江苏溧阳神墩遗址地层的孢粉记录研究

对采自太湖西部的江苏溧阳市神墩遗址地层的17块土样进行了孢粉分析和研究,结果表明:在距今约7千年以前,研究地区尚无人类活动的痕迹,遗址点周围主要生长常绿和落叶阔叶混交林,如青冈、枫香、胡桃、栎、枫杨、悬铃木、榆和松等,反映比较温暖湿润的气候条件。马家浜文化早期气候温暖湿润,体现出良好的生存环境,但向晚期过渡时,气候环境发生变化,温凉偏干。马家浜文化晚期,遗址周围为亚热带常绿阔叶林,森林繁茂,气候温暖湿润,自然环境比较适宜人类活动与居住。良渚文化时期,木本植物花粉明显减少,草本花粉增加,约占孢粉总数的50%,气候环境为温凉。草本植物花粉中直径大于37μm的禾本科含量很大,达37.1%,可能是先人类进驻,开始进行农作,有水稻和小麦等农作物的大量种植。春秋时期,气候条件比良渚时期要好,较温湿,环纹藻等藻类孢子有较多出现,说明遗址区可能曾被淡水淹没成湖沼环境。     

浙江省森林信息提取及其变化的空间分布

如何利用遥感技术提取森林信息是遥感应用的重要领域之一。以不同时相的Landsat TM/ETM+为数据源,采用面向对象和基于多级决策树的分类方法得到浙江省2000年、2005年以及2010年的森林植被覆被图。经实地采样点验证,2010年分类精度达到92.76%,精度满足要求。介绍了浙江森林信息的快速提取方法,即统计不同森林类型的Landsat TM影像原始波段和LBV变换值以及各种植被指数在各时相上的差异,经过C5决策树训练,选取合适的规则和阈值实现森林信息的提取。结果表明,面向对象分割与决策树算法结合可以作为森林信息提取的有效方法。最后,通过对3期森林专题图进行空间叠加分析,得到了森林资源动态变化的空间分布,并以此为基础对林地变化的类型及原因进行分析,结果显示浙江省森林资源变化主要分布在浙西北山区、浙中南山区以及沿海地带,这一结果可以为有关部门的决策提供依据。     

江苏宜兴龙池山现代植被表土孢粉的初步研究

江苏宜兴龙池山森林自然保护区表土花粉分析结果表明,表土孢粉植物群主要以栎属(Quercus)、松属(Pinus)、青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)、栲属(Castanopsis)/柯属(Lithocarpus)、栗属(Castanea)占优势的木本植物组成,混生有枫香属(Liquidambar)、杨梅属(Myrica)、冬青属(Ilex)、女贞属(Ligustrum)、紫树属(Nyssa)、盐肤木属(Rhus)、黄连木属(Pistacia)等亚热带常见植物类型。研究区不同海拔高度的表土孢粉组合特征基本反映了当地现今的植物构成、植被面貌及其垂直分布规律。结合长江三角洲及其周边地区其他代表性表土花粉资料,首次提出以常绿阔叶木本植物与落叶阔叶木本植物含量之比(E/D),并结合重要优势、标志木本植物科属,初步识别和确立各地带性森林植被的表土花粉指标,为这一地区开展第四纪古植被和古气候等孢粉研究提供参考性依据。     

Vegetational Development and Climatic Changes in the Last 10000 Years in Beijing

In the previous paper authors found the vegetational and climatic changes in the past 30,000–10,000 years in Beijing. This paper is based on the informations of the sporo-pollen assemblages obtained from the Gaolizang, Dawangzhang, Yinjiahe, Xiwu- tiyng etc. with drilling cores in the vicinity of Beijing. About 12,000–10,000 years ago deciduous broad-leaved trees were flourishing in Beijing. At that time the climate was warm and rather wet. 10,000–8,000 years ago, the herbaceous plants, such as Artemisia, Compositae were flourishing in plain of Beijing and mountainous region was dominant in subalpine conifer forest, consisting of Pinus, Picea and Abies, According to the needle-leaved forest increasing at that time we think about 9,000 B. P. that climate was cool and wetter. In the past 8,000–6,000 years, needle-leaved and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest, consisting of Pinus, Quercus and Betula thrived under a warm and wetter climate, the bogs were better developed in plain. During 6,000–2,000 years, in general review on the sporopollen assemblages of the Beijing we think that the climate was warm, especial about 5,000 years ago, the flora was mainly composed of deciduous broad-leaved trees, such as Ulmus, Quercus, Morus and Betula. But during 5,600 years ago or so, spruce-fir forest became predominant in the low land and the plain of Beijing again. At that time the annual mean temperature was lower than that of the present. It was corresponed to new glacial period. The flora mainly composed of Pinus was obviously reduced since 2,000 years. The glassland even increased in Beijing.     

四川省峨眉山森林植被垂直分布的初步研究

本文对四川省峨眉山森林植被的垂直分布特点进行了初步研究。文中,采用数量分类的方法,结合对群落生态外貌特点和区系组成的分析,以及群落所处海拔高度,划分出森林植被的垂直带如下：1．常绿阔叶林带 1900米以下;2．常绿、落叶阔叶混交林带 1500米至2000米;3．针阔混交林带 2000米至2500米;4．寒温性针叶林带 2500米至3099米。     

江苏省植被区划

 本文简要论述江苏省自然环境特点和植被地理分布规律,并探讨了植被区划的原则与依 据。笔者认为：该省原为我国森林分布地区,所以森林植被应是植被区划的重要依据,农作物植被似不宜作为区划的依据。由于江苏面积较小,而且现存自然植被占地太小,故区划只分三级。制订的江苏植被区划系统,包括2个植被区域、3个植被地带和10个植被区,并分别作了简要叙述。     

陕西省化龙山森林植被垂直分布的初步研究

 本文对陕西省化龙山植被的垂直分布特点进行了初步研究。文中采用了数量分类结合对群落生态特点及区系组成的分析,划分出森林植被垂直带如下：常绿、落叶阔叶混交林带,海拔1600m以下;落叶阔叶林带,海拔1600—2200m;亚高山针叶林带,海拔2200—2917m。     

云南元谋古猿生活时期自然环境的讨论

元谋古猿生活时期的自然环境是森林草原或疏林-草原,还是茂密的森林? 气候是凉干还是温暖潮湿? 本文试图从云南6个最具代表性中新世沉积盆地取得的丰富植物大化石和孢粉资料分析, 论证了中新世时期云南曾广泛分布热带或亚热带常绿阔叶林或落叶阔叶和常绿阔叶混交林。气候温暖湿润。至中新世最晚期, 落叶阔叶林和针叶林分布面积扩大, 气候变得凉干。与元谋古猿相邻的禄丰古猿生活时期及其前后正是经历了相同的环境变迁过程。由此推论元谋古猿生活时期的自然环境为茂密的森林, 气候温暖湿润。最后, 就《元谋古猿》专著对古猿生活时期的自然环境分析存在的问题进行了讨论。     

Pattern of changes in species diversity,structure and dynamics of forest ecosystems along latitudinal gradients in East Asia

We examined effects of seasonality of climate and dominant life form (evergreen/deciduous, broad-leaf/coniferous) together with energy condition on species diversity, forest structure, forest dynamics, and productivity of forest ecosystems by comparing the patterns of changes in these ecosystem attributes along altitudinal gradients in tropical regions without seasonality and along a latitudinal gradient from tropical to temperate regions in humid East Asia. We used warmth index (temperature sum during growing season, WI) as an index of energy condition common to both altitudinal and latitudinal gradients. There were apparent differences in patterns of changes in the ecosystem attributes in relation to WI among four forest formations that were classified according to dominant life form and climatic zone (tropical/temperate). Many of the ecosystem attributes—Fishers alpha of species-diversity indices, maximum tree height and stem density, productivity [increment rate of aboveground biomass (AGB)], and population and biomass turnover rates—changed sharply with WI in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, but did not change linearly or changed only loosely with WI in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests. Values of these ecosystem attributes in temperate deciduous broad-leaved and evergreen coniferous forests were higher (stem density was lower) than those in tropical and temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests under colder conditions (WI below 100°C). Present results indicate that seasonality of climate and resultant change in dominant life form work to buffer the effects of energy reduction on ecosystem attributes along latitudinal gradients.     

A Preliminary investigation on the Vegetational and Climatic Changes Since 11, 000 Years in Qinghai Lake An Analysis Based on Palynology in Core QH85-14C

Qinghai Lake is the largest inland saline lake in China. it is situated in the northeastern part of the Qinghai Xizang Plateau. This paper is based on the information of the sporo-pollen assemblages of 47 samples from the drill core and surface samples. The general treads of vegetational and climatic changes since 11,000 years B. P. may be subdivided in ascending order as follows: In the first stage which corresponds to zone Ⅰ of the sporo-pollen assemlage, the vegetation during the past of 11,000–10,000 years was represented by a temperate shrub, semi-shrub and steppe, consisting of Chenopodiaceae. Artemisia, Nitraria, Ephedra and Gramineae were predominant. At the same time, some subalpine conifers, Pinus, Picea and Betula, would grow by the side of rivers and lakes, the climate was warmer and wetter than that of the Late Pleistocene. Due to the rising temperature in this zone, the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary might be estimated at about 11,000 years B. P.. The vegetation of the first stage belonges to temperate steppe with a few trees: In the second stage (ZoneⅡ of pollen), the vegetation was characterized by a temperate forest steppe during this period of 10,000 to 8,000 years B. P. Forest area apparently increased and some broadleaf deciduous and need leaf evergretn trees, such as Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Picea, grew by lakes and on mountains. At this time, the climate was warmer and wetter than that of the first stage. In the third stage (Zone Ⅲ) between B,000 and 3,500 years B. P, The vegetation was composed of a temperate mixed broad-leaf deciduous and needle-leaf evtrgreen forest. The needle-leaf evergreen forest consisting of Picea, Pinus, Abies, Betula grew in temperate zone mountains. The climate was relatively warm and wet. The fouth stage (zone IV), the vegetation was dominated by shrub semishrub, dwarf semishrubs, steppe and semi-arbors. Some trees consisting of Betula, Picea, and Pinus decreased in number in the lake regions. Some subalpine cold temperature evergreen trees, such as Abies and picea disappeared from the lake region. This indicated that the climate was warmer and drier during the past 3500–1500 years B. P. than the third zone. In the fifth stage (pollen zone V), the vegetation comprised steppe and desert from 1500 years ago to the present time. Some arborealtrus such as Betula and Pinus were less increased about 500 years B. P. at this time the temperate and wet slightly, rose up. From the above analysis, it is clear that the Qinghai lake region has been confronted with the vegetational and climatic changes since ll,000 years B. P. Therefore, the palynoflora of the Qinghai lake has its significance in Geography and vegetational history.     

The Pliocene Sporo-Pollen Assemblage of Huang Hun in Hebei Plain and its Significance in Palaeobotany and Palaeogeography

An Early Pliocene pollen assemblage from Huang-Hua is situated in the east part of Hebei Plain. The pollen assemblage which has been studied is a basis of considering the plant development of that period. The pollen assemblage shows an aspect of deciduous forest appearance and a concept of "warm-temperate" climate then. The flora is dominated by Ulmus, Quercus and Carya, and some temperate elements such as Abies, Picea, Pinus, Salix, Betula, Carpinus, Juglans, Acer and Tilia are the obvious generally. Except Carya, the subtropical elements: Podocarpus, Keteleeria, Tsuga, Pterocarya, Liquidambar, Hamamelis, Fothergilla and Xanthoxylum are the conspicuous elements in the assemblage, too. However herbs espicially Compositae become more abundant. It is clear that some tropical and subtropical elements such as Proteaceae, Nyssaceae Myrtaceae, Sympolocaceae etc. which were prevalent in early Tertiary are entirely lacking. Owing to the lack of Taxodiaceae instead by Pinaeeae and there are some genus of Composite and Tricoporite rugulates in the assemblage. It is more likely to be early Pliocene period. The assemblage expressed a transitional stage of plants from subtropical to tem- perate zones.     

南京灵谷寺森林50年来的动态变化研究

 为进一步揭示北亚热带森林次生演替规律,于2002年5月在定点样带上沿用前人的方法,对南京灵谷寺森林进行了群落调查。通过比较1951、1981、2002年的定点样带资料,对灵谷寺森林的物种组成、多度、频度、重要值、种群结构以及物种多样性的动态变化进行了研究。50多年来,群落中立木株数相对基本稳定,但空间分布异质性逐渐增加,而林下苗木和灌木个体数波动幅度极大,由1951年的4 712株大幅上升至1981年的44 130株,到2002年又回落至7 372株。群落中物种数和建群种构成等都存在明显变化,物种数由1951年的75种下降到1981年的50种,2002年又上升为73种。物种多样性指数也存在波动,但目前尚未发现物种多样性指数有明显的上升或下降趋势。历经50多年的次生演替,早期人工针叶林中的马尾松（Pinus massoniana）逐渐衰退,首先被阳性落叶阔叶树,如黄连木（Pistacia chinensis）、枫香（Liquidambar formosana）等取代,之后又被相对耐荫的栓皮栎（Quercus variabilis）等树种所替代,一些常绿树种成功入侵,人工针叶林经针阔混交林、落叶阔叶林,逐渐向地带性植被落叶 常绿阔叶混交林方向演替,其中立地条件较好地段的群落演替速度也较快。     

青藏高原东南部18ka以来气候与水文变化

青藏高原东南部众多封闭小湖的湖相沉积记录着重要的地理信息,是恢复当地晚更民以来古环境演变的理想材料。西藏海登湖和仁同分辨率的花粉组合,ＡＭＳ＾１４Ｃ测年及磁化率和有机质含量测定,揭示了研究区与鳊季风密切相关的古植被,古气候和古水文变化历史。高分辨率的花粉记录反映,在１６ｋａＢｍ,Ｐ,以前花粉组合以黎科（Ｃｈｅｎｏｐｏｄｉａｃｅａｅ）和蒿属（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）为主,花粉浓度很低,应为荒漠草原植被。     

南京地区森林植被性质的初步研究

本文报道了南京地区的木本植物区系,森林植被类型及其动态,分析了南京地区的土壤、气候条件。结果表明,落叶阔叶林是南京地区相对稳定的森林植被类型。     

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林及针阔叶混交林节肢动物群落多样性调查

20 0 1年 5月和 10月在自然保护区鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的灌木层和草本 -苗木层对节肢动物多样性进行了调查。结果表明 ,5月份的灌木层 ,季风常绿阔叶林的节肢动物物种数和个体数 >针阔叶混交林 ,相反 ,在草本 -苗木层 ,针阔叶混交林的物种数和个体数 >季风常绿阔叶林。 10月份 ,针阔叶混交林节肢动物物种数和个体数与季风常绿阔叶林间无明显差异。两林分中 ,天敌占总物种数的 2 7.5 0 %～ 87.5 0 % ,蜘蛛类群占总物种数的 18.18%～ 6 6 .6 7%、占天敌物种数的 5 3.33%～ 90 .91%。除 5月份的草本 -苗木层外 ,节肢动物的丰富度指数、多样性指数均是季风常绿阔叶林 >针阔叶混交林 ,优势集中性指数则是针阔叶混交林 >季风常绿阔叶林。     

长江三角洲东缘晚新近纪沉积的孢粉与古环境研究

作者对长江三角洲东缘地区的南汇鹤鸣孔(Hm)、东海1井、高桥G2孔3口钻井晚新近纪地层的孢粉作了研究和对比,划分出了6个孢粉组合带和3个亚带,恢复了本地区植被演替、气候波动的6个阶段:第1阶段为稀疏的针叶、落叶阔叶混交林,反映气候凉冷稍湿;第2阶段为针叶阔叶混交林草地,反映气候温凉略湿;第3阶段为含常绿阔叶树的针叶阔叶混交林,反映气候温和略干;第4阶段为以常绿栎类、栲属、杨梅等为主的常绿阔叶林,反映气候热暖潮湿;第5阶段是以栎、松、禾本科为主的针叶、阔叶混交林,反映气候温暖略干;第6阶段是以落叶栎类、常绿栎类、松为主的落叶阔叶、常绿阔叶、针叶混交林草地,反映气候温暖湿润。这种气候波动与世界性气候变化相一致,为本地区的地层年代划分和对比提供了新的证据,为晚新近纪古植被、古气候、古环境的重建提供了重要的孢粉学资料。     

中国东部南北样带森林优势植物叶片的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率

通过测定中国东部南北样带主要森林生态系统中10种优势植物(兴安落叶松、蒙古栎、水曲柳、紫椴、色木槭、红松、杉木、木荷、马尾松、锥栗)叶片的碳氮含量(Cmass、Nmass)、同位素丰度(δ13C、δ15N)以及光合响应曲线,分析了不同优势植物叶片的水分利用效率和氮素利用效率之间的差异及其相互关系.结果表明： 不同生活型植物叶片的Nmass和δ15N差异显著,表现为阔叶植物>针叶植物,落叶植物>常绿植物;最大光合速率(Pn max)表现为针叶植物>阔叶植物,落叶植物>常绿植物;植物叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEi)和长期水分利用效率(WUE)均表现为阔叶植物>针叶植物,常绿植物>落叶植物;植物叶片的瞬时氮素利用效率(NUEi)和长期氮素利用效率(NUE)则表现出相反的规律,且常绿植物和落叶植物叶片的NUE差异显著;WUEi和WUE之间相关性不显著,而NUEi和NUE之间呈显著正相关.植物叶片的水分利用效率与氮素利用效率显著负相关.两种资源利用效率均受植物生活型的影响,并且存在一定的制约关系.     

A Preliminary Study on Vegetation and Climate Changes in Dianchi Lake Area in the Last 40000 Years

This paper presents results of pollen analysis on sediments of core Cao 2 from Dianchi Lake. Four pollen zones are defined, namely zone I, which is further divided into four subzones, zone Ⅱ, zone Ⅲ and zone Ⅳ. Zone Ⅰ(ca. 47600–11800 yrs B. P.) is characterized by low land pollen sedimentation rates and constant presence of Abies pollen. In zone Ⅱ (ca. 11800–6900 yrs B. P.) broad-leaved tree pollen increases and Abies pollen gradually disappears. In zone Ⅲ (ca. 6900–3800 yrs B. P.) evergreen broad-leaved-tree pollen and total land pollen influx reach their maximum values while, Tsuga pollen decreases. Zone Ⅳ shows a great decreases in pollen influx of various pollen types and a increase in Monolete psilate spores. In the past 40000 years vegetation in this area trend changes from a dominantion of coniferous tree to an evergreen broad-leaved forest, co-existing or mixing deciduous broadleaved forest and coniferous forest. In the past 3800 years, due to climate changes and / or human activities, the vegetation cover in this area has been greatly reduced. The above vegetation changes indicate a climate change process from cool and humid, to warm and humid and finally to mild and dry.     

浙江天童国家森林公园景观的遥感分类与制图

利用Landsat-TM多时相数据,采用非监督分类方法,对浙江省天童国家森林公园的景观进行分类。并利用野外实地调查的数据进行检验和校正。结果表明,天童国家森林公园范围内的景观可分为常绿阔叶林、成熟常绿阔叶林、次生常绿-落叶阔叶林、山脊常绿-落叶阔叶林、谷地常绿-落叶阔叶林、林缘灌丛、次生灌丛、针叶林(杉木)、竹林、生长作物的农田／菜园地、旱地、裸土、居住区、水体14个类型,这14个景观类型,根据植物群落学分类的群落复合体(cammunity complex)和群落复合体的地-综合群落学(Geo-synsociology)的方法,归并为山坡常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、人工林(针叶林、竹林)、农田、水体、居住区6个景观单元。在景观分类和合并的基础上,对天童国家森林公园的景观进行了制图。     

三峡库区不同植被类型土壤养分特征

通过三峡库区8个植被类型370个样地的群落调查和土壤分析,研究了不同植被类型、土壤类型、海拔对表层土壤有机质及全氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响.结果表明:(1)三峡库区不同植被类型土壤有机质、全氮平均含量规律为阔叶林＞竹林＞针叶林＞灌丛＞草丛,森林土壤有机质及全氮平均含量丰富;速效磷平均含量表现为草丛＞落叶阔叶林＞灌丛＞暖性针叶林＞常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞温性针叶林＞竹林＞常绿阔叶林,草丛与其他植被类型差异显著;速效钾平均含量表现为常绿落叶阔叶混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞灌丛＞针叶林＞竹林＞草丛＞常绿阔叶林,竹林、草丛、常绿阔叶林与常绿落叶阔叶混交林、落叶阔叶林、灌丛、针叶林差异显著.(2)不同土壤类型养分含量差异显著,黄棕壤中有机质、全氮含量高,分别为6.83%、0.44%,紫色土中速效磷含量高,达到54.24mg/kg.(3)随海拔升高,有机质、全氮含量呈明显增加趋势,速效磷、速效钾含量变化趋势不明显.