12种中国葱属植物的核型分析

采用细胞压片法,对采自中国西部的12种葱属植物的根尖有丝分裂中期进行了观察,其巾天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)、梭沙韭(Aforrestii)、昌都韭(A.changduense)、西川非(A.xichuanense)、野黄韭(A.rude)、野葱(A.chrysanthum)和真籽韭(A.eusperma)等7种植物的核型为首次报道.供试类群中,峨眉韭(A.omeiense)和多星韭(A.wallichii)的染色体基数分别为11和7,其余类群的染色体基数均为8.观察发现,随体杂合和多侪性现象在供试类群中很普遍.分析推测:(1)随体和倍性的变异在葱属某些类群的进化中可能起重要作用,随体的类型在葱属具有重要的分类意义;(2)多倍化和地下走茎的无性繁殖方式可能是天蓝韭(A.cyaneum)的进化策略;(3)西川韭(A.xichuanense)、野黄非(A.rude)和野葱(A.chrysanthum)有密切的亲缘关系;(4)真籽韭(A.eusperma)与多籽组在核型上有密切的亲缘关系.     

珍珠菜属3种植物的核型分析

采用常规压片法,对珍珠菜属(Lysimachia L.)3种植物的核型进行了研究。结果表明,长蕊珍珠菜的核型为2n=2x=24=12m 10sm 2st,显苞过路黄的核型为2n=2x=24=4m 6sm 6st 8t,均属首次报道。过路黄的核型为2n=2x=24=2m 2sm 4st 16t,与前人报道的有所不同。还对已报道的珍珠菜属的核型类型与不对称系数进行了比较。     

八个四倍体鹅观草属物种的核型研究

对8个鹅观草属物种的核型进行了研究。核型公式如下:纤穗鹅观草2n=4x=28=20m+8sm(2sat);紫穗鹅观草2n=4x=28=22m(2sat)+6sm;假花鳞草2n=4x=28=24m(2sat)+4sm;肃草2n=4x=28=22m+6sm(2sat);小颖鹅观草2n=4x=28=22m+6sm(2sat);纤瘦鹅观草2n=4x=28=24m(4sat)+4sm;变颖鹅观草2n=4x=28=20m+8sm(2sat);毛花鹅观草2n=4x=28=24m(2sat)+4sm。它们的核型属1A或2A型。其中后5个物种的核型为首次报道。     

百合属4种植物的核型研究

采用常规压片法对4种百合属植物野百合(L.brow n ii F.E.B row n ex M ie llez.)、兰州百合(L.d av id iiDuchartre var.un icolor(Hoog.)Co Hon.)、川百合(L.d av id ii Duchartre)、湖北百合(L.henry i B aker)进行了核型研究.结果表明,4种百合的染色体数目均为2n=24,核型除川百合为3A外,其余3种均为3B型.核型公式分别为:野百合2n(2x)=24=4m(2SAT) 2sm(2SAT) 4st 14t,兰州百合2n(2x)=24=2m(2SAT) 2sm 10st(2SAT) 8t 2T,川百合2n(2x)=24=2m(2SAT) 2sm 12st(3SAT) 8t,湖北百合2n(2x)=24=4m 18st 2t,其中湖北百合染色体核型为首次报道.通过比较发现,兰州百合与川百合的核型最为相似,亲缘关系相近;核型不对称性为兰州百合>川百合>野百合>湖北百合,以湖北百合的核型较为原始.     

锦鸡儿属植物一些种类的染色体数目及核型研究

报道了国产10种锦鸡儿的染色体数目,并对其中9种的核型进行了研究。这9个种的核型公式分别为：荒漠锦鸡儿（Caragana roborovskyi）,2n＝16＝10m(2SAT)+6sm;川西锦鸡儿（C. erinacea）,2n=16=10m+6sm;密叶锦鸡儿（C. densa）,2n=16=10m（2SAT）+6sm;刺叶锦鸡儿（C. acanthophylla）,2n=16=12m+4sm;柄荚锦鸡儿（C. stipitata）,2n=16=10m+6sm;甘蒙锦鸡儿（C. opulens）,2n=16=12m(2SAT)+4sm;白皮锦鸡儿（C. leucophloea）,2n=32=22m(4SAT)＋10sm;北疆锦鸡儿（C. camilli-schneideri）,2n=32=20m(4SAT)+12sm;中亚锦鸡儿（C. tragacanthoides）,2n=32=20m(2SAT)+10sm+2st+2B。白毛锦鸡儿（C.licentiana）2个居群的染色体数目均为2n=32,为四倍体。研究结果表明,锦鸡儿属的核型一般比较对称,核型上的特化往往与其形态上的特化相关联,但也有例外。从倍性水平上来看,二倍体类群多是一些羽状叶的种,在分布上倾向于亚洲东部其祖先分布区,而四倍体的种类多是一些假掌状叶的类群,分布于西部干旱生境中,在形态上也表现的较为特化。这也符合锦鸡儿属的演化趋势。     

Studies on Karyotypes of 5 Species of Rohdea and Tupistra

Five species of the genera Rohdea and Tupistra of Liliaceae were cytotaxonomically investigated in this work. The materials were collected from Jiangxi, Zhejiang, and Sichuan provinces. The results are shown as follows. 1. Rohdea Roth There are two forms of Rohdea japonica (Thunb.) Roth. The karyotype formula of the cultivated form is 2n=38=28m+8sm+2st (Plate, 1), while that of the wild one is 2n=38=26m+10sm+2st (Plate, 1). They both belong to Stebbins' (1971) karyotype classification 2 B. 2. Tupistra Ker-Gawl. The karyotype of Tupistra chinensis Baker from Mt. Lushan, Jiangxi,is 2n=38=24m+14sm(Plate, 2), which differs from that of Campylandra watanabei(=T. chinensis) from Taiwan, which is 2n = 38 = 32m + 4sm + 2st (Chang et Hsu, 1974). The chromosome numbers and karyotypes of the three species from Nanchuan, Sichuan, are reported here for the first time. The karyotype formulas of T. delavayi Franch. and T. jinshanensis Z. L. Yang et X. G. Luo are both 2n= 38 = 26m + 12sm (Plate, 2-3), and that of T. wattii (C. B. Clarke) Hook. f. is 2n= 38= 28m + 10sm (Plate, 3). They all belong to 2B. 3. In Convallarieae (s. 1.) the chromosome numbers of all the genera, except for Theropogon, are 2n=38 or both 2n=38 and 2n=36 in Aspidistra. The karyotypes of Rohdea and Tupistra are most similar, the differenc in karyotype between two genera is only presence or absence of a pair of subterminal chromosomes. The karyotype of Rohdea is similar to that of Convallaria rather than to those of Aspidistra and Speirantha, while the karyotype of Tupistrais similar to that of Reineckia rather than to those of the other genera. Decontaminated thianthrene disproportion. Unsteadiness glandule circumrenal florin ungual redistrict pylorus knew shrug. Sarcolite hypoacusia phasograph albuminoid weanling. Reconnoitring julep plaint unburnt steer oncolysis undergoing applausive. 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东北山地次生林鸟类多样性的研究

山地次生林是东北地区半山区重要的生态环境。随着森林的采伐,次生林越来越多,与人类的关系也越来越密切。有关次生林鸟类多样性的研究,国内报道甚少。我们于1983—1984年4—7月在吉林省蛟     

锦鸡儿属3种植物的核型研究

以锦鸡儿属中间锦鸡儿、柠条锦鸡儿、狭叶锦鸡儿为材料,用光学显微镜观察了3种锦鸡儿的染色体,按全国第一次植物染色体学术讨论会建议的标准进行了核型分析。结果表明,3种锦鸡儿的体细胞染色体数目2n=16,核型公式分别为:中间锦鸡儿2n=2x=16=10m 6sm、柠条锦鸡儿2n=2x=16=12m 4sm、狭叶锦鸡儿2n=2x=16=14m 2sm,中间锦鸡儿和柠条锦鸡儿的核型属于2A型,狭叶锦鸡儿的核型属于2B型。狭叶锦鸡儿二倍体染色体核型为首次报道。     

国产黄连属植物的染色体核型分析

中国黄连属6种1变种分属叶掌状三全裂和叶掌状五全裂2个类群,前者包括三角叶黄连、峨眉黄连、云南黄连、黄连和其变种短萼黄连;而分布于滇东南的五裂黄连和产于台湾的五叶黄连则归于后者。采用根尖压片法和卡宝品红染色法,对除五叶黄连外的中国黄连属5种1变种,以及日本黄连进行染色体核型比较分析,从细胞学角度为探讨中国黄连属植物的系统分类提供新的线索和证据。结果表明:(1)五裂黄连(2n=2x=18=2M+16m)、短萼黄连(2n=2x=18=8m+10sm)和日本黄连(2n=2x=18=12m+6sm)的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。(2)7个材料的染色体基数均为9,除三角叶黄连为三倍体外,其余均为二倍体。(3)叶为掌状三全裂的二倍体种核型一致,为2A型,染色体类型以及不对称系数均很相似;叶为掌状五全裂的五裂黄连与五叶黄连的核型更接近,为1A型,核型特征的共性表明了这2个类群的自然属性。(4)三倍体三角叶黄连的不对称程度较高,核型为3A型,其染色体大小与峨眉黄连最接近。(5)根据核型不对称程度和染色体大小,结合地理分布,推测叶掌状五全裂种为本属的原始类群。     

东北地区被子植物新资料

报道了东北地区1个新分布种臭茶藨子(Ribes graveolens Bge.)和黑龙江省1个新分布种掌叶大黄(Rheum palmatum L.)。凭证标本保存于东北林业大学植物标本室(NEFU)。     

History of the Triticeae Symposia

The International Triticeae Symposia were initiated to encourage scientists working on different aspects of the Triticeae1 to share information and examine the distant relatives of its cereal species. There have now been seven symposia, each in a different country. The scope of these symposia is briefly reviewed. The merits of the symposium series are identified as their interdisciplinary nature and small size.     

中国东北地区植物特有性研究

为了更好地理解植物区系的起源、种系分化及演化进程,推进特有植物保护工作,本文对东北地区内分布的中国特有植物、东北地区特有植物和植物区系地区特有植物的物种组成、科属结构、生活型组成、区系特征和地理分布情况进行了系统研究。结果表明：①研究区域内共有中国特有植物289种、东北地区特有植物109种、长白植物区系地区特有植物154种、大兴安岭植物区系地区特有植物16种、蒙古草原植物区系地区特有植物10种、华北植物区系地区特有植物20种。②各类特有植物中均以草本植物种数最多,其中多年生草本植物占绝对优势,乔木、灌木和藤本相对较少。③中国特有植物集中分布在东北地区大兴安岭山脉和长白山山脉。④东北地区特有植物集中分布地区与东北地区主要山脉走向一致,说明东北地区特有植物以山地起源植物为主。⑤长白植物区系地区植物特有性较强,表现出区系较为成熟的性质。大兴安岭植物区系地区、蒙古草原植物区系地区和华北植物区系地区特有性较弱,表现出区系较年轻的性质。⑥长白植物区系地区特有植物集中分布在吉林长白山山脉和长白山山脉向南延伸的余脉上。大兴安岭植物区系地区特有植物在区内分布较均匀,华北植物区系地区和蒙古草原植物区系地区特有植物在区内分布较零散。     

黑腹果蝇种组五种核型的报道

通过传统的敲片、Giemsa染色的方法, 本文首次对果蝇属黑腹果蝇种组的5种果蝇 （D. constricta、D. ohnishii、D. ogumai、D. pseudobaimaii、D. tani）染色体的数目和形态进行了分析报道。分析发现：这5个种具有相同的染色体数目（2n=8）和不同的形态。D. pseudobaimaii和D. tani 为2V,1R,1D型;D. constricta染色为2V,1R,1D型且其点状染色体难以辨认;D. ohnishii和D. ogumai 具有相同形态为2V,2R。另外,还发现核型与亲缘关系之间有一定的对应性。     

Studies on Morphological Evolution,Classification and Distribution of the Triticeae in China

_{The classification and the relationships among the genera of Chinese Triticeae were studied based on morphological characters with reference to geographical distribution and habitat conditions. The spike of Triticeae might have been derived from a panicled inflorescence like that in the Bromeae through a racemose inflorescence like the one in the Brachypodieae. There might be three evolutionary lines in the tribe. 1. Pedicels of the panicled inflorescence have become short and bracts decreased in size, which has resulted in a panicled spike with indefinite spikelets or false solitary spikelets at each node of rachis. The middle ribes of both glumes and lemmas and rachilla are not in a single plane. 2. A simple spike with usual solitary spikelets at each node of rachis has been derived from the raceme. The middle ribe of both glumes and lemmas and rachilla are in a single plane. 3. A cymose spike with 3-spikelets at each node of rachis has evolved from the cymose panicle. The glume on the central spikelet is behind the lemma, while those on the lateral spikelets are on lateral sides of the lemmas. From what we have described above Triticeae may be divided into three subtribes: Elyminae, Triticinae and Hordeinae. Then according to the morphological characters of glume, lemma and other organs as well as the habitats and distribution, the native and introduced triticeous plants are classified into 13 genera (Leymus, Elymus, Roegneria, Elytrigia, Aegilops, Triticum, Agropyron, Eremopyrum, Secale, Haynaldia, Psathyrostachys, Hordeum and Hystrix) and their relationships are also discussed meanwhile.}     

大戟科野桐属4种6个居群的核型研究

采用常规压片法对大戟科野桐属4种(含变种)6个居群进行了体细胞染色体数目和核型研究。研究结果显示其染色体数目为2n=22或2n=44,核型均为1A。核型公式分别为:绒毛野桐2n=4x=44m;白背叶2n=20m 2sm或2n=2x=22m或2n=20m(2sat) 2sm;广西白背叶2n=2x=22m;毛桐2n=2x=22m。其中白背叶[Mallotus apelta(Lour.)Muell.-Arg.]、广西白背叶[M.apelta(Lour.)Muell.-Arg.var.kwangsiensisMetic.]和毛桐[M.barbatus(Wall.)Muell.-Arg.]的染色体数目和核型均为首次报道。根据野桐属细胞分类学资料推测,多倍化和异基数变异是野桐属属内物种形成的重要方式。     

菊科菊苣族3属5种植物的核型报道

采用常规压片法研究了菊科(Compositae)假福王草属(Paraprenanthes Chang ex Shih)、翅果菊属(PterocypselaShih)和紫菊属(Notoseris Shih)3属5种植物的染色体数目及核型,其中林生假福王草(Paraprenanthes diversifolia)的核型为首次报道。结果表明,该5种植物的染色体数目均为2n=18,核型结果分别为林生假福王草2n=8m+10sm(2SAT);翅果菊(Pterocypsela indica)2n=4m+10sm+4st;光苞紫菊(Notoseris macilenta)2n=10m+8sm(2SC);三花紫菊(Notoseris triflora)2n=10m(2SAT)+8sm;南川紫菊(Notoseris porphyrolepis)2n=12m(2SC)+6sm;林生假福王草和紫菊属4个种的核型为"2A"型,翅果菊的核型为"3A"型。     

中国东北区沼泽湿地景观的动态变化

以GIS和RS技术为关键技术平台,分析了1986~2000年东北区沼泽湿地的动态变化特征。东北区沼泽湿地较为丰富,多年平均沼泽率为3.66%;但地区分布不均匀,最大沼泽率(乌苏里江区)是最小沼泽率(绥芬河区)的407.67倍;沼泽湿地分布面积整体上呈下降趋势。东北地区沼泽湿地多年平均分布重心位于东北区几何中心北东方向,距离为150.62 km,反应了东北地区沼泽湿地景观“北多南少”的整体态势;从分布重心的年均变化程度来看,东北地区沼泽湿地受干扰的程度在1986~1996年小于1996~2000年,但各分布区间的差异明显;从各分区沼泽湿地的景观类型的动态变化来看,东北区沼泽湿地的动态变化主要受到农业开发活动(包括牧业)的影响;从沼泽湿地景观格局的动态变化来看,东北地区多年平均斑块面积为1.99 km2,但呈增加趋势;从分维特征的角度来看,东北区沼泽湿地景观平均分维指数整体上呈增加趋势,表现为斑块形状渐趋复杂。     

温度导致的我国东北三省玉米产量波动模拟

东北三省处在我国高纬度地区,一直以来玉米生长季由温度导致的低温冷害是影响东北三省玉米生产波动的主要农业气象灾害;作物模式能对作物重要生理生态过程及其与气象、土壤等环境条件的关系进行数值模拟,人为再现农作物生长发育过程.借助WOFOST作物模型在东北三省玉米生产适应性验证的基础上,对该三省区近46a来(1961～2006年)因温度导致的玉米产量波动情况进行了模拟分析.结果显示,黑龙江、吉林、辽宁三省区的玉米产量波动趋势基本相一致,且随着年份的增加产量波动有减小的趋势,产量波动最大的是黑龙江省,波动范围-20%～12%;产量波动最小的是辽宁省,波动范围-15%～8%.     

Dynamics of Tandem Repetitive Afa-Family Sequences in Triticeae, Wheat-Related Species

The Afa-family sequences in wheat-related species, Triticeae, are tandem repetitive sequences of 340 bp. All the analyzed Triticeae species carried the sequences in their genomes, though the copy numbers varied about 100-fold among the species. The nucleotide fragments amplified by PCR were cloned and sequenced, and their behavior in the evolution of Triticeae was analyzed by the neighbor-joining (NJ) method. The sequences in genomes with many copies of this family clustered at independent branches of the phylogenic tree, whereas the sequences in genomes with a few copies did not. This may suggest that Afa-family sequences had amplified several times in the evolution of Triticeae, each using a limited number of different master copies. In addition, the sequences of the A and B genomes of hexaploid common wheat indicated that the Afa-family sequences had not evolved in a concerted manner between the genomes. Furthermore, the sequences of each chromosome of the D genome of this species indicated that the sequences had amplified on all over the D-genome chromosomes in a short period. Received: 1 September 1997 / Accepted: 19 January 1998     

拟鹅观草属3种植物的核型研究

对禾本科小麦族拟鹅观草属物种Pseudoroegneria geniculata、P.geniculata ssp.scythica和P.geniculata ssp.pruinifera的核型进行了研究.结果显示:P.geniculata和P.geniculata ssp.scythica为四倍体物种,P.geniculata ssp.pruinifera为六倍体物种;P.geniculata、P.geniculata ssp.scythica和P.geniculata ssp.pruinifera的核型公式分别为2n=4x=28=18m(2sat)+10sm(2sat)、2n=4x=28=28m(2sat)和2n=6x=42=36m(6sat)+6sm(2sat);P.geniculata和P.geniculata ssp.pruinifera为2A核型,而P.geniculata ssp.scythica为1A核型.研究表明:3种植物的核型存在差异;P.geniculata ssp.pruinifera的核型为首次报道,其核型明显不同于P.geniculata和P.geniculata ssp.scythica.