Difference Between Salt(NaCl)and Alkaline(Na2CO3)Stresses on Puccinellia tenuiflora(Griseb. )Scribn. et Merr. Plants

Eight-week-old plants of Puccinellia tenuiflora (Griseb.) Scribn. et Merr. growing in pots filled with vermiculite were stressed by treating with 12.5–800 mmol/L solutions of neutral satt(NaC1) or basic salt(Na2CO3). Strain indexes such as relative growth rate etc. were determined. There was a significant difference between the two kinds of stresses. Maximum stress value that P. tenuiflora plants can tolerate is 60 mmol/L for the neutral salt and 200 mmol/L for the basic salt Na2CO3. Under NaCl-stress, great amount of proline accumulated, and citric acid content gradually decreased. But under Na2CO3-stress, proline content did not raise too much and citric acid content obviously increased with the increasing stress value. Under both stress conditions, Na+ content increased and K+ content decreased with the increasing stress value, but the effect of NaCl-stress on K+ content in roots and shoots was much less than that of Na2CO3-stress. In both stresses, the elevation of electrolyte leakage rate of leaf orchestrated with the change of stress value. This finding represented the only similarity among the strain indexes determined in both stresses.     

HCO3^-、K^＋和HSO3^-对黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响

本试验以‘津春4号’黄瓜幼苗叶片为试材,研究HCO3^-、K^＋和HSO3^-对黄瓜幼苗光合作用的影响,试图用KHCO3水溶液中的HCO3^-作为碳源来补充CO2的不足,同时用NaHSO3适当的抑制黄瓜的光呼吸,进而提高光合速率。结果表明：HCO3^-可以作为碳源来补充大气中CO2的不足,HCO3^-、K^＋和HSO3^-可以提高光合速率、叶片可溶性糖含量,可提高叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量及叶绿素总含量,从而增强了光合作用的原初反应,能显著提高PSI和PSII的光合电子传递速率,提高ATP合酶的活性,从而加快了光合磷酸化的进程。通过提高Rubisco羧化活性、PEPC酶的含量及活性,降低Rubisco加氧活性,加快了CO2的固定与还原。     

NaCl和Na2CO3对盐地碱蓬胁迫效应的比较

在相同的Na 浓度(如100 mmol/L)下,NaCl处理促进碱蓬植株干重增加,提高根系活力,而Na2CO3处理导致植株干重减少,根系活力降低;与NaCl胁迫相比,Na2CO3胁迫下叶片内Na 含量上升和K 含量下降幅度更大,叶肉细胞质Na 含量和叶内脯氨酸含量增加幅度更大,而V-H -ATPase(液泡膜H -ATPase)和V-H -PPase (液泡膜H -PPase)增加幅度较少;与NaCl胁迫不同,Na2CO3胁迫下SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)活性不是增加,而是降低,与此相一致,MDA(丙二醛)含量大幅度增加.上述结果表明,碱蓬对Na2CO3胁迫的抗性低于对NaCl的抗性,这可能与Na2CO3胁迫引起的Na 、K 离子严重失衡、活性氧清除能力降低有关.     

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇对盐度适应生理的研究 Ⅱ.不同生态型芦苇的光合气体交换特点

黄河三角洲不同生态型芦苇光合速率和气孔导度有明显差异 ,随生境盐度的增加而降低 ,气孔限制因素是盐胁迫下芦苇光合降低的原因之一。低盐度生境中生长的芦苇的 Rn BPCase活性均大于高盐度下的 ,而 PEPCase活性均小于高盐度下的 ,表明在盐渍条件下 ,叶肉光合器官光合活性的降低也限制芦苇的光合速率。随盐度升高 ,Ru BPCase与PEPCasc活性之比降低。高 PFD下 ,盐胁迫加剧 Fv/Fm降低程度。此外 ,在高盐度下由于叶片蒸腾下降而导致的叶温较高也可能与光合活性降低有关。     

Activities of Carboxylation Enzymes in Freshwater Macrophytes

Fifteen species of freshwater macrophytes, mainly from cool,temperate waters, were assayed for ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase(RuBPCase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activities.In extracts from all the species RuBPCase was the most activecarboxylation enzyme, and the RuBPCase/PEPCase ratio was atleast 2·0, even for the submersed species Isoetes lacustrisL. and Littorella unifiora (L.) Aschers. which have been reportedto show Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) activity. The PEPCaseactivity in I.lacustris was lower than that found in some non-CAM-likespecies. In this respect, I.lacustris and L unifiora differfrom most terrestrial CAM plants. However, these two species,along with Potamogeton praelongus Wulf. and Juncus bulbosusvar.fluitans L., had the lowest RuBPCASE/PEPCase ratios, lowerthan found in terrestrial C₃ species; suggesting that the potentialfor substantial photosynthetic metabolism of C₄ acids existsin some temperate, submersed plants. In the three amphibiousspecies (Potamogeton polygonifolius Pourr., Mentha aquaticaL., and Hippuris vulgaris L.) examined, the aerial leaves exhibitedhigher RuBPCase activities than the submersed leaves. Key words: Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase, phosphoenolpruvate carboxylase, freshwater macrophytes     

Stress Effects of Mixed Salts with Various Salinities on the Seedlings of Aneurolepidium chinense

Seedlings of Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag. were subjected to stress with 30 kinds of 50 to 350 mmol/L of salt mixture which were composed of NaC1, NaHCO3, Na2SO4, and Na2CO3 in various proportion. The results showed that all the responded strains, such as changes in the relative growth rate (RGR), K+ and Na+ contents, content of proline accumulation, and leave electrolyte leakage rate, were aggravated with the increasing salt concentrations and the proportion of the basic salts. The strain reaction from high pH caused by the basic salt was closely related to salinity. The high pH reaction was weaker when the salinity was lower and became progressively stronger intensely with the increasing salinity. The results indicated that there were actually two stresses, the salt and the alkaline stress in the mixed salt stress. It was reasonable to consider the total salt concentration as the strength value of salt stress and the buffer capacity as the strength value of alkaline stress. When the alkaline stress was weak, the strain effect was mainly associated with the total salt concentration, but the buffer capacity became the dominant factor effecting strain with the increasing alkaline stress.     

Salt Stress Increases the Level of Translatable mRNA for Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase in Mesembryanthemum crystallinum

Mesembryanthemum crystallinum responds to salt stress by switching from C₃ photosynthesis to Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). During this transition the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) increases in soluble protein extracts from leaf tissue. We monitored CAM induction in plants irrigated with 0.5 molar NaCl for 5 days during the fourth, fifth, and sixth week after germination. Our results indicate that the age of the plant influenced the response to salt stress. There was no increase in PEPCase protein or PEPCase enzyme activity when plants were irrigated with 0.5 molar NaCl during the fourth and fifth week after germination. However, PEPCase activity increased within 2 to 3 days when plants were salt stressed during the sixth week after germination. Immunoblot analysis with anti-PEPCase antibodies showed that PEPCase synthesis was induced in both expanded leaves and in newly developing axillary shoot tissue. The increase in PEPCase protein was paralleled by an increase in PEPCase mRNA as assayed by immunoprecipitation of PEPCase from the in vitro translation products of RNA from salt-stressed plants. These results demonstrate that salinity increased the level of PEPCase in leaf and shoot tissue via a stress-induced increase in the steady-state level of translatable mRNA for this enzyme.     

Activities of Carbonic Anhydrase and Carboxylating Enzymes in Chlamydomonas segnis Adapted and Adapting to Air Levels of Carbon Dioxide

Activities of carbonic anhydrase (CA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase(PEPCase) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBPCase)were compared in air- and 5% CO₂adapted and adapting cells ofChlamydomonas segnis during the cell cycle in continuously illuminatedsynchronous cultures. Air-adapted cells exhibited considerablylower PEPCase activities, but higher RuBPCase and CA activitiesthan 5% CO²-adapted cells. Most (75 to 88%) of the CA activityin air-adapted cells appeared to be located in the periplasmicspace. Transferring 5% CO₂-adapted cells to air scarcely influencedRuBPCase activity, but led to 85% decrease in the activity ofPEPCase and to 400% increase in that of CA. In such air-adaptingcells, more than half (54 to 70%) of the CA activity was intracellular.The proposal that PEPCase and RuBPCase in addition to CA maybe involved in the regulation of inorganic carbon uptake byair-adapted and adapting cells under CO₂-limiting conditionsis discussed. (Received June 11, 1987; Accepted September 5, 1987)     

EXPRESSION OF THE C4 PATTERN OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ENZYME ACCUMULATION DURING LEAF DEVELOPMENT IN ATRIPLEX ROSEA (CHENOPODIACEAE)

Immunolocalization of the bundle sheath-specific enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPCase), and of the mesophyll-specific enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), was used to follow development of the C₄ pattern of photosynthetic enzyme expression during leaf growth in Atriplex rosea. The leaf tissue used for this characterization was also used in a parallel ultrastructural study, so that the temporal coordination of developmental changes in enzyme expression and cell structure could be monitored. Bundle sheath-specific accumulation of RuBPCase occurs early, at the time that bundle sheath tissue is delimited from the ground meristem, and follows the order of vein initiation. PEPCase proteins were detected 2–4 days after the first appearance of RuBPCase. PEPCase accumulation is restricted to ground meristem cells that are in direct contact with bundle sheath tissue and that will become C₄ mesophyll; PEPCase was never found in more distant ground tissue. This pattern suggests that, while bundle sheath-specific accumulation of RuBPCase coincides with formation of the appropriate precursor cells, PEPCase expression is delayed until mesophyll tissue reaches a critical developmental stage. Cell-specific expression of both photosynthetic enzymes occurs well before the striking anatomical divergence of bundle sheath and mesophyll tissues, suggesting that biochemical compartmentation might serve as a developmental signal for subsequent structural differentiation.     

德国景天扦插苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应

以耐旱性较强的德国景天(Sedum hybridum)扦插苗为材料进行干旱胁迫处理(60d),并测定其叶片相对含水量、丙二醛含量、细胞伤害率、光合参数(净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率)、荧光参数(F_v/F_m、q~P、PHiPS2),以及苹果酸含量、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)活性等生理指标。结果显示,干旱胁迫导致德国景天叶片相对含水量、光合参数、荧光参数降低,细胞伤害率、丙二醛含量升高;干旱胁迫30d时,各项生理指标变化幅度较小,但40d后变化幅度显著增加,并且德国景天叶片的苹果酸含量和PEPCase活性显著升高,表明C_3光合途径不断减弱,景天酸代谢(CAM)途径被激活,参与了德国景天对干旱胁迫的响应,提高了其耐旱性;当干旱胁迫达60d时,因超过其耐受范围,德国景天受损严重,逐渐死亡。这说明德国景天在生理上表现出极强的耐旱性,并且具有兼性CAM植物的特征,通过CAM途径活化提高植株耐旱性是德国景天重要的耐旱机理。     

Salt stress increases the Ca2+-independent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity in Sorghum leaves

In C4 plants, the photosynthetic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase; EC 4.1.1.31) is subjected to a phosphorylation process via the light-dependent up-regulation of a Ca2+-independent PEPCase-kinase. The present work aimed to study the effect of salt stress on PEPCase phosphorylation in Sorghum vulgare Pers. leaves. The growth of salt-treated plants was reduced compared with that of the control plants. PEPCase activity modestly increased (around 20-40%) whereas PEPCase phosphorylation was markedly enhanced, on a protein basis, in extracts from illuminated leaves. The enhanced protein kinase activity was found to display a low molecular mass in the range 32-35 kDa, to be independent of Ca2+ and to be up-regulated by light. Furthermore, up-regulation was blocked in vivo by the cytosolic protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide. Collectively, these data demonstrated that salinity stress altered the Ca2+-independent PEPCase-kinase, presumably by increasing the mesophyll content of the enzyme. Potassium chloride, but not abscisic acid, mimicked the effect of NaCl on PEPCase-kinase activity.     

Development of a bottle-free multipurpose incubator for generating various bacterial culture conditions

The purpose of this study was to develop a multipurpose incubator, without the gas cylinders (bottles) which are required for H2 and CO2 supplementation. In our bottle-free multipurpose incubator, the H2 and CO2 were generated by chemical reactions induced within the chamber. The reaction between sodium borohydride and acetic acid at a molar ratio of 1:1 was used to generate H2, according to the following formula: 4NaBH4 + 2CH3COOH + 7H2O --> 2CH3COONa + Na2B4(O7) + 16H2, whereas the other reaction, citric acid and sodium bicarbonate at a 1:1 molar ratio, was used to generate CO2, according to the following formula: C6H8(O7) + 3NaHCO3 --> Na3(C6H5(O7)) + 3H2O + 3CO2. Five species of obligate anaerobic bacteria, one strain of capnophilic bacterium, and one strain of microaerophilic bacterium were successfully cultured in the presence of their respective suitable conditions, all of which were successfully generated by our bottle-free multipurpose incubator. We conclude that, due to its greater safety, versatility, and significantly lower operating costs, this bottle-free multipurpose incubator can be used for the production of fastidious bacterial cultures, and constitutes a favorable step above existing anaerobic incubators.     

Ouabain-insensitive Na(+)-ATPase activity in Trypanosoma cruzi epimastigotes

In the present paper, the presence of a ouabain-insensitive Na(+)-stimulated, Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase activity in T. cruzi epimastigotes CL14 clone and Y strain was investigated. The increase in Na+ concentration (from 5 to 170 mM), in the presence of 2 mM ouabain, increases the ATPase activity in a saturable manner along a rectangular hyperbola. The Vmax was 18.0 +/- 1.0 and 21.1 +/- 1.1 nmoles Pi x mg-1 x min-1 and the half-activation value (K50) for Na+ was 34.3 +/- 5.8 mM and 37.7 +/- 5.3 in CL14 clone and in Y strain, respectively. The Na(+)-stimulated ATPase activity was inhibited by 5-[aminosulfonyl]-4-chloro-2-[(2-furanylmethyl)-amino] benzoic acid (furosemide) in a dose-dependent manner. The half-inhibition value (I50) was 0.22 +/- 0.03 and 0.24 +/- 0.07 mM, and the Hill number (n) was 0.99 +/- 0.2 and 2.16 +/- 0.29 for CL14 clone and Y strain, respectively. These data indicate that both cell types express the ouabain-insensitive Na(+)-ATPase activity, which might be considered the biochemical expression of the second Na+ pump.     

Light regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in barley mesophyll protoplasts is modulated by protein synthesis and calcium, and not necessarily correlated with phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase activity

The regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase, EC. 4.1.1.31) and PEPCase kinase was investigated using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mesophyll protoplasts. Incubation of protoplasts in the light resulted in a reduction in the sensitivity of PEPCase to the inhibitor L-malate; PEPCase from protoplasts incubated in the light for 1 h was inhibited 48±2% by 2mM malate, whereas the enzyme from protoplasts incubated for 1 h in the dark was inhibited by 67±2%. Light-induced reduction of sensitivity of PEPCase to malate was decreased by cycloheximide (CHM), indicating the involvement of protein synthesis. The PEPCase kinase in protoplasts increased with time after isolation in darkness, and increased still further following light treatment. The increase in kinase activity in the light was sensitive to CHM. When protoplasts were illuminated in the presence of EGTA and the calcium ionophore A23187 to reduce intracellular Ca²⁺, the reduction in the senstivity of PEPCase to malate was enhanced, though no more PEPCase kinase activity was detected than in protoplasts illuminated in the absence of EGTA and A23187. Incubation with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) had no effect on the light-induced reduction of sensitivity of PEPCase to malate inhibition or on light-activation of PEPCase kinase. These results indicate that there is a constitutive PEPCase kinase activity in C₃ leaf tissue, that there is another kinase which is light-activated in a CHMsensitive way, that the sensitivity of PEPCase to its inhibitor may not always be correlated with apparent PEPCase kinase actvity, and that PEPCase and PEPCase kinase are regulated in a different manner in C₃ protoplasts than in C₄ protoplasts or leaf tissue.Abbreviations CAM Crassulacean acid metabolism - Chl chlorophyll - CHM cycloheximide - DCMU 3-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea - PEP phosphoenolpyruvate - PEPCase PEP carboxylase     

NaCl、Na_2SO_4和Na_2CO_3胁迫对小麦叶片自由基含量及质膜透性的比较研究

分别用浓度为２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮａＣｌ、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的营养液培养小麦４ｄ,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,ＮａＣｌ的影响大于Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,高浓度时,ＮａＣｌ影响小于Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。     

棘孢木霉菌对钠胁迫的生理响应机制

[背景]棘孢木霉菌制剂被广泛应用于生物防治和次生盐渍化土壤的微生物修复,但是关于棘孢木霉在盐渍化胁迫条件下生长的耐盐机理及其富集盐离子的能力尚缺乏深入研究.[目的]揭示一株耐盐棘孢木霉菌(Trichoderma asperellum)CTCCSJ-W-SBW10264(T264)对钠胁迫的生理响应机制及其对钠离子的吸附...     

东北草原区的C3,C4牧草及其生态分布的初步研究

本文用RuBPCase活性/PEPCase活性的比值,鉴定东北草原区牧草资源中C_3、C_4植物。供测定45种中35种为首次鉴定。辅助观察禾草类Kranz结构。在此基础上,对其中11种C_3、C_4优势牧草的地理分布、物候谱及其相对优势度与土壤pH值和含盐量之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明,C_3植物30种,隶属于10科24属,C_4植物15种,隶属于5科9属。与C_3植物相比,在高温、强光照和降水量大的季节,C_4植物显示其更高的相对生长优势,在纬度较低和盐碱化区域,C_4植物具有相对分布优势。C.4草相对优势度与土壤pH值和含盐量的相关系数分别为0.826和0.760,而C_3植物均为负值。     

盐碱胁迫下星星草种子萌发过程中氮代谢的初步研究

对不同浓度Ｎａ２ＣＯ３胁迫下星星草种子萌发过程中可溶性蛋白质,游离氨基酸及游离脯氨酸含量的变化进行了研究。结果表明：无盐胁迫下,伴随种子的萌发过程,可溶性蛋白质,游离氨基酸含量不断增加。