Lipid analysis of Greek walnut oil (Juglans regia L.)

The walnut oil (Juglans regia L.) total lipids (TL) were extracted by the Bligh-Dyer method and the lipid classes have been isolated by chromatographic techniques and they were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)/FID and GC-MS. The oil was found to be rich in neutral lipids (96.9% of total lipids) and low in polar lipids (3.1% of total lipids). The neutral lipid fraction consisted mainly of triacylglycerides whereas the polar lipids mainly consisted of sphingolipids. GC-MS data showed that the main fatty acid was linoleic acid. Unsaturated fatty acids were found as high as 85%, while the percentage of the saturated fatty acids was found 15%. Two types of liposomes were prepared from the isolated walnut oil phospholipids and characterized as new formulations. These formulations may have future applications for encapsulation and delivery of drugs and cosmetic active ingredients.     

播娘蒿种子脂肪油组分的GC-MS分析

播娘蒿[Descurainia sophia（L．）Webb ex Prantl]为十字花科（Cruciferae）播娘蒿属（Descuainia Webb et Berth）1～2年生草本植物,其成熟的种子俗称南葶苈子,为临床常用中药材。葶苈子味辛、苦、大寒,具泻肺降气、祛痰平喘、行水消肿之功效。用于痰涎壅肺、喘咳痰多、胸肋胀满、胸腹水肿、小便不利、肺原性心脏病水肿等症。     

西双版纳植物区系资料（2）

报道了新种子摩,新变种勐海醉藤;云南新记录种石核木,多香木,兰屿山矾及归并新异名微毛越南山矾。     

湖南的新记录植物(六)

报道了湖南植物分布新记录, 其中新记录属2 个, 即假木豆属(Dendrolobium(Wight etArn.)Benth.)和排钱树属(Phyllodium Desv.);新记录种20 个, 即鹰爪花(Artabotrys hexapetalus(Linn.f.)Bhandari)、岩生碎米荠(Cardamine calcicola W.W.Smith.)、山芥碎米荠(Cardamine griffithii Hook.f.et Thons.)、白花碎米荠(Cardamine leucantha (Tausch)O.E.Schulz)、紫彩绣球(Hydrangea sargentiana Rehd.)、狭叶黄檀(Dalbergia stenophylla Prain)、假木豆(Dendrolobium triangulare(Retz.)Schindl.)、排钱树(Phyllodium pulchellum (L.)Desv.)、华野豌豆(Vicia chinensis Franch.)、绿萼凤仙花(Impatiens chlorosepala Hand.-Mazz.)、岩谷杜鹃(Rhododendron rupivalleculatum Tam.)、革叶铁榄(Sinosideroxylon wightianum (Hook.et Arn.)Aubr.)、宁波木犀(Osmanthus cooperi Hemsl.)、天人草(Comanthosphace japonica (Miq.)S.Moore)、华南野靛棵(Mananthes austrosinensis (H.S.Lo)C.Y.Wu et C.C.Hu)、东亚磨芋(Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino)Makino)、齿唇兰(Anoectochilus lanceolatus Lindl.)、圆叶石豆兰(Bulbophyllum drymoglossum Maxim.ex Okubo)、毛杓兰(Cypripedium franchetii E.H.Wilson)、绿花斑叶兰(Goodyyera viridiflora (Bl.)Bl.);新记录变种1 个, 即异果崖豆藤(Millettia dielsiana Harms var.heterocarpa (Chun ex T.Chen)Z.Wei)。     

香港蕨类植物分布新记录和名称修订(二)

报道了香港地区蕨类植物17种,其中分布新记录9种,即疏裂凤尾蕨、栗柄凤尾蕨、假粉背蕨、星毛蕨、福建铁角蕨、太平鳞毛蕨、圆基条蕨、披针骨牌蕨和阔叶石韦;名称修订6种,即线羽凤尾蕨、碎米蕨、毛轴碎米蕨、绿秆铁角蕨、假大羽铁角蕨和华南耳蕨,以及珍稀濒危蕨类2种,即乌轴蕨和多羽瘤蕨。     

Optimization of direct conversion of wet algae to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions

This study demonstrated a one-step process for direct liquefaction and conversion of wet algal biomass containing about 90% of water to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions. This one-step process enables simultaneous extraction and transesterification of wet algal biomass. The process conditions are milder than those required for pyrolysis and prevent the formation of by-products. In the proposed process, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) can be produced from polar phospholipids, free fatty acids, and triglycerides. A response surface methodology (RSM) was used to analyze the influence of the three process variables, namely, the wet algae to methanol (wt./vol.) ratio, the reaction temperature, and the reaction time, on the FAMEs conversion. Algal biodiesel samples were analyzed by ATR-FTIR and GC-MS. Based on the experimental analysis and RSM study, optimal conditions for this process are reported as: wet algae to methanol (wt./vol.) ratio of around 1:9, reaction temperature and time of about 255 °C, and 25 min respectively. This single-step process can potentially be an energy efficient and economical route for algal biodiesel production.     

A new method for the analysis of amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids in lipid-As from gram-negative bacteria.

Lipid-A represents the ubiquitous, covalently bound hydrophobic component of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins). Lipid-As isolated and characterized from rhizobial species have large variations in their backbone sugars, as well as in their hydroxy fatty acid substituents. The sugar backbones consist of either glucosamine and galacturonic acid or glucosamine and 2,3-diaminoglucose. The published procedures for characterizing amide-linked fatty acids do not release all these fatty acids, hence a new method was developed to characterize the amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids. This method involves a mild methanolysis procedure to release glucosamine methyl glycosides which still contain the amide-bound hydroxy fatty acids. The products were analysed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) and, after trimethylsilylation, by electron impact (E.I.) and chemical ionization (C.I.) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The procedure was applied to lipid-A preparations from several gram-negative bacteria. This method allows the unequivocal identification of amide-linked hydroxy fatty acids and also allows determination of the microheterogeneity of the N-acyl substituents in lipid-As from gram-negative bacteria.     

Liposomal formulations from phospholipids of Greek almond oil. Properties and biological activity

The seeds of the almond tree [(Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb. (syn. Prunus amygdalus)] were collected in two different periods of maturity and were studied for their lipid content. The total lipids (TL) were extracted by the Bligh-Dyer method and the lipid classes have been isolated by chromatographic techniques and were analyzed by HPTLC coupled with a flame ionization detector (HPTLC/FID) and GC-MS. The oils were found to be rich in neutral lipids (89.9% and 96.3% of total lipids) and low in polar lipids (10.1% and 3.7% of total lipids) for the immature and mature seed oils, respectively. The neutral lipid fraction consisted mainly of triacylglycerides whereas the polar lipids mainly consisted of phospholipids. GC-MS data showed that the main fatty acid for both oils was 9-octadecenoic acid (oleic acid). The unsaturated fatty acids were found as high as 89.4% and 89.7%, while the percentage of the saturated fatty acids was found 10.6% and 10.3% for the immature and mature seed oils, respectively. Liposomes were prepared from the isolated phospholipids using the thin lipid film methodology, and their physical properties were characterized. Cytotoxicity was found absent when assayed against normal and cancerous cell lines. These new formulations may have future applications for encapsulation and delivery of drugs and cosmetically active ingredients.     

Investigation of fatty acid profile for diagnostic purposes in mouse melanoma

The aim of this study was to investigate whether fatty acid profile is a suitable marker for diagnostic purposes in mouse melanoma. Twelve C57Bl/6 male mice were implanted with B16 mouse melanoma cells (106 cells/animal) orthotopically (subcutaneously). After the implantation 4-4 animals were bled by cardiac puncture following narcosis, at days 7, 14, and 21. In order to investigate fatty acid profiles a method based on extraction and HPLC-MS was developed. Signal intensities of 14 fatty acids were determined by mass spectrometry in tumor-free animals as well as tumor bearing animals at the three time points. Mathematical analysis showed non-significant profile changes when control (tumor-free) animals were compared to tumor-implanted ones as well as during tumor progression on week 1, 2 and 3. In case of three fatty acids (myristic acid, palmitoleic acid and eicosadienoic acid) a trend was observed during tumor progression but its statistical significance cannot be evaluated without further investigations. The fatty acid profile cannot be used for early diagnoses in mouse melanoma.     

Studies on the Eeo-Physiological Indices of Rubber Trees at Chilling Temperature

Rubber trees (Hevea brasilieasis Muell-Arg.) like other tropical trees, are very sensitive to chilling temperature. It may cause metabolic disturb ances and make severe injuries to the tree. The ecophysiological indices introduced in this paper are transpiration rate, osmotic pressure, pretoplasmic viscosity, protoplasmic permeability and water content. These indices can be used to estimate relative cold resistance of different clones or individual rubber seedlings. The results our measurements are summarized in the following table.     

三叶木通种子脂肪酸成分的GC-MS分析

三叶木通[Akebia trifoliata（Thunb．）Koidz．]为缠绕木质藤本,在中国南部、长江流域及西北地区均有分布,多生长在气候温和湿润、海拔300—2100m的荒野山坡、灌丛及沟谷疏林中,资源蕴藏量丰富。三叶木通果实通常在阴历八月成熟并沿腹缝线开裂,故俗称八月扎（炸）、八月瓜、羊开口,有广泛的保健作用,其种子、茎、叶和根均可入药,民间多用于治疗小便赤涩、妇女经闭、乳汁不通等疾病,并具有消除面部色斑和抗炎抗菌等功效。由于三叶木通果实具有良好的食用品质和丰富的营养,近年来,国内相关机构正在对其进行系统的驯化利用研究,以期能开发成新型水果。     

Activated platelets contribute to oxidized low-density lipoproteins and dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins through a phospholipase A2-dependent mechanism

Plasma activity of secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) increases in patients with cardiovascular disease. The present study investigated whether platelet-released sPLA2 induces low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) modifications that translate into changes in lipoprotein function. Activated but not resting platelets induced oxidative modifications of human native LDLs and HDLs, which render these particles dysfunctional. Platelet-incubated LDLs stimulated the incorporation of cholesterol oleate into macrophages, and modified HDLs lost their cholesterol efflux capacity and antioxidant properties. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed that lysophophatidylcholine accumulated in the platelet-modified LDLs and HDLs of mice expressing sPLA2 (Balb/c and transgenic C57Bl/6 mice expressing human sPLA2) but not in the lipoproteins of naturally sPLA2-deficient mice (C57Bl/6). Unlike C57Bl/6 mice, Balb/c mice injected with leptin (67 μg/mouse, i.p.) as an in vivo prothrombotic agent displayed increased plasma sPLA2 activity, reduced clotting time, higher plasma levels of oxidation products, increased production of nonesterified fatty acids, and more substantial platelet-mediated modification of lipoproteins. These effects were blocked completely by injection of the platelet inhibitor ticlopidine (5 mg/kg, i.p.) or by a sPLA2 inhibitor (LY311727, 3 mg/kg, i.p.). These results demonstrate that stimulated platelets are major contributors to plasma sPLA2 activity in vivo and account to a large extent for the adverse modification of circulating lipoproteins.     

Potentiation by caffeine of the frequencies of micronuclei induced by mitomycin C and cyclophosphamide in young mice

Employing the micronucleus test in mouse bone marrow and in fetal mouse liver, the possible clastogenicity of caffeine as well as its influence on MMC- and CP-induced micronucleus levels were studied. The treatment of male and female C57Bl or BDF1 (C57Bl x DBA2) mice with caffeine (1 or 3 x 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg, s.c.) had no clastogenic effect in mouse bone marrow or in the fetal livers and maternal bone marrow when pregnant mice were injected with caffeine on day 16-17 of gestation. MMC (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) increased up to 10-30-fold the number of MNPCEs in bone marrow compared to a 3-7 fold elevation of MNPCEs in fetal liver. A similar effect was also established in pregnant mice treated with CP (30 mg/kg, i.p.). No significant sex differences in spontaneous and MMC- or CP-induced MNPCEs levels were established in C57Bl and BDF1 mice. However, a significantly higher spontaneous rate of MNPCEs as well as a better-expressed responsiveness to the clastogenic activity of MMC and CP were established in C57Bl compared to BDF1 mice. The pregnancy had no effect on MMC- or CP-induced clastogenicity although a tendency to a decreased sensitivity to the damaging activity of MMC seemed to be detected in pregnant C57Bl mice compared to virgin female animals. The combined treatment of mice with caffeine (3 x 100 mg/kg) and MMC or CP caused an up to 45-49% potentiation of clastogenesis in the bone marrow of male, female and pregnant female C57Bl and BDF1 mice but not in fetal mouse livers.     

陕西植物地理新分布

报道１７种、３变种、１亚种和１变型为陕西植物地理新分布,４属（毛药藤属、白接骨属、马蓝属、赤车属）为陕西植物地理新分布属。     

海南兰科植物新资料

报道了中国兰科Orchidaceae植物一新记录属和3个中国新记录种及5个海南新记录种。其中小囊兰属Micropera Lindl．、红花小囊兰Microperapoilanei（Guill.）Garay、疏花羊耳蒜Liparis sparsiflora Aver.和美丽云叶兰Nephelaphyllum pulchrum Bl.为中国新记录;平卧曲唇兰Panisea cavalerei Schltr．、云南曲唇兰Panisea yunnanensis S．C．Chen＆Z．H．Tsi、束花石斛Dendrobium chrysanthum Wallichex Lindl．、滇南翻唇兰Hetaeria rubens （Lindl．）Benth．ex J．D．Hook．f和毛叶芋兰Nervilia plicata（Andrews）Schltr．为海南新记录种。     

深圳福田红树林生态造林方法技术研究

为了增加深圳红树林生物多样性而引种海南岛的银叶树、海芒果、海桑、水椰、海莲、地瓣海桑、正红树等,其技术关键是抗低温使引种成功,为了大面积造林成功,选择当地优势种秋茄,桐花树、白骨壤及木榄进行繁殖试验,其关键问题是不同种类适合于不同水深及淤泥深度,大面积造林成功的技术关键是种植时间、插植方法等。     

Dietary protein dilution limits dyslipidemia in obesity through FGF21-driven fatty acid clearance

Recent studies have demonstrated that dietary protein dilution (PD) can promote metabolic inefficiency and improve glucose metabolism. However, whether PD can promote other aspects of metabolic health, such as improve systemic lipid metabolism, and mechanisms therein remains unknown. Mouse models of obesity, such as high-fat-diet-fed C57Bl/6 N mice, and New Zealand Obese mice were fed normal (i.e., 20%P) and protein-dilute (i.e., 5%EP) diets. FGF21−/− and Cd36−/− and corresponding littermate +/+ controls were also studied to examine gene-diet interactions. Here, we show that chronic PD retards the development of hypertrigylceridemia and fatty liver in obesity and that this relies on the induction of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). Furthermore, PD greatly enhances systemic lipid homeostasis, the mechanisms by which include FGF21-stimulated, and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) mediated, fatty acid clearance by oxidative tissues, such as heart and brown adipose tissue. Taken together, our preclinical studies demonstrate a novel nutritional strategy, as well as highlight a role for FGF21-stimulated systemic lipid metabolism, in combating obesity-related dyslipidemia.     

花生△12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因高效表达载体构建与原核表达

花生是世界范围内广泛种植的重要油料作物之一,其种子中富含油酸和亚油酸。△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶（FAD2）是亚油酸合成的关键酶,催化油酸（18：1）在△^12位上脱氢生成亚油酸（18：2）,但由于△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶本身的特性,目前还没有有效的方法将其纯化并在蛋白水平作进一步的研究,尚需对其结构和功能之间以及表达调控进行更深入全面的研究。本文利用从花生中克隆的△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因（GenBank接受号为AY1006）构建高效表达载体,把花生△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因全长序列插入到大肠杆菌高效表达载体pRSETB中,构建了pRSET／HO-A融合表达载体,并转化到大肠杆菌表达菌BL21（DE3）pLysS中,在IPTG诱导下,pRSET／HO-A融合表达载体在BL21（DE3）pLysS菌株中高效表达了△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶。利用Clon-Tech蛋白纯化Kit进一步分离了目的蛋白,同时加入外源性底物油酸在20℃温育6h后,进行脂肪酸甲酯化处理,通过气相色谱（GC）和气相色谱,质谱（GC-MS）分析表明,所编码的酶具有△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶的活性,能将外源性的底物油酸转化为亚油酸,转化率为11．8％。花生△^12脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的原核表达目前国内外还未见报导,本实验为其进一步的大量纯化和结构功能分析奠定了基础。     

Analysis of a specific oxygenation reaction of soybean lipoxygenase-1 with fatty acids esterified in phospholipids

Soybean lipoxygenase was reacted with phosphatidylcholine (at pH 9, with 10 mM deoxycholate), and the oxygenation products were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, UV, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and NMR. The structures of the intact glycerolipid products were established by GC-MS of diglycerides recovered by phospholipase C hydrolysis and by proton NMR of the intact phosphatidylcholine. These analyses, together with analyses of the transesterified fatty acids, indicated that arachidonyl and linoleoyl moieties in the phosphatidylcholine were converted exclusively to the 15(S)-hydroperoxy-5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),13(E)-eicosatetraenoate and 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9(Z),11(E)-octadecadienoate analogues, respectively. Control experiments proved that the intact phospholipid (and not hydrolyzed/reesterified fatty acid) was the true substrate of the oxygenation reaction. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol lipids were also substrates for specific oxygenation by the soybean lipoxygenase. The results provide concrete evidence that fatty acids esterified in phospholipid can be subject to highly specific oxygenation by a lipoxygenase enzyme.     

樟科植物中脂肪酸成分的分布

本文报道了樟科11个属49种种子油和‘种果肉油的脂肪酸成分。其中樟族和木姜子族的各属种(滇新樟除外)种子油脂肪酸成分以 C_(10)、C_(12)和 C_(14)饱和或烯酸为主。而厚壳桂属、润楠和楠属种子油脂肪酸成分主要为棕榈酸、油酸和亚油酸。山苍子、天目木姜子、大果山胡椒、山橙、红脉钓樟、鸭公树和锈叶新木姜子种子油中的 C_(10)、C_(12)和 C_(14)烯酸经分离鉴定均是顺式Δ~4烯酸。