武夷山常绿阔叶林乔木与灌木小枝树皮主要功能性状的趋同

树皮是维管形成层以外的所有组织,其功能性状是反映植物生态适应策略的重要研究对象。为了揭示亚热带山地乔、灌木小枝树皮功能性状特征及其关联性,采用独立样本T检验和标准主轴回归方法对武夷山19种常见木本植物小枝树皮的主要功能性状的基本特征及其相关性进行了分析。结果发现：(1)树皮厚度、树皮密度与树皮含水量在乔、灌木之间无显著差异,其均值分别为(0.78±0.06)mm、(0.58±0.03)mg/cm³和(155.07±14.16)%。树皮碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)生态化学计量特征在乔、灌木之间差异也不显著,C、N、P平均值分别为(492.43±4.25)mg/g、(8.90±0.74)mg/g和(0.61±0.06)mg/g,树皮C∶N、C∶P与N∶P平均值分别为60.76±4.17、905.53±67.36与15.19±0.84。(2)树皮性状之间存在关联,其中树皮厚度与密度、密度与含水量均呈异速生长关系,而树皮厚度与含水量、氮含量与磷含量均呈等速生长关系。乔木树皮碳含量和磷含量间、灌木树皮密度和氮含量间均呈异速生长关系,乔木与灌木各性状间关系差异不显著。结果表明...     

会同杉木人工林不同生长阶段植物固碳特征

为了探讨杉木人工林不同生长阶段的固碳功能,以会同杉木林为研究对象,在定位连续测定林分生物量和碳素含量的基础上,研究了杉木林不同年龄阶段的储存碳量及在各组分的分配和植物固碳能力。结果表明:杉木各器官碳素含量树叶树皮树根树干树枝,且随着林龄增加而增大;杉木林植被储存碳量为22.93—86.98 t/hm2,各个层次储存碳量乔木层林下植被层枯死物层;乔木层碳素在器官间的相对分配大小依次为树干树根树叶树皮树枝;树干碳素分配比随着年龄增长而增大,树枝、树叶随年龄增长而减少,树根和树皮虽有波动,但变化较平稳;树枝、树叶、树干、树皮和树根碳积累年均变化都呈单峰形曲线,但波峰出现林龄各有不同;杉木林固碳动态特征可分为固碳功能建立、固碳能力迅速增长、固碳能力最大、固碳能力相对平稳和固碳能力下降等5个阶段;杉木林的固碳能力,不仅受不同生长阶段生长发育生物学特性的制约,而且还受林分冠层结构特征以及土壤肥力条件的影响。     

A New Laboratory Method Used for Investigating the Uptake, Translocation and Metabolism of Bark Banded Morphactin by Trees

Cut twigs of Monterey pine(Pinus radiata D.Don) were banded with a ¹⁴C labelled morphactin formulation and the lower half of the twig placed in a Scholander type pressure bomb. Water was pumped through the twig from a reservoir inside the bomb and exudate collected from the protruding end of the twig. Using this method it was possible to determine that the slowest step in the translocation of morphactin was the passage across the outer layer of bark. Subsequent passage through the twig was not affected by girdling the bark suggesting that morphactin was translocated upwards via the xylem. The ¹⁴C compound in the exudate from live twigs differed from morphactin and was tentatively identified as the carboxylic acid derivative of the morphactin ester. The cut twig system facilitated studies on the uptake, metabolism and translocation of morphactin and should prove useful for studying the uptake and fate of other chemicals considered for bark application to trees.     

沈阳地区主要树木净化SO2潜力及植树定额的估算

通过实地测定和熏烟实验 ,揭示了沈阳地区不同类型树木的总生物量、SO2 吸收强度和S的吸转周期数 ,三者的乘积是树木净化SO2 的总潜力 ,为 4 .39× 10 6kg ,约占沈阳年排S量 12 0× 10 6kg的 3.6 6 % .树木平均最高可净化S 12 .19kg·km-2 ·d-1.沈阳现有树种组成的平均吸S量为 0 .70kg株-1·年 -1;若以阔叶乔木平均吸S量 1.35kg·株 -1·年-1计 ,欲全部净化沈阳的年排S量 ,需要阔叶乔木 8888× 10 4株 ,相当于现有树木株数的 12 .9倍 .经推算 ,在增强环保力度、减少年排S量 2 0 %的条件下 ,再扩植现有树木1.0倍的阔叶乔木 ,即可使沈阳大气SO2 浓度下降到 0 .0 6mg·m-3 以下 ,成为环境达标城市     

四川红杉-岷江冷杉原始林凋落物K和Na的归还动态

以凋落物为载体的养分归还是生态系统物质循环的主要过程,也是林木生长所需养分的重要来源。相对于其他元素,钾(K)和钠(Na)在调节渗透压方面有着极其重要的作用,且淋溶作用强烈,极易流失,但缺乏必要关注。因此,以海拔3589 m高山峡谷区典型的四川红杉(Larix mastersiana)-岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林为研究对象,在2015年9月到2016年8月期间调查了不同类型凋落物中K和Na元素在不同时期的归还特征。结果表明:1)凋落物K和Na元素年归还量分别为25.34和4.44 kg·hm^-2,表现为:凋落叶>凋落枝>其他凋落物>凋落皮>附生植物>繁殖器官。其中,凋落叶和枝占总凋落物K和Na元素归还的85%以上;2)总凋落物、凋落叶和枝的K、Na元素归还动态呈现"双峰型",最大值出现在5月和10月;凋落皮和繁殖器官K、Na元素归还动态呈现"单峰型",最大值出现在5月;3)乔木层树种凋落物的K和Na元素呈现"双峰型"的归还模式,最大值在5月和10月,灌木树种凋落物的K和Na元素呈现"单峰型"归还模式,最大值在9-10月。这些结果说明了高山峡谷区典型针叶林不同类型凋落物元素归还的季节性特征,为进一步认识区域森林物质循环及相关的生态学过程提供了基础数据。     

Characteristics of tree bark as an indicator in high-immission areas

Summary In the immission area of Frankfurt a.M. measurements of pH value, sulfur content and concentrations of Ca⁺⁺, K⁺ and Na⁺ of tree bark have been made. In the case of the deciduous trees Fraxinus excelsior, Acer platanoides and Tilia spp. all parameters can be used as an indicator for the degree of immissions. Even in the desert of lichens a division into four different zones of load is possible. Because in the Rhein-Main area winds from the southwest predominate, the size of zones of greatest air pollution depends on the distribution of winds. Correlations between the sulfur content of bark and the arithmetical mean value of SO₂ in the air have been found. The sulfur values of bark range from 50 to 270 g/cm², the SO₂ values from 0.08 to 0.13 mg/m³. A correlation between electric conductivity and Ca⁺⁺ values in the bark suspension was also found. With distance from the immission center the Ca⁺⁺ content of bark is decreasing. In the immission area of Frankfurt a.M. pH value and sulfur content of bark of deciduous trees must be regarded as indicators for air quality and the Ca⁺⁺ values as indicators for dust immissions.This paper is part of a doctoral thesis presented by the junior author to the Fachbereich Biologie, J.W. Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt a.M.     

Age-dependent bark photosynthesis of aspen twigs

The photosynthetic performance of trembling aspen (Populus tremula L.) twigs and leaves was studied in relation to selected structural features of aspen bark. PFD transmittance of intact periderm was reduced by about 90% in current-year twigs through peridermal thickening. However, because of drastic changes within the bark microstructure, PFD transmittance increased in 1-year-old twig segments up to 26% of the incident PFD. On a unit surface area basis, the chlorophyll content of young twigs (425 mg Chl m^-2) almost reached that of leaves (460 mg Chl m^-2). The chlorophyll content of aspen bark chlorenchyma was clearly age-dependent, even increasing in current-year twigs with advancing internodal age. The low bark chlorophyll a/b ratios (about 2.6 compared with 3.9 in leaves) indicate that bark chloroplasts are shade-adapted. Positive net photosynthesis was not found in aspen twigs, but apparent respiration was distinctly reduced in the light due to light-driven carbon refixation (bark photosynthesis) within the chlorenchymal tissues. Under constant microclimatic conditions, dark respiration rates were strongly correlated with stem-internal CO₂ refixation. In accordance with increasing dark respiration rates, the efficiency of this carbon recycling was generally greater in the metabolically more active, younger twig segments than in older segments; carbon refixation rates reached up to 80% of dark respiration values. At least in young twigs and branches and thus in the light-exposed outer parts of tree crowns, respiratory CO₂ losses by the tree skeleton could efficiently be reduced. Refixation of carbon dioxide may be of great importance for carbon budgets in the environmentally controlled or pathogen-induced leafless states of deciduous aspen trees.     

Fungal endophytes from the three-leaved caper,Crataeva magna (Lour.) DC. (Capparidaceae)

Fungal endophytes were isolated from Crataeva magna, a medicinal plant growing along the streams and rivers, constituting riparian vegetation in Karnataka, southern India. Fresh bark and twig pieces were used for the isolation using standard methods. Ninety-six endophytic fungal isolates were isolated from 800 bark and twig segments. Mitosporic fungi represented as a major group (85%) followed by zygomycetes (10%) and ascomycetes (5%). Bark samples contained more endophytes than twig samples. Verticillium, Nigrospora oryzae and Fusarium verticilloides were the dominant fungal endophytes.     

Phenology and laboratory rearing procedures of an Asian longicorn beetle, Glenea cantor (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae)

Clenea cantor (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae) is an Asian longicorn beetle whose larvae bore under the bark of living trees of at least seven plant families and enter the wood for pupation. Here, we determined the phenology of this beetle on its natural host, kapok [Bombax ceiba L. = Cossampinus malabaricus (DC.) Merr], in an uncontrolled insectary at ambient environmental conditions, and we compared the efficiency of four larval rearing procedures at 25 +/- 2 degrees C, 75 +/- 5% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h in the laboratory. It had five generations, including an overwintering generation, a year in southern China, with overlaps between generations and no diapause. Adults were present in early March-early December; eggs in early April-early December; larvae almost year-round, and pupae in mid-February-mid-April as well as mid-May-late November. All larvae of the overwintering generation and the larvae of the fourth generation that hatched in and after mid-November overwintered. The longevity of females and males was 71.94 +/- 1.21 d and 46.87 +/- 1.11 d, respectively, and mean fecundity was 106.65 +/- 3.61 eggs. Four larval rearing procedures using kapok twigs were tested: (1) 10 neonate larvae were left in the original host twig, (2) 10 neonate larvae were removed from the original bark and transferred to a new host twig, 3) 10 neonate larvae embedded in the original bark were transferred to a new host twig, and 4) a single neonate larva embedded in the original bark was transferred to a new host twig. We observed the survival of 300 neonate larvae for each rearing procedure. Approximately 81-85% of neonate larvae successfully developed to adult stage when neonate larvae were transferred together with the original bark to new host twigs; when neonate larvae were transferred without the original bark, only approximately 38% of the inoculants became adults, and when larvae were left in original twigs, approximately 52% of them reached adult stage. Resulting adults from different rearing methods and collected from the field had similar body weight and sex ratio. In terms of time, labor, and the number of resulting adults, procedure 3 is the most effective method for maintaining a laboratory colony.     

云南省肉桂的引种和栽培

肉桂原产我国,为一栽培种。云南引种的肉桂,一般种植后4—6年生树即可开花结实,10—15年生树即可剥取桂皮。不同种植地由于自然条件的影响,肉桂生育期有一定的差异。不同品种桂油含量有明显的变化,成分差异很小。     

Lupeol esters from the twig bark of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) cv. Shinko.

Five new lupeol esters, lup-20(29)-ene-3beta-yl eicosanoate, docosanoate, tetracosanoate, hexacosanoate and octacosanoate, were isolated as a mixture from the twig bark of Japanese pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) cv. Shinko, together with lupeol and epifriedelinol. Their structures were determined by spectral analyses including 2D-NMR experiments.     

城市行道树对交通环境的响应

以远离交通环境的公园作为相对清洁区,研究了位于广东佛山种植最普遍的8种城市行道树树黄葛榕(FicusvirensAit.var.sublanceolata(Miq.)Corner),大叶紫薇(Lagerstroemiaspeciosa(L.)Pers.),芒果(MangiferaindicaL.),细叶榕(FicusmicrocarpaL.),阴香(Cinnamomumburmanii(Nees)Bl.),垂叶榕(FicusbenjaminaL.),白兰(MicheliaalbaDC.),红花羊蹄甲(BauhiniablakeanaDunn)在交通密集区生长在不同方位的植物器官对交通环境的响应。结果表明,交通密集区的城市行道树的叶片和树皮器官吸收重金属铅和镉、硫含量、电导率和pH值等指标在不同的方位呈现显著的差别,即城市行道树位于快车道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P1)、位于面向人行道一侧生长的植物的器官(以下简称P2)及相对清洁区采集的植物样品(以下简称P0)各指标测定值的分析结果为:其叶片和树皮硫、重金属铅和镉、电导率等特征值基本呈现P1>P2>P0的大小规律,在显著度为0.05时差异显著;而pH值基本呈现P1相似文献   

Sulfite oxidase controls sulfur metabolism under SO2 exposure in Arabidopsis thaliana

In the present study, the significance of sulfite oxidase (SO) for sulfite detoxification and sulfur assimilation was investigated. In response to sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) exposure, a remarkable expansion of sulfate and a significant increase of GSH pool were observed in wild-type and SO-overexpressing Arabidopsis. These metabolic changes were connected with a negative feedback inhibition of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate reductase (APR), but no alterations in gas exchange parameters or visible symptoms of injury. However, Arabidopsis SO-KO mutants were consistently negatively affected upon 600 nL L(-1) SO(2) exposure for 60 h and showed phenotypical symptoms of injury with small necrotic spots on the leaves. The mean g(H2O) was reduced by about 60% over the fumigation period, accompanied by a reduction of net CO(2) assimilation and SO(2) uptake of about 50 and 35%. Moreover, sulfur metabolism was completely distorted. Whereas sulfate pool was kept constant, thiol-levels strongly increased. This demonstrates that SO should be the only protagonist for back-oxidizing and detoxification of sulfite. Based on these results, it is suggested that co-regulation of SO and APR controls sulfate assimilation pathway and stabilizes sulfite distribution into organic sulfur compounds. In conclusion, a sulfate-sulfite cycle driven by APR and SO can be postulated for fine-tuning of sulfur distribution that is additionally used for sulfite detoxification, when plants are exposed to atmospheric SO(2).     

The origins of tannins and flavonoids in black-wattle barks and heartwoods, and their associated "non-tannin" components

1. The distributions of flavonoid, carbohydrate, amino acid and imino acid components in the leaves, twig bark, stem bark, root bark and heartwoods of the black-wattle tree were compared by paper chromatography after their isolation from specific portions of the tree. 2. Wattle leaves contain mainly myricitrin, (+)-gallocatechin, an unknown myricetin glycoside and leuco-delphinidin tannins, together with smaller amounts of (+)-catechin, quercitrin and other flavonol glycosides. These are prominent in the twig bark, but decline progressively with age in the stem bark and are absent from root bark. 3. The non-phenolic components of the mature stem bark were shown to be (+)-pinitol, sucrose, glucose, fructose, l(-)-pipecolic acid, trans-4-hydroxy-l(-)-pipecolic acid, alpha-alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, l(-)-proline, serine, a ;steroid' alcohol and a long-chain beta-diketone. 4. Wattle bark and heartwood ;tannins' consist of the analogues of closely related prototypes with common origins in the vascular tissues of the bark. Leaf ;tannins' are superimposed on the bark components mainly during the initial stages of bark growth. 5. Origins of the pipecolic acids and the transformations of carbohydrates in the sap- and heart-woods are discussed.     

承德木本植物不同部位S及重金属含量特征的PCA分析

应用主分量分析(PCA)和排序技术(OA)对承德市10种木本植物的S及重金属含量进行了分析.结果表明,Z₁和Z₂主成份值基本代表了所有元素反应的信息,累积贡献率>98%.S对Z₁贡献最大(元素负荷量>0.96),Fe、Zn、Mn、Ph等对Z₂有较大的影响.表明承德市S污染是最主要的;重金属污染以Zn、Fe、Mn、Ph较显着,而Cu、Ni污染不明显.不同植物器官部位污染物含量的排序表明,城市木本植物的污染物以树皮为最高,其次是枝条,叶最低.     

Wood decomposition in an abandoned beech and oak coppiced woodland in SE England

The rate of litter decomposition is often expressed as a constant decay rate (k; g g⁻¹ yr⁻¹) or as the time required for a certain percentage (often 95% and estimated as 3/k) of it to decompose (termed turnover time). Estimates of k may be obtained by determining the weight loss of litter in the field and also by assuming a steady state and obtaining the ratio of litter input: standing crop. Both methods were used to estimate decay rate and turnover times for beech and oak branches and twigs decomposing on the forest floor and these were critically evaluated.
Considerable variation, ranging between 1.8–144.5 yr, was found between the 95% turnover time estimates of various size components of the two species, obtained from woodfall and standing crop data. Likewise variation in decay rate of 2–2.5 cm diameter beech branches, estimated from field experiments, was large both between and within groups of branches categorised according to initial state of decay and presence or absence of bark. The mean annual decay rate for the various categories ranged between k = 0.165-0.452 g g⁻¹yr⁻¹. Branches without bark generally decomposed more slowly than those with bark. Beech twig (<0.5 cm diameter) decomposition rates, from field experiments, ranged between k = 0.149-0.220 g g⁻¹yr⁻¹ and variation was relatively low compared with that of branches. No significant differences (P<0.05)were detected between twig decomposition rates obtained from experiments initiated at different seasons although there was a slight decline in decay rate in winter months. Twig and branch decomposition rates fell within the range found in the few other comparable studies.     

大鼠吸入二氧化硫诱发气道神经源性炎症和气道高反应机制的探讨

目的：探讨大鼠吸入低浓度SO2后引起气道损伤以及气道反应性的变化与相关的病理生理机制。方法：SD雄性大鼠16只,随机分为2组（n=8）：对照组和SO2组。对照组暴露于正常空气中。SO2组暴露于含量为1．0mg／（m3·h）的SO2室内空气中,每天6h,连续3d,第4d测大鼠气道反应性,采集血清、收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）,留取肺组织。分别进行BALF细胞计数,测血清中P物质（SP）的含量,作肺组织病理切片行HE及SP免疫组化染色。结果：SO2组与对照组比较,大鼠的气道反应性增高（P〈0．01）,BALF中细胞总数明显升高（P〈0．01）;血清SP含量显著增加（P〈0．01）。肺组织病理切片UE染色显示SO2组支气管粘膜下有大量炎性细胞浸润;免疫组化染色提示SO2组SP免疫阳性神经纤维数量明显增加（P〈0．05）。结论：吸入SO2诱发大鼠出现气道高反应性,气道内感觉神经源性炎症是其重要的病理生理机制之一。     

Uptake of water and solutes through twigs of Picea abies (L.) Karst

Summary Uptake of water and magnesium chloride solution was investigated through the outer surface of twigs of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Water uptake was determined by using pressure/volume (P/V) curves of the twigs as a basis for calculation to avoid problems of superficial extraneous water. When water was sprayed on bark and needles of 3- to 7-year-old twigs at a xylem water potential of -1.00 MPa, they absorbed as much as 80 mm³ water in 200 min/g twig dry weight as the twig water potential recovered to -0.15 MPa. With fluorescent dyes, pathways for absorption of water and solutes through the twig bark were found, particularly through the radially orientated ray tissue. In addition to uptake by mass flow, magnesium could also diffuse along a concentration gradient from the twig surface into the xylem. In the field, the magnitude of these uptake processes would depend on the concentration of elements deposited by atmospheric precipitation, the concentration gradient between the plant surface and the xylem sap, the xylem water potential and the intensity and duration of each precipitation event.     

Characterization of the photosynthetic apparatus in cortical bark chlorenchyma of Scots pine

Winter-induced inhibition of photosynthesis in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles is accompanied by a 65% reduction of the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII), measured as F _v/F _m, but relatively stable photosystem I (PSI) activity. In contrast, the photochemical efficiency of PSII in bark chlorenchyma of Scots pine twigs was shown to be well preserved, while PSI capacity was severely decreased. Low-temperature (77 K) chlorophyll fluorescence measurements also revealed lower relative fluorescence intensity emitted from PSI in bark chlorenchyma compared to needles regardless of the growing season. Nondenaturating SDS-PAGE analysis of the chlorophyll–protein complexes also revealed much lower abundance of LHCI and the CPI band related to light harvesting and the core complex of PSI, respectively, in bark chlorenchyma. These changes were associated with a 38% reduction in the total amount of chlorophyll in the bark chlorenchyma relative to winter needles, but the Chl a/b ratio and carotenoid composition were similar in the two tissues. As distinct from winter pine needles exhibiting ATP/ADP ratio of 11.3, the total adenylate content in winter bark chlorenchyma was 2.5-fold higher and the estimated ATP/ADP ratio was 20.7. The photochemical efficiency of PSII in needles attached to the twig recovered significantly faster (28–30 h) then in detached needles. Fluorescence quenching analysis revealed a high reduction state of Q _A and the PQ-pool in the green bark tissue. The role of bark chlorenchyma and its photochemical performance during the recovery of photosynthesis from winter stress in Scots pine is discussed.