroo apple,apricot and loquat.     

Molecular phylogeny reveals the non-monophyly of tribe Yinshanieae(Brassicaceae) and description of a new tribe,Hillielleae

The taxonomic treatment within the unigeneric tribe Yinshanieae(Brassicaceae) is controversial, owing to differences in generic delimitation applied to its species. In this study, sequences from nuclear ITS and chloroplast trn L-F regions were used to test the monophyly of Yinshanieae, while two nuclear markers(ITS, ETS) and four chloroplast markers(trnL-F, trn H-psbA, rps16, rpL32-trnL) were used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships within the tribe. Using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference methods, we reconstructed the phylogeny of Brassicaceae and Yinshanieae. The results show that Yinshanieae is not a monophyletic group, with the taxa splitting into two distantly related clades: one clade contains four taxa and falls in Lineage I, whereas the other includes all species previously placed in Hilliella and is embedded in the Expanded Lineage II. The tribe Yinshanieae is redefined, and a new tribe, Hillielleae, is proposed based on combined evidence from molecular phylogeny, morphology, and cytology.     

NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES OF ISOMETOPIDAE FROM CHINA (Hemiptera - Heteroptera)

The present paper deals with four species belonging to three genera, in which a genus (Paraletabo gen. nov.) and four species are described as new to science, a genus (Sophianus Distant) is recorded for the first time from China. The type specimens are deposited in the Department of Biology, Nankai University. The new genus and new species are briefly diangnosed as follows.     

Nucleopolyhedrovirus Introduction in Australia

Nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) has become an integral part of integrated pest management (IPM) in many Australian agricultural and horticultural crops. This is the culmination of years of work conducted by researchers at the Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (QDPI&F) and Ag Biotech Australia Pty Ltd. In the early 1970’s researchers at QDPI&F identified and isolated a virus in Helicoverpa armigera populations in the field. This NPV was extensively studied and shown to be highly specific to Helicoverpa and Heliothis species. Further work showed that when used appropriately the virus could be used effectively to manage these insects in crops such as sorghum, cotton, chickpea and sweet corn. A similar virus was first commercially produced in the USA in the 1970’s. This product, Elcar?, was introduced into Australia in the late 1970’s by Shell Chemicals with limited success. A major factor contributing to the poor adoption of Elcar was the concurrent enormous success of the synthetic pyrethroids. The importance of integrated pest management was probably also not widely accepted at that time. Gradual development of insect resistance to synthetic pyrethroids and other synthetic insecticides in Australia and the increased awareness of the importance of IPM meant that researchers once again turned their attentions to environmentally friendly pest management tools such NPV and beneficial insects. In the 1990’s a company called Rhone-Poulenc registered an NPV for use in Australian sorghum, chickpea and cotton. This product, Gemstar?, was imported from the USA. In 2000 Ag Biotech Australia established an in-vivo production facility in Australia to produce commercial volumes of a product similar to the imported product. This product was branded, ViVUS?, and was first registered and sold commercially in Australia in 2003. The initial production of ViVUS used a virus identical to the American product but replicating it in an Australian Helicoverpa species, H. armigera. Subsequent research collaboration between QDPI&F and Ag Biotech reinvigorated interest in the local virus strain. This was purified and the production system adapted to produce it on a commercial scale. This new version of ViVUS, which was branded ViVUS Gold?, was first registered and sold commercially in 2004. Widespread insect resistance to insecticides and a greater understanding of integrated pest management is leading to increased adoption of technologies such NPV in Australian agriculture.     

A REVIEW OF THE GENUS A CRICOTOPUS KIEFFER （DIPTERA： CHIRONOMIDAE） IN CHINA

The genus Acricotopus Kieffer including three species from China is reviewed.Acricotopus lucens (Zetterstedt) is reexamined. Two species A. simplex sp. nov. and A.zhalingensis sp. nov. are described as male imagines. Acricotopus simplex sp. nov. was collected from Xizang, Sichuan and Qinghai Provinces; the species differs from others of the genus by the absence of hind tibial comb, temporal and clypeal seta. Acricotopus zhalingensis sp. nov. was collected from Qinghai Province; the species is recognized by a combination of characters: the larger body size; the clypeus without setae; anal lobe strongly produced, nearly hemispherical shape; inferior volsella triangular, strongly sclerotized; gonostylus with 13 very long setae. A key to the world males of the genus is presented. The generic diagnosis is emended.All the types described in this paper are deposited in Department of Biology, Nankai University,China (BDN).     

Development of setal patterns in embryonic and adult aphids of the Hormaphidinae （Hemiptera： Aphididae）

The elementary traits and diversity of embryonic setal patterns of 31 species of 22 genera, in three tribes of Hormaphidinae are studied. The embryonic setal patterns to every species are provided. Based on the parsimony principle and the developmental principle, these patterns are analyzed in each tribe following the terminology of Richards （1965）. It is suggested that the setal patterns of abdominal tergites are the most important characters in embryonic and adult setal patterns. In conclusion, neoteny is a phylogenetic trend in the Hormaphidinae. Nipponaphidini and Hormaphidini have more typical neoteny in each genus and more diversity in different types of adult viviparous females than Cerataphidini, by showing more frequent and various protopatterns or mesopatterns.     

Species Account of Anura ns from the Western Slope of Mt. Kita nglad,Mindanao Island,Philippines

The Mt. Kitanglad Range is one of the country’s important key biodiversity sites;however, information about anuran diversity in this protected area remains depauperate. Herein we provided accounts of anuran species from high-elevation forests, in three sites of the western slope of Mt. Kitanglad range. The combined belt-transect sampling and microha bitat searches accounted for 13 species representing five families. The most represented family was Rhacophoridae with five representative species of the genus Philautus. Twelve out of the 13 species documented in the current survey are endemic. Four previously unaccounted species(Pelophr yne brevipes, Pulchrana grandocula, Sanguirana mearnsi, and Philautus surrufus) were added and brought the total anurans known from Mt. Kitanglad to 26 species. Most of the species were also recorded in forested sites, suggestive of their lesser affinity to non-forested ecosystems. The additional species detected during our survey may also imply that full understanding of anuran diversity of Mt. Kitanglad remains far from complete.     

细基格孢属一新种和两个中国新记录种

A new species and two new Chinese records in the genus Ulocladium from soil are reported. New species is Ulocladium leve, and the new records are U. alternariae and U. consortiale. Latin diagnosis of the new species is presented. Holotype specimen (dried culture) of the new species and dried cultures of two new records are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).     

世界奇蚁属第三种记述(膜翅目:蚁科)

The third species of the ant genus Perissomyrmex in the world, P.fissus sp. nov., is collected from Ailao Mountain Nature Reserve of Yunnan Province. Perissomyrmex is a new record genus in China. Taxonomic key based on worker caste is provided for the 3 species: P.snyderi Smith, P monticola de Andrade, and P fissus sp. nov.     

蟦科昆虫地理分布研究初探

In the present paper,the origin of the fa-mily Perlidae and the distribution characters of the tribe and the subfamily were summarized and analyzed.Based on the distribution of the genera in the world,the eight distribution types of the genera were divided.In addition,the distribution characters of the Perlidae in China were also probed preliminarily.So far two subfamilies,four tribe and twenty genera have been found in China.Ten of them,of which three genera are endemic to China,are the Oriental genera;one Palaearctic genus;three Oriental-Palaearctic genera;one Oriental-Nearctic genus;four Oriental-Palaearctic-Nearctic genera and one Oriental-Palaearctic-Nearctic-Afrotropical genus.Moreover,the main distribution character of Chinese Perlidae is that most of the species distribute Central China region,South China region and Southwest China region.The Central China region centralizes the distribution and the break of the perlid species,and made the dispersal for the others regions.     

Pollen Morphology of Parnassia L. （Parnassiaceae） and Its Systematic Implications

The pollen morphology of 28 species of Parnassia L. was investigated with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The shape of pollen grains in this genus varies from subspheroidal to prolate in equatorial view and is three-lobed circular in the polar view. Pollen grains are usually radially symmetrical, isopolar, tricolporate or syntricolporate, with reticulate sculpture. The pollen characteristics among species are fairly similar to each other. Morphological information regarding the pollen grains shows that Parnassia is a natural genus. Based on exine ornamentation observed under SEM, three types of pollen grains were recognized: (i) type I, with foveolate-reticulate sculpture; (ii) type II, with a finely reticulate sculpture; and (iii) type III, with a coarsely reticulate sculpture. Most sections of this genus have one type of sculpture of pollen morphology, but Sect. Nectarotrilobos has three types of sculpture and Sect.Saxifragastrum has two types of sculpture. All three types of sculpture can be found in Southwest China,with species with the longest (Parnassia delavayi Franch.) and shortest (Parnassiafaberi Oliv.) colpi,implying that Southwest China is the center of diversification of the genus.     

A New Acylated Anthocyanin from the Red Flowers of Camellia hongkongensis and Characterization of Anthocyanins in the Section Camellia Species

Twelve anthocyanins （1-12） were isolated from the red flowers of Camellia hongkongensis Seem. by chromatography using open columns. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, that is, proton-nuclear magnetic resonance, carbon 13-nuclear magnetic resonance, heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation, heteronuclear multiple bond correlation, high resolution electrospray ionization mass and ultraviolet visible spectroscopies. Out of these anthocyanins, a novel acylated anthocyanin, cyanidin 3-O-（6-O-（Z）-p-coumaroyl）-β-galactopyranoside （6）, two known acylated anthocyanins, cyanidin 3-O-（6-O-（E）-p-coumaroyl）-β-galactopyranoside （7） and cyanidin 3-O-（6-O-（E）-caffeoyl）-~- galactopyranoside （8）, and three known delphinidin glycosides （10-12） were for the first time isolated from the genus Camellia. Furthermore, pigment components in C. japonica L., C. chekiangoleosa Hu and C. semiserrata Chi were studied. The results indicated that the distribution of anthocyanins was differed among these species. Delphinidin glycoside was only detected in the flowers of C. hongkongensis, which is a special and important species in the section Camellia. Based on the characterization of anthocyanins in the section Camellia species, there is a close relationship among these species, and C. hongkongensis might be an important parent for creating new cultivars with bluish flower color.     

Developmental pathways for shaping spike inflorescence architecture in barley and wheat

Grass species display a wide array of inflorescences ranging from highly branched compound/panicle inflorescences to unbranched spike inflorescences. The unbranched spike is a characteristic feature of the species of tribe Triticeae, including economically important crops,such as wheat and barley. In this review, we describe two important developmental genetic mechanisms regulating spike inflorescence architecture in barley and wheat.These include genetic regulation of(i) row-type pathway specific to Hordeum species and(ii) unbranched spike development in barley and wheat. For a comparative understanding, we describe the branched inflorescence phenotypes of rice and maize along with unbranched Triticeae inflorescences. In the end, we propose a simplified model describing a probable mechanism leading to unbranched spike formation in Triticeae species.     

NOVAJ SPECIOJ KAJ NOVA REKORDO DE UROSTYLIDAE EL CINIO NEW SPECIES AND NEW RECORD OF UROSTYLIDAE FROM CHINA( Hemiptera:Heteroptera)

Three ganera and five species of Urostylidae are reported from China inthe present paper, three species belonging to the genus Urolabida, one toUrochela and one to Urochellus. Among them, a species is recorded for thefirst time from this country, while all the ramaining are described as new toscience. The type species are separately deposited in the Institute of Zoology,Academia Sinica and the Department of Biology, Nankai University. All themeasurements are in millimeters.     

Patterns of ramet population of Iris japonica Thunb. and their effects on herb diversity in different microsites on Jinyun Mountain, China

Spatial patterns of ramet population of Iris japonica Thunb. and their effect on species diversity in the herb layer of 3 microsites (open area of forest edge (OAFE), bamboo forest (BF) and evergreen broad-leaved forest (EBF)) on Jinyun Mountain were studied using spatial pattern, niche and diversity analyses in a combination of population and community methods. The results were as follows: (1) judged by V/m and Morisita index (Iδ), ramet population of I. japonica in 3 microsites all clumped from scale 0.5 m × 0.5 m to 2 m × 2 m; (2) the pattern scale and pattern intensity both gradually decreased on all scales, and the density of ramet population of I. japonica decreased with the increase in canopy density and the decrease in relative photon flux density (RPFD) and R/FR from OAFE to EBF. In OAFE and BF, widespread I. japonica had significantly negative influence on the dominance of original dominant species and on species diversity in the herb layer (p < 0.05), while those influences in EBF were extremely weak. The mechanisms that pattern characteristics of ramet population of I. japonica influence herb diversity in 3 microsites were different. In OAFE, strong regeneration niche (above-ground spatial and below-ground root) and trophic niche (nutrient) competition had significantly negative influence on the species diversity of rare herbs and dwarf herbs. In BF, strong regeneration niche (below-ground root) and trophic niche (above-ground for light and below-ground for nutrient) competition had negative effect on the occurrence of rare species and on the survival of other herb species. In EBF, weak niche competition had little effect on the survival of herb species. Intensity of regeneration niche and trophic niche competition between I. japonica and other herb species is the determinant to the mechanism that ramet population of I. japonica influences herb diversity.     

Molecular Phylogeny Supports the Validity of Polypedates impresus Yang 2008

The taxonomy of the Asian tree frogs of the Polypedates leucomystax complex, a group of widespread and morphologically similar species, is very controversial. To ascertain the taxonomic status of these species, we investi- gated the historical relationships among representative samples based on ～ 2 kb of nucleotide sequences from the mitochondrial 12S rRNA, tRNAvaline, and 16S rRNA genes. Our phylogeny resolved five well supported lineages(A, B, C, D and E) in the P. leucomystax complex. Polypedates impresus from Yunnan, China, Polypedates cf. mutus and Polypedates cf. megacephalus from Guangxi and Yunnan, China, and Laos constructed Clade C, which is monophyletic. In order to recognize the unique position of this clade, we considered P. impresus in Clade C as a valid species. Following our phylogeny, Chinese Polypedates, corresponding to the other four clades, should include four species: P. mutus(Clade A); P. braueri(Clade B); P. impresus(Clade C) and P. megacephalus(Clade D). P. leucomystax(Clade E) is mainly distributed in the Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.