中国蛇床属植物研究

经研究整理,我国蛇床属(Cnidium Cuss.)植物有4种,2变种:蛇床(C.monnieri(L.)Cuss.),碱蛇床(C.salinum Turcz.),兴安蛇床(C.dahuricum(Jacq.)Turcz.ex Fisch.et Mey.),滨蛇床(C.japonicum Miq.),台湾蛇床(C.monnieri var.formosana(Yabe)Kitag.)和根茎碱蛇床(C.salinum var.rhizomaticum Ma),对原属蛇床属的两个种做了名称新组合:辛家山亮蛇床(Selinum sinchianum(Fu)Yuan et Li),无油管亮蛇床(Selinum nullivittatum(Fu)Yuan et Li)。对上述种类进行了分类研究、果实显微及扫描电镜观察和花粉粒扫描电镜观察。     

A Systematic and Evolutionary Study of Zizania L. (Gramineae) Pollen Morphology

This paper deals with pollen morphology of Zizania L. and its relatives. A total of 7 genera, 13 species, 3 varieties and 1 form were examined under light microscope and scanning electron microscope. The results are as follows: 1. The genus Zizania belongs to tribe Oryzeae as shown by pollen characters, i, e. subspheroidal to ovoid in shape, monoporate, exine two-layered, with minute granules under LM. 2. The evolutionary trend of these taxa seems to be from minute granules free (Zizania latifolia, Z. texana, Zizaniopsis milicea and Oryza sativa) to minute granules aggregated in a group of 2-4 (many) (Zizania aquatica, Z. palustris, Leersia hexandra etc.). The genus Zizania may be derived from the ancient stock which has also given rise to the genus Oryza, and therefore parallel evolution may have taken place in Oryzeae, i. e. from perennial species to annual species in Zizania in one line, and from the genus Oryza to Leersia, Chikusichloa etc. in the other. 3. The characters of pollen morphology under LM and SEM support the division of the genus, Zizania into 4 species, 2 subspecies in the world, i. e. Z. latifolia (Griseb.) Turcz. ex Stapf, Z. texana Hitchc., Z. aquatica subsp. aquatica, Z. aquatica subsp. brevis (Fassett) S. L.Chen, Z. palustris subsp. palustris, and Z. palustris subsp. interior (Fassett) S. L. Chen.     

Systematic Studies in Czernaevia Turcz. (Umbelliferae)

Czernaevia Turcz. is a monotypic genus in the Umbelliferae, tribe Peucedaneae, with the only species Cz. laevigata Turcz. occurring in northern East Asia. Although the species has often been included in Angelica L., and sometimes even in Ostericum Hoffm., the present study indicates that it is distinct not only in having dimorphic petals, but also in its fruit structure, pollen morphology and phytochemical components. The fruit has numerous, compressed vittae, the pollen grains are not constricted at the equatorial region with a small P/E ratio (1.7-2.1), and neither coumarins nor flavonoids have been found to be present at significant level in the species. It is taxonomically probably rather isolated and the monotypic genus Czernaevia is tenable.     

7种獐牙菜属植物花粉形态的研究

本文应用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,对龙胆科(Gentianaceae)獐牙菜属(Swertia L.)7种植物(獐牙菜Swertia bimaculata(S.et z.)HK.f.Thoms.、水灵芝S.davidii Franch.、江浙獐牙菜S.hickinii Burkill.、贵州獐牙菜S.kouitchensisFranch.、大籽獐牙菜S.macrosperma C.B.Clarke.、翼梗獐牙菜S.nervosa Wall.、紫红獐牙菜S.punicea Hemsl.)的花粉形态作了比较观察,找出了它们的鉴别特征,阐明了獐牙菜属植物花粉的外壁外层表面纹饰的三种类型为条纹—网状、网状和瘤状雕纹。     

杜鹃花属植物花粉形态及其分类学意义

利用扫描电子显微镜对5个亚属20种杜鹃花属植物的花粉形态进行了观察和比较研究,其中大部分(16种)为首次报道。杜鹃花属花粉均为四合花粉,呈正四面体排列。四合体为圆角三角形,连接紧密。单粒花粉为球形或近球形,具三沟孔。在扫描电镜下,除了杜鹃亚属的百合杜鹃、羊踯躅亚属的羊踯躅以及马银花亚属的马银花组具有明显的纹饰特征之外,其它类群的形态特征相互重叠,不足以作为现有亚属的分类依据。花粉粒具不同的外壁纹饰,可为分类研究提供孢粉学方面的证据,但应慎重应用花粉形态对杜鹃花属植物特定种进行分类鉴定。     

红花玉兰等5个玉兰种花粉形态观察及分类学意义

通过对红花玉兰（Magnolia wufengensis L. Y. Ma et L. R. Wang）等5个玉兰种的花粉的光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察拍照,测量光学显微镜下的花粉大小并对其进行统计学分析。结果表明：光学显微镜下,木兰属5个种的花粉均呈现椭圆形或近圆形,各种之间大小、形状方面有较大差异,种内部也存在不同程度的差异;扫描电子显微镜下,各种花粉均为舟形,且具有闭合、长及两端的远极萌发单沟等一致特征,花粉表面纹饰、突起等特征在种内部比较稳定,不同种之间差异明显,可以为木兰属植物种的划分提供比较准确的依据。     

Studies on the Pollen Morphology of Family Salicaceae in Gansu

Pullen grains of 2 genera 31 species of the family Salicaceae ia Gansu have been investigated. The comparative studies of the pollen grains were carried out by means of seanning electron microscope and light microscope. The two genera (Popu- lus L. and Salix L.) can be distinguished by their pollen characters such as the shape of pollen, type of aper ure, ornamentation of exine etc. 1. Shape of pollen grains 1) Spherical (rounded) : Populus L., 2) Ellipoidal, (subrotund): Salix L. 2. Type .of aperture 1) Atreme: Populus L., 2) 3-colpate, 3-colporoidate or 3-syncolpate: Salix L. 3. Ornamentation of exine 1 ) Cavernulous: Populus L., 2) Tubercular: Populus L., 3) Spinulate: Salix L., 4) Rugulose: Populus L. and Salix L., 5) Finely-reticulate: Populus L., 6) Reticulate: Salix L., 7) Crass-reticulate: Salix L., 8) Rugulose-Spinulate-Cavernulous: Salix L., 9) Rugulose-Reticulate: Salix L. Basing upon the above pollen characters, the genera Populus L. and Salix L. are con- sidered two good and natural taxa, and the genus Populus L. is more primitive than the genus Salix L.     

中国丁香属花粉形态的研究

本文利用扫描电子显微镜和光学显微镜,研究了丁香代表植物11种和2变种的花粉形态,并对花粉的形态特征用电子计算机进行了主分量分析,同时将计算结果作了二维与三维排序,结果表明:(1)丁香属植物花粉形态在光学显微镜下种间区别甚微,而在电镜下的区别则很明显,可做为分种的依据,尤其对形态上难以区分的种类更为适用;(2)所做花粉除欧丁香外,其余花粉均为三孔沟型,对前人的工作作了一定的修正;(3)通过主分量分析,指出了花粉孔的长宽比、沟长及网眼大小是本属花粉分类的主要成分;(4)试图通过主分量的二维和三维排序,为属下分组、分种提供新的观点和依据。     

马尾树科及其近缘科花粉形态研究

本文观察了马尾树科(Rhoipteleaceae)、胡桃科(Juglandaceae)以及桦木科(Be-tulaceae)、9属9种植物花粉形态。马尾树科与桦木科桦木属(Betula L.)花粉粒均为扁球形,极面观呈钝三角形,萌发孔类型均为多孔类型,孔之间均有弓形加厚,而且外表面均具细颗粒状雕纹。而胡桃科大多为多边形、散孔类型。根据花粉形态资料,探讨了马尾树科的系统位置。     

Pollen morphology of 8 genera of Chinese Umbelliferae (Apiaceae)

This paper deals with the studies of pollen morphology of 8 genera including 22 species and 1 variety of Umbelliferae (Apiaceae). They have been investigated under both the light microscope and the SEM. These genera can be distinguished by their pollen characters. The observed data listing in the following table reveal that they can be distinguished according to shape of pollen, form of pores, sculpture of exine and size of grains etc. 1. Shape of pollen grains (1) subrhomboidal type: Chuanminshen Sheh et Shan, Changium Wolff, Cyclorhiza Sheh et Shan (2) oval type: Seseli L. (3) subrectangular type a. thickened at the equator and rugulose: Peuecdanum L. b. constricted at the equator and rugulose: Ligusticum L. e. constricted at the equator and rugulose, thickened at both polar zones: Vicatia DC. (4) equatorially-constricted type, rugulose at the equator, thickened at both polar zones: Ferula L. 2. Form of aperture (1) rectangular protrude type: Chuanminshen Sheh et Shan, Ferula L., Changium Wolff (2) circular type: Ligusticum L. (3) elliptic type: Peucedanum L., Vicatia DC., Seseli L. 3. Sculpture of exine (1) reticulate: Chuanminshen Sheh et Shah (2) pitted-reticulate: Changium Wolff (3) striate-reticulate: Ferula L., Peucedanum L., Ligusticum L., Seseli L., Vicatia DC. (4) cerebro-reticulate: Cyclorhiza Sheh et Shan Basing upon the above pollen characters, the genera Cyclorhiza Sheh et Shah and Chuanminshen Sheh et Shan are briefly discussed. They are two clearly delimitatednatural genera.     

Pollen morphology of Carthamus L. species in Anatolian flora

In flora of Turkey, there are six species of Carthamus L: Carthamus dentatus (Forssk.) Vahl., C. glaucus M. Bieb. subsp. glaucus, C. lanatus L., C. tenuis (Boiss. & Blanche) Bornm., C. persicus Desf. ex Willd. and C. tinctorius L. Within these species, C. tinctorius L. is an alien species for the Turkish flora. The pollen grains belonging to six taxa collected from different locations of Anatolia and examined both under light microscope (LM) and under scanning electron microscope (SEM). As a result of these examinations and measurements, pollen grains of taxa are radially symmetrical, isopolar, oblate-spheroid, spheroid, tricolporate rarely tetracolporate, echinate. There are high similarities among taxa but some differences are recorded in size and spin length. According to cluster analyses of Carthamus species’ pollens, C. glaucus and C. tenuis have the most similar pollens. C. dentatus grouped with these two. C. persicus placed as the closest relative of C. tinctorius in the dendrogram.     

Pollen Morphology of Tundra Shrubs and Submarginal Plants from Barrow, Alaska

Investigation of plant morphological features, pollen, and habitat have been made for two shrub species from Barrow, Alaska, namely Dryas integrifoila M. Vahl and Salix rotundifolia Trautv., both of which are endemic to the Arctic floristic area. The former species has small lanceolate or plate leaves, whereas the latter has rounded leaves with distinct veins, rich in vitamin C. Both have dwarf and sprawling habits. Pollen studies showed that the pollen grains of the two species are spheroidal to sub-spheroidal or prolate. The type of aperture was tricolporate; pollen size 26.3-31.3 μm; ornamentation finely reticulate under a light microscope （LM） and strlate-reticulate under a scanning electron microscope （SEM） for D. integrafoila and finely reticulate under the LM and SEM for S. rotundifolia. Comparisons were made between the pollen from the same species from Arctic collections with those from China and Japan. Investigation of pollen morphology of tundra plants can provide significant data for comparative studies of fossil pollen and for the reconstruction of paleovegetation and paleoclimate in the Barrow area.     

Pollen Morphology of Loxostemon (Cruciferae) in China

The present paper deals with the pollen morphology of 10 species and 1 variety of Loxostemon in China. The pollen grains were all examined under light microscope. The pollen grains of Loxostemon are subspheroidal, spheroidal or prolate, 18--33×11.8-28 μ in size, 3-colpate, colpi 15-21 μ long and 1-2 μ wide. The exine is 1.5-3 μ thick with two indistinct or distinct layers. All the pollen grains are generally reticulate under light microscope. They are distinctly or obscurely and finely reticulate. L. axillus and L. repens are generally similar in gross morphology, but the pollen grains of these two species are different. The pollen grains of L. axillus are regularly polygonally reticulate, colpi are acute-ended and the exine is about 3 μ thick, whereas those of L.repens are irregularly polygonally reticulate, colpi are enlarged at both ends and the exine is about 2.8 μ thick. L. incanus and L. stenolobus appear to have similar gross morphology, but the pollen grains of the former have exines with two distinct layers and a densely and finely reticulate ornamentation and those of the latter have exines with two indistinct layers and a flexuosely reticulate ornamentation.     

通泉草属3种植物柱头触敏性与花部特征之间的关系

选取3种具有不同传粉环境及花部结构差异明显的通泉草属(Mazus)植物,即毛果通泉草(M.spicatus Vaniot)、长蔓通泉草(M.longipes Bonati)和弹刀子菜(M.stachydifolius(Turcz.)Maxim.),观测其柱头触敏性行为,测量有关花部性状,对它们之间的相关性进行比较分析。结果显示,在相同强度的刺激下,毛果通泉草的柱头最为迟钝(闭合时间最长),弹刀子菜最为敏感,而长蔓通泉草介于两者之间。此外,柱头触敏性最强的弹刀子菜比柱头触敏性相对较弱的长蔓通泉草和毛果通泉草具有更深的花色、更大的单花展示、更长的药柱距以及更大的花粉胚珠比。研究结果表明通泉草属植物柱头触敏性的进化与花部特征密切相关,它们共同影响传粉过程中对传粉者的吸引、花粉落置、传递效率以及植物交配系统的构成式样。     

Global diversity of aquatic macrophytes in freshwater

Aquatic macrophytes are aquatic photosynthetic organisms, large enough to see with the naked eye, that actively grow permanently or periodically submerged below, floating on, or growing up through the water surface. Aquatic macrophytes are represented in seven plant divisions: Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta, Xanthophyta, Bryophyta, Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta. Species composition and distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the more primitive divisions are less well known than for the vascular macrophytes (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta), which are represented by 33 orders and 88 families with about 2,614 species in c. 412 genera. These c. 2,614 aquatic species of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta evolved from land plants and represent only a small fraction (∼1%) of the total number of vascular plants. Our analysis of the numbers and distribution of vascular macrophytes showed that whilst many species have broad ranges, species diversity is highest in the Neotropics, intermediate in the Oriental, Nearctic and Afrotropics, lower in the Palearctic and Australasia, lower again in the Pacific Oceanic Islands, and lowest in the Antarctic region. About 39% of the c. 412 genera containing aquatic vascular macrophytes are endemic to a single biogeographic region, with 61–64% of all aquatic vascular plant species found in the Afrotropics and Neotropics being endemic to those regions. Aquatic macrophytes play an important role in the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and certain macrophyte species (e.g., rice) are cultivated for human consumption, yet several of the worst invasive weeds in the world are aquatic plants. Many of the threats to fresh waters (e.g., climate change, eutrophication) will result in reduced macrophyte diversity and will, in turn, threaten the faunal diversity of aquatic ecosystems and favour the establishment of exotic species, at the expense of native species. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers & K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

Pollen Morphology and Generic Phylogenetic Relationships in Ophiopogonoideae (Liliaceae)

In the present work, pollen grains of 3 species of Liriope, 24 species of Ophiopogon and 2 species of Peliosanthes were examined under scanning electron microscope, Among them 4 species were also observed under transmission electron microscope. The observation (Table 3)shows that Liriope and Ophiopogon distinctly differ from Peliosanthes in the exine ornamentation and structure, They may be divided into two types: 1. Rugulate-perforate, ektexine with perforate tectum in Liriope and Ophiopogon. 2. Verrucate, Verracae unequal in size, ektexine intectate in Peliosanthes. Pollen morphology shows the close affinity between Liriope and Ophiopogon, but they are very far from Peliosanthes. The correlation between pollen and gross morphology in Liriope, Ophiopogon and Peliosanthes are stated and their evolutionaly trends are discussed in this paper. The pollen characters support the placement of Liriope and Ophiopogon in one tribe—Ophiopogoneae, and Peliosanthes in another tribe—Peliosantheae. Peliosanthes is more advancedthan Liriope and Ophiopogon.     

A Comparative Study on Aquatic Plant Diversity in Six Lakes of Dongting Poyang District in China

In order to reveal the effects of human disturbance on aquatic plant diversity in freshwater lakes,the species and community diversity of aquatic plant,and their long term changes in six freshwater lakes of Dongting Poyang District (Lake Bailian and Haikou under lightly disturbance,Changhu and Xiliang under heavy disturbance,Datong and Wushan under very heavy disturbance) were comparatively studied by means of Transect Sampling Method,Global Position System Technique (GPS) and Geographical Information System Technique(GIS).The main results are as follows:(1)It was found that Lake Bailian,Haikou,Changhu,Xiliang,Datong and Wushan contained 69,67,98,77,56,38 aquatic plant species and 14,14,14,13,6,0 associations,respectively in 2001.Their coverages reached to 100%,9618%,6532%,6118%,1060%,0% and mean biomass 2231?g/m2,2718?g/m2,1816?g/m2,1471?g/m2,256?g/m2,0?g/m2 (fresh weight),respectively.(2)As compared with the data obtaining from the surveys in 1980 to 1982,1,1,6,7,9 and 29 species,and 1,1,4,4,5 and 6 associations of aquatic plant disappeared from the six lakes respectively in the last twenty years.Their respective vegetation coverage decreased by 0%,382%,3285%,3780%,594% and 9100%.(3)According to the statistics of plant species,there appeared a gradient as follows:Lake Bailian,Haikou>Changhu,Xiliang>Datong,Wushan.Their different current situations clearly reflected that in the past twenty years thery had suffered from human disturbance in different degrees.(4)The main biological mechanism for the loss of aquatic plants is that human disturbance destroyed the rhizomes and the dormant kuds can't formed.     

几种牧草幼苗对冷蒿茎叶水浸提液化感作用的生理响应

采用沙培法对草木樨、披碱草、冰草和羊草进行幼苗生长试验,研究了不同浓度冷蒿茎叶水浸提液处理对4种牧草幼苗生长、根系活力、叶绿素含量以及抗氧化保护酶活性的影响,并采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对冷蒿茎叶水浸提液的化学成分进行了分析。结果表明:冷蒿茎叶水浸提液对草木樨、披碱草、冰草和羊草4种牧草幼苗生长有明显的影响,这种影响效应与牧草的种类及冷蒿茎叶水浸提液浓度显著相关。其中,25mgDw·mL-1的冷蒿茎叶水浸提液均表现出对4种牧草幼苗生长指标有极显著的抑制作用(P0.01),4种牧草幼苗根系活力分别降低了46.7%、65.9%、59.3%和66.7%,草木樨、披碱草和羊草幼苗叶绿素含量分别下降了47.3%、56.6%和46.7%。当冷蒿茎叶水浸提液浓度为10mgDw·mL-1时,对4种牧草幼苗体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性有显著的促进作用;当浓度为25mgDw·mL-1时,对4种牧草幼苗体内SOD、POD和CAT活性有显著的抑制作用,同时使幼苗体内丙二醛(MDA)的含量显著增加。冷蒿茎叶水浸提液有30种化感类次生代谢化合物,主要成分是樟脑(27.6%)、龙脑(10.1%)、蓍草苦素(9.8%)、桉树脑(8.7%)、喇叭烯醇(4.1%)和对-1-薄荷烯-4-醇(4.1%),占总量的60%以上。     

广东境内珠江流域水生维管束植物区系的探讨

本流域已知有水生维管束植物(以下简称水生植物)131种,分别隶属81属,44科.其中珠江三角洲的种类最丰富为111种,西江75种,东江67种,北江57种.从植物地理分布方面进行分析:世界分布55种,占本流域总数的42%;热带亚洲分布35种,占总数的27%;热带-亚热带分布16种,占总数的12%;热带-温热带分布21种,占总数的16%;温带分布4种,占总数的3%.除世界分布种(种类最多)以外.热带亚洲分布种所占的比例(27%)显得最为突出.但它们只是热带植物区系成分向亚热带扩散的种类.热带-亚热带分布,其比例虽然只占12%,但它们当中的许多种是本流域水生植物群落的优势种,它们分布广、长势旺、繁殖力强.它们与热带-温带分布(16%)种类共同组成南亚热带植物区系的主要成分.温带分布的种仅占3%,对本流域水生植被的影响是微弱的.       

四川水生丝孢菌

作者对四川省成都市及郊区的华阳、彭县、新繁、广汉、灌县以及峨眉山和青城山地区的水生丝孢菌进行了调查和研究。主要采集江、湖、河、溪、水塘、沟渠和人工湖泊等水体中的腐烂和半腐烂的植物叶片、枝果和泡沫等进行分离,根据孢子等的形态进行鉴定。初步鉴定出14属17种水生丝孢菌,除刚毛四枝孢Tetracladium setigerum外,其余16种全部是我国新记录。它们是: 1.Alatosporaa acuminata Ingold尖翼孢2.Anguillospora longissima(de Wild.)Ingold长水线孢3.Campylospora chaetocladia Ranzoni枝水曲孢4.Clavariopsis aquatica de Wildeman水生拟珊瑚孢5.Clavatospora tentacula(Umphlett)Nilsson卷须水棒孢6.Culicidospora gravida Petersen胀蚊孢7.Flagellospora curvula Ingold弯鞭孢8.Flagellospora penicillioides Ingold帚状鞭孢9.Lemonniera aquatica de Wildeman水生放射孢10. Lemonniera terrestris Tubaki 土生放射孢11. Lunulospora curvula Ingold 弯新月孢12. Tetrachaetum elegans Ingold 雅致刺孢13. Tetracladium marchalianum de Wildeman 马钱四枝孢14. Tetracladium setigerum (Grove) Ingold 刚毛四枝孢15. Tripospermum camelopardus Ingold, Dann & McDougall 多绺孢16. Tricladium angulatum Ingold 火箭孢17. Triscelophorus monosporus Ingold 棱三枝孢在作者的采集、分离中,水生丝孢菌在烂叶上比泡沫中多,清水中比污水中多,杨、柳、枫等薄而软的叶片上比厚而硬的叶片上多,后者如桉树、冬青等。Campylospora chaetocladia, Lunulospora curvula 和Tetracladium marchalianum是四川最常见的种,而Tripospermum camelopardus, Culicidospora gravida和Tricladium angulatum则少见,但后三者在其他温带地区却较普遍。