A simple method to obtain essential oils from Salvia triloba L. and Laurus nobilis L. by using microwave-assisted hydrodistillation

A microwave-assisted hydrodistillation protocol was modified to extract essential oils from leaves of Salvia triloba L. and Laurus nobilis L. The essential oils of these plants are generally obtained by hydrodistillation or steam distillation. The volatile compounds obtained by microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation methods were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Both distillation methods and analytical results were compared. 1,8-Cineole (46.8-54.2%) was the main component in the leaf oils of both samples. Although the distillation was accomplished in a shorter time, oil yields and 1,8-cineole contents were slightly higher in the microwave-assisted hydrodistillation compared to usual hydrodistillation. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation appears to be an effective method for the production of essential oils.     

樟精油成分和类型划分

用色谱、色谱-质谱联用、红外光谱和其他化学方法鉴定了樟精油中的34个成分。通过164株樟不同部位的363个精油样品的分析,观察到不同树龄的植株及不同部位精油成分的差异。叶部精油具有显著的特征。按照叶油的主成分可将樟划分为五个化学类型(生理类型):樟脑型、芳樟醇型、桉油素型、龙脑型和异橙花叔醇型。     

Studies on the Chemical Constituents of Essential oil from the Leaves of Da Ye Fangzang Cinnarnornurn porrectum

Da Ye Fangzang is a physiological type of containing d-linalool of Cin-namomum porrectum (Roxb) Kosterm. The essential oil in leaves of Da Ye Fangzangcan be extracted by steam distillation with yields of 1.1–1.4%. It contained d-linalool95.08% and it can be used in aromatic. We used the methods of GC, GC/MS/DS, IR,and optical ana]ysis, d-linalool and other 29 different chemical constituents were identi-fied.     

贯叶连翘挥发性化学成分研究

采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取中草药贯叶连翘(全草)挥发油。通过气相色谱/质谱联用技术测定了挥发油的化学成分,从中鉴定出75种化合物,其中百里香酚、桉油精、丁香油酚等酚类物质为首次检出。结果表明,贯叶连翘因产地不同、部位不同,其挥发油的成分有较大的差别。     

Forgotten Perfumery Plants – Part I: Balm of Judea

Perfumes have always been products of great importance, mainly composed of natural, valuable and vegetal raw materials. Today, some of them have completely disappeared in perfumery, even though they are part of our cultural heritage and were commonly used in the past. Balm of Judea is one of the most noble, rare and fascinating ingredient long used in perfumery and medicine, that is missing today. After years of research, we collected a resin and an essential oil (steam distillation of fresh aerial parts) from Commiphora gileadensis (L.) C.Chr . native from Saudi Arabia and cultivated in Israel. The aims of this study were to i) identify the main reasons of the loss of the balm of Judea, ii) characterize the volatile composition of the resin and the essential oil and iii) evaluate their olfactory profile and assess their biological activity. Eighty‐three compounds were identified in the resin, by a combination of GC‐MS and GC/FID techniques, using direct injection and HS‐SPME. α‐Pinene (24.0 %), sabinene (43.8 %), β‐pinene (6.3 %) and cymene (3.6 %) were the main identified compounds, giving an intense, terpenic and lemony smell to the resin. Anti‐inflammatory, wound‐healing and whitening activities were highlighted. Sabinene (22.7 %), terpinen‐4‐ol (18.7 %), α‐pinene (14.4 %) and cymene (13.6 %) were identified as the main components of the essential oil, giving a spicy, woody and lemony fragrance. Anti‐inflammatory and whitening activities were emphasized.     

槲寄生挥发性成分研究

目的：研究槲寄生挥发性成分。方法：利用水蒸汽蒸馏法提取槲寄生挥发性成分,用GC/MS进行分离测定,结合计算机检索技术对分离的化合物进行结构鉴定,应用色谱峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对百分含量。结果：分离出119个成分,确定了66个化合物,占挥发油总量的77．31％。结论：槲寄生挥发性成分大于2％的化学成分有12种。     

Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Chinese Propolis

The chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activity of the essential oil of propolis (EOP) collected from 25 locations in China was investigated. Steam‐distillation extraction was used to extract the EOP, and chemical composition was identified by GC/MS. The antioxidant activities of EOP were also measured. The result showed that a total of 406 compounds were detected in EOP. The major compounds of Chinese EOP were cedrol, γ‐eudesmol, benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, 2‐methoxy‐4‐vinylphenol, 3,4‐dimethoxystyrene and guaiol. Principal component analysis revealed the significant correlation between EOP compositions and their origins, and certain correlation was detected between EOP and their color. Linear discriminant analysis showed that 88 % and 84 % of the propolis samples were predicted correctly as the groupings identified by climatic zone and the color, respectively. Furthermore, the differences of antioxidant activities of EOP were significant. EOP of Shandong had the strongest antioxidant activities, whereas EOP of Guangdong, Yunnan and Hunan showed the poorest.     

芫荽子超临界CO2流体萃取和水汽蒸馏精油的化学成分研究

本文采用GC和GC-MS技术对芫荽子超临界CO_2流体萃取(SFE-CO_2)精油的化学成分进行了剖析,并与水汽蒸馏(SD)精油作了比较。结果表明,两种产物的主要组分均为芳樟醇,分别占91.08％(SD)和65.79％(SFE-CO_2)。共有67种化合物被鉴定,其中21种为首次在芫荽子精油中被发现。     

云南蒜油化学成分的研究

本文对云南曲靖产大蒜(Allium sativum L.)蒜油用气相色谱和色谱-质谱法进行了分析,鉴定了20个化合物。其中:6-甲基-1-硫杂-2,4-环己二烯(6-methyl-1-thi-2,4-cyclohexadiene),5-甲基-1,2-二硫杂-3-环戊烯(5-methyl-1,2-dithi-3-cyclopentene),4-甲基-1,2-二硫杂-3-环戊烯(4-methyl-1,2-dithi-3-cyclopentene),4-乙烯基-1,2,3-三硫杂-5-环己烯(4-vinyl-1,2,3-trithi-5-cyclohexene)及甲基烯丙基五硫醚(allyl methyl pentasulfide)等为蒜油中首次报道的化合物。     

Study on Chemical Constituents from the Essential Oil of Tagetes erecta

The essential oil of leaves and the absolute from flower of Tagetes erecta were analysed by GC, GC/MS, IR, column chromatography. About 50 compounds in the essential oil have been identified, most of then are terpenone. 28 compounds in absolute have been identified. γ-, △-cadinene, cis-caryophyllene and other sesquiterpenes are major constituents in absolute The essential oil has good antibiotic activity and no irritability to human skin. It is a kind of useful natural fragrance.     

Essential Oil Compositions and Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Five Lavandula stoechas Cultivars Grown in Thailand

The essential oils of five Lavandula stoechas cultivars grown in Thailand were characterized for their volatile compounds using GC‐FID and GC/MS methods as well as screened for antibacterial and antioxidant activities. Dried aerial parts, including flowers and stems from each cultivar, were subjected to hydrodistillation for 4 h. The essential oil yields were 0.18 %–0.82 % w/w. Of the 95 compounds detected and identified, 1,8‐cineole, fenchone, and camphor were considered the major compounds. Essential oil from each cultivar demonstrated different patterns of antibacterial activity and a variety of antioxidant properties. The highest antibacterial activity, MIC=0.39 mg mL^?1, was observed from the essential oil of L. stoechas ‘major’ (against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella typhimurium) and the essential oil of L. stoechas ‘white lavender’ (against S. typhimurium). The essential oil of L. stoechas×viridis ‘St. Brelade’ possessed the highest antioxidant capacity, as determined by the DPPH and ABTS assays (IC₅₀ of 67.65 and 89.26 mg mL^?1, respectively). The results indicated that some of these essential oils could be used as key ingredients in lavender oil products in Thailand to increase their therapeutic efficacy, depending on their intended application.     

互叶白千层油化学成分的研究

采用水蒸汽蒸馏收集互叶白千层芳香油,对该油进行ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ定性分析及其总离于流图的面积归一化定量分析,鉴定出２５种化合物,其中含氧化合物６种,碳氢化合物１９种。直接影响该油商品价值的化学成分４－萜品醇含量约为１７％,桧樟脑含量约为２．４％。     

水翁花蕾和水翁叶精油的化学成分研究

水翁的花营和鲜叶经水蒸汽蒸馏得到一种淡黄色的精油,前者出油率为0.18％。后者为0.08％。我们应用毛细管气相色谱,气相色谱/质谱联用,红外光谱和紫外光谱等方法,对两种精油进行化学分成分析,分别鉴定出35个和27个已知化学成分。两者相同的化学成分有:β-罗勒烯(Z)、β-罗勒烯(E)、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、月桂烯、小茴香烯、香叶醇、顺式-丁香烯、橙花叔醇等23个化学成分,分别占花营精油全油的90％和叶精油95％以上。     

Chemistry and immunomodulatory activity of frankincense oil

The yield of steam distillation of frankincense essential oil (3%); and its physicochemical constants were determined. Capillary GC/MS technique was used for the analysis of the oil. Several oil components were identified based upon comparison of their mass spectral data with those of reference compounds published in literature or stored in a computer library. The oil was found to contain monoterpenes (13.1%), sesquiterpenes (1%), and diterpenes (42.5%). The major components of the oil were duva-3,9,13-trien-1,5alpha-diol-1-acetate (21.4%), octyl acetate (13.4%), o-methyl anisole (7.6%), naphthalene decahydro-1,1,4a-trimethyl-6-methylene-5-(3-methyl-2-pentenyl) (5.7%), thunbergol (4.1%), phenanthrene-7-ethenyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,10a-dodecahydro-1,1,4a,7-tetramethyl (4.1%), alpha-pinene (3.1%), sclarene (2.9%), 9-cis-retinal (2.8%), octyl formate (1.4%), verticiol (1.2%) decyl acetate (1.2%), n-octanol (1.1%). The chemical profile of the oil is considered as a chemotaxonomical marker that confirmed the botanical and geographical source of the resin. Biologically, the oil exhibited a strong immunostimulant activity (90% lymphocyte transformation) when assessed by a lymphocyte proliferation assay.     

Chemical composition,antibacterial and antifungal activities of flowerhead and root essential oils of Santolina chamaecyparissus L., growing wild in Tunisia

The antimicrobial properties of essential oil from various Santolina species have not been investigated enough in the previous studies dealing with the biological activities of medicinal plants. In Tunisia, Santolina chamaecyparissus L. (Asteraceae) is the only Santolina species recorded and is used as vermifuge and emmenagogue. The chemical composition, antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils from the flowerheads and roots of spontaneous S. chamaecyparissus growing in Tunisia and the chemical composition which leads to the Tunisian chemotype are investigated here for the first time. Essential oils isolated by hydro distillation from flowerheads and roots of S. chamaecyparissus were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Two methods served for antimicrobial assays of the essential oils: diffusion in a solid medium and micro-well dilution assay. Antifungal tests were carried out by the agar incorporation method. Sixty-seven constituents were identified from the essential oil of the flowerhead. The major constituents were: 1,8-cineole and β-eudesmol. Two non identified compounds were present at the highest concentration in root oil. Flowerhead oil was characterized by high contents in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes oxygenated compounds. The flowerhead essential oil demonstrated potent of antibacterial properties against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC, with MIC of 0.625 μg/ml. These findings demonstrate that the flowerhead essential oils of S. chamaecyparissus have excellent antibacterial properties and for this reason they could contribute to decrease the problem of microbial resistance to antibiotics.     

Chemical composition of hips essential oils of some Rosa L. species

The chemical composition of the hips essential oils of 9 taxa of Rosa L. was analyzed and compared using the standardized analytical GC and GC/MS methods. The volatile hips oil compositions for these species are presented. All oil samples were dominated by following components: vitispiran (isomer), a-E-acaridial, dodecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, docosane (C22), beta-ionone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 2-heptanone, heptanal, myristic acid and linolic acid. Statistical analyses of 97 GC peaks of these oils were used to distinguish compositional patterns. There appeared to be correlation between the essential oil patterns and the classification within Rosa L. Cluster analysis of the composition of main components clearly showed two groups, one constituted by R. rugosa Thunb. from the Cinnamomea section, and the other constituted by the remaining taxa from the Caninae section.     

苹儿香菊精油化学成分研究

苹儿香菊是菊科菊属植物中一个新的栽培品种,是一种新香料和观赏植物。用ＧＣ／ＭＳ／ＤＳ方法从其花的精油中鉴定了２６个已知成分,占精油总量的９２．４％;并用ＩＲ、＾１ＨＮＭＲ、ＭＳ从其精油中鉴定了一个属菊香系的主香成分－菊醇。     

湖北栀子花挥发油的GC/MS分析

利用水蒸气蒸馏法从湖北栀子花鲜花中提取栀花挥发油。通过ＤＢ－５弹性石英毛细管柱ＧＣ／ＭＳ分析所得栀子花挥发油,共鉴定了４０个化合物并测定了其相对含量。湖北子发挥发油的主要成分为芳樟醇（１７．９２％）,茉莉内酯（９．１１％）和惕各酸顺－３－己烯酯（６．５４％）。     

Composition of the essential oil from cell suspension cultures of Achillea millefolium ssp. millefolium

The composition of the essential oil isolated from Achillea millefolium L. ssp. millefolium cell suspension cultures was analysed by GC and GC-MS. The yield of the oil obtained by hydrodistillation or a simultaneous distillation -extraction of these cultures, harvested at days 8–10 (end of exponential phase), was 0.001 % (w/w). The analysis of the volatiles showed the presence of thirteen components; monoterpenes amounted to 5%, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons attained 40%, while eugenol, demethoxyencecalin and two unidentified compounds amounted to 45% of the total oil. Several methods were tested in an attempt to increase the essential oil production by the cultures: growth on solid medium, growth in light, use of a different culture medium, elicitation with cellulase or yeast extract, and growth in a two-phase system. Of the different methods tested, the growth in B5⁺ medium with Miglyol 812 led to the highest essential oil yield (0.002%, w/w), and resulted in a more diverse oil composition.     

怀牛膝挥发油成分分析

用气相色谱-质谱联用法定性,气相色谱法定量,首次分析了牛膝(Achgranthesbidentata B1.)干燥根的挥发油的化学成分.共鉴定了45个化合物.特征性成分为2,6-二甲基吡嗪,2-甲氧基-3-异丙基吡嗪和2-甲氧基-3-异丁基吡嗪.