海南岛海莲红树林的钾钠元素的累积和循环

本文是海南东寨港红树林研究的一部分,主要讨沦55年生海莲林的K、Na元素的累积和生物循环。试验结果表明：在海莲群落现存量中,含有K、Na总量分别为669.9和2951.3kg／ha;其中地上部分别为425.6和908.9kg／ha,地下部分别为244.3和2042.4kg／ha。该群落的k、Na元素的生物循环中,年吸收量分别为89.6和204.4kg／ha,归还量为49.0和99.8kg／ha,存留量为40.6和104.6kg／ha。K的周转期为14年比Na30年为快。     

Study on the Accumulation and Biological Cycles of K,Ca and Mg in Rhizophora stylosa Mangrove Community in Guangxi

The present paper deals mainly with the absorption, distribution and biological cycles of K, Ca and Mg in Rhizophora stylosa mangrove community in Yingluo Bay of Guangxi, China. The results showed that: In standing crop of the community, the total amounts of K, Ca and Mg were 46.26 g·m-2, 276. 33 g·m-2 and 50. 43 g·m-2, respectively. The Biological cycles of K, Ca and Mg in this stand were:annual uptake 4.46 g· m-2 for K, 17.46 g·m-2 for Ca and 4.81 g·m-2 for Mg ;annual retention 1.67 g·m-2 for K, 10.83 g·m-2 for Ca and 1.39 g·m-2 for Mg; annual return 2.79 g·m-2 for K, 6.63 g·m-2 for Ca an 3.42 g·m-2 for Mg. The enrichment ratios of K, Ca and Mg in this community were 1. 81, 1.20 and 1.80, respectively. The speed of turnover period (yr) was 17, 42 and 15, respectively,in which the speed of Mg recycling was the fastest.     

Study on the Carbon Cycle of Leymus chinensis Steppe in the Xilin River Basin

Based on the past researches, an initial study on the carbon cycle of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. steppe in the Xilin river basin of Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia) was conducted by combining field surveys and the CENTURY model simulation. The major results were summarized as follows: 1) Observed annual amount of carbon fixation via primary production for a L. chinensis community on a fenced site in the basin averaged (231.25 + 74.41 ) g C·m-2·a-1, average annual carbon input into soil was about 220.75 g C· m- 2· a- 1, while carbon output from the community via soil respiration was estimated to be (181.03 + 46.32) g C· m-2· a-1 by CENTURY model simulation; 2) The community had a simulated net carbon gain of about 19.88 g C·m-2·a-1 and an observed carbon gain of 39.72 g C·m-2·a-1; 3) About 12.4% of carbon originally stored in soil had been lost due to over-grazing over the recent 40-year period in Leymus chinensis steppe in the Xilin river basin.     

九龙江口红树林研究IV.秋茄群落的氮、磷的累积和循环

本文是福建九龙江口红树林生态系统研究的一个部分,主要讨论20年生秋茄群落的氮、磷含量及其生物循环。试验结果表明：秋茄群落现存量中,含有氮、磷总量分别为935.47和112.02公斤／公顷。其中地上部分别为582.26和70.47公斤／公顷,地下部分别为353.21和41.55公斤／公顷。该群落氮、磷元素生物循环中,年吸收量分别为213.31和21.75公斤／公顷;存留量分别为83.75和10.91公斤／公顷;归还量分别为129.52和10.84公斤／公顷。它们的氮含量均大于磷含量,周转期氮需7年比磷需10年为快。     

红海榄红树林的氮、磷积累和生物循环

本文讨论广西山口英罗湾中红海榄群落的氮、磷含量及其生物循环。结果表明,红海榄群落现存量中,含氮、磷总量分别为221.15和13.27g/m~2。其中地上部分别为134.90和8.73g/m~2;地下部分别为86.25和4.54g/m~2。该群落的氮、磷元素生物循环中,年吸收量分别为12.91和1.27g/m~2,年存留量分别为7.04和0.65g/m~2;年归还量分别为5.86和0.61g/m~2。富集率分别为1.11和1.60。群落各组分的氮含量均大干磷含量;周转期氮需38a,比磷(22a)慢。     

Accumulation and Dynamics of Cu,Pb, Zn and Mn Elements in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce Mangrove Community of Jiulong River Estuary of Fujian

The accumulation and biocycle of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn elements were studied in Kandelia candel (L.) Druce mangrove community of Jiulong River Estuary of Fujian. The pool amounts of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn elements in the forest soil (0～30 cm in depth) were 6.86, 4.23, 25.64 and 134. 67 g · m-2, respectively. The respective element contents ranged from in different parts of the plant, 1.85～6.97, 0.37～3.74, 16.0～25.2 and 140～1405 μg· g-1 of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn. The pool amounts of elements in standing crop of the community were 87.98, 40. 34, 335.34 and 8006.99 mg · m-2 for Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn respectively. The pool amounts of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn elements in residues were: 593.06, 49.27, 2450.79 and 43486.70 μg · m-2 respectively. The biocycle of the elements in the community were described as follows: Annual uptake of Cu was 10. 17, Pb 4.32, Zn 49. 14 and Mn 2268. 16 mg · m-2; Annual return of Cu was 2.21, Pb 0.70, Zn 18.63 and Mn 1574.98 mg· m-2; Annual retention of Cu was 7.96, Pb 3.62, Zn 30. 51 and Mn 693.18 mg · m-2. The turnover periods of Cu, Pb, Zn and Mn were 40, 58, 18 and 5 year, respectively. The absorption, utilatizion and cycle coefficients were in the order of Mn〉Zn〉Cu〉Pb.     

锡林河流域一个原生草原群落的碳素平衡研究

野外调查与历史资料相结合,对内蒙古锡林河流域一个永久试验样地内的羊草( Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel.)草原群落(原生草原群落)的碳素贮量、主要流量和周转速度等进行了估计.结果表明:1)该群落中地上部净初级生产的碳素固定量的多年平均值为79.8 g C*m-2*a-1,根系碳素输入量的多年平均值为311.9 g C*m-2*a-1,碳素输入总量为391.7 g C*m-2*a-1; 2)土壤净呼吸量为346.9 g C*m-2*a-1,动物(昆虫)采食量14.7 g C*m-2*a-1,地上立枯阶段的淋溶与光化学分解损失为3.2 g C*m-2*a-1,碳素输出总量为364.8 g C*m-2*a-1; 3)该群落中碳素输入略大于输出,净积累速率为26.9 g C*m-2*a-1,0-30 cm土壤中的碳素周转速率为6.2%,周转时间为16年.     

Role of Cl- in electrogenic Na+-coupled cotransporters GAT1 and SGLT1

We have investigated the functional role of Cl(-) in the human Na(+)/Cl(-)/gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Na(+)/glucose cotransporters (GAT1 and SGLT1, respectively) expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Substrate-evoked steady-state inward currents were examined in the presence and absence of external Cl(-). Replacement of Cl(-) by gluconate or 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid decreased the apparent affinity of GAT1 and SGLT1 for Na(+) and the organic substrate. In the absence of substrate, GAT1 and SGLT1 exhibited charge movements that manifested as pre-steady-state current transients. Removal of Cl(-) shifted the voltage dependence of charge movements to more negative potentials, with apparent affinity constants (K(0.5)) for Cl(-) of 21 and 115 mm for SGLT1 and GAT1, respectively. The maximum charge moved and the apparent valence were not altered. GAT1 stoichiometry was determined by measuring GABA-evoked currents and the unidirectional influx of (36)Cl(-), (22)Na(+), or [(3)H]GABA. Uptake of each GABA molecule was accompanied by inward movement of 2 positive charges, which was entirely accounted for by the influx of Na(+) in the presence or absence of Cl(-). Thus, the GAT1 stoichiometry was 2Na(+):1GABA. However, Cl(-) was transported by GAT1 because the inward movement of 2 positive charges was accompanied by the influx of one Cl(-) ion, suggesting unidirectional influx of 2Na(+):1Cl(-):1GABA per transport cycle. Activation of forward Na(+)/Cl(-)/GABA transport evoked (36)Cl(-) efflux and was blocked by the inhibitor SKF 89976A. These data suggest a Cl(-)/Cl(-) exchange mechanism during the GAT1 transport cycle. In contrast, Cl(-) was not transported by SGLT1. Thus, in both GAT1 and SGLT1, Cl(-) modulates the kinetics of cotransport by altering Na(+) affinity, but does not contribute to net charge transported per transport cycle. We conclude that Cl(-) dependence per se is not a useful criterion to classify Na(+) cotransporters.     

青海海北地区高山蒿草草甸植物群落生物量动态及能量分配

 对青海海北地区高山草甸主要植物群落小嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸、矮嵩草(K．humilis)草甸、藏嵩草(K．tibetica)沼泽化草甸地上生物量动态和能量分配的研究结果表明,不同植物群落年地上净生产量及其年际动态和主要植物类群生物量季节动态具明显的差异,其生物量季节动态可由如下模型表示： Wi＝Ki/(1+exp(Ai-Bit)) 植物群落地上、地下生物量的垂直分布呈典型的金字塔和倒金字塔模式。小嵩草草甸、矮嵩草草甸和藏嵩草沼泽化草甸的地上净生产量依次为368.4g·m-2·a-1、418.5g·m-2·a-1和518.4g·m-2·a-1,所固定的太阳能值依次为6655.16kJ·m-2·a-1、7610.09kJ·m-2·a-1、9488.77kJ·m-2·a-1。光能利用率分别为0.1097％、0.1256％、0.1568％。     

中亚热带细柄阿丁枫和米槠群落细根的生产和死亡动态

采用微根管技术与挖掘法相结合的方式对福建省万木林自然保护区细柄阿丁枫和米槠天然林细根生产和死亡动态进行了为期两年多的观测,分析细根生产和死亡的季节变化、垂直分布及径级和序级分配,并估计细根的年生产量和年死亡量.结果表明:细柄阿丁枫细根年生产量和年死亡量分别为(230.1±162.8) g·m-2·a-1和(188.8±75.5)g·m-2· a-1,均略大于米槠的(214.5±185.8) g·m-2·a-1和(178.8±26.5) g·m-2·a-1,但两种森林群落的细根年生产量和年死亡量均无显著差异(P＞0.05).两森林群落细根生产均在春季达到高峰,其中米槠细根生产与月降水量呈极显著相关(P＜0.01,r=0.566);细根死亡则呈现季节性地波动,米槠细根死亡峰值主要发生于夏季和秋季,而细柄阿丁枫则出现在秋季.两森林群落细根生产和死亡皆主要集中于土壤表层0-40 cm中,而且不同径级细根生产和死亡集中于0-1 mm细根中,其中0.3-0.6 mm细根的生产和死亡在两森林群落中均最大.两森林群落一级根的生产和死亡均大于高级根.     

Spatial distribution and short-term changes of benthic macrofauna in Lake Balaton (Hungary)

Spatial and short-term changes in the composition and density of the macrobenthic fauna were studied in Lake Balaton, a large shallow lake in Central Europe (Hungary). Spatial differences were examined along five transects and short-term changes at two stations of different trophic state. The macrobenthos consisted almost exclusively of Tubificidae and Chironomidae of the species Chironomus gr. plumosus, Procladius choreus, Tanypus punctipennis, Microchironomus tener and Cladotanytarsus sp. The Oligochaeta biomass showed a significant short-term decrease from 1995 to 1998, and their average biomass proved to be 0.86 and 0.79 g WFW (wet formalin weight) m-2 in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Chironomidae showed significant spatial and short-term differences following variations in primary production. Higher primary production resulted in higher biomass (up to 153.4 g WFW m-2 and 9785 ind. m-2 in 1995) of Chironomus-Procladius community, while lower primary production resulted in a very low biomass and abundance of the predatory Procladius-Tanypus-Microchironomus community (average: 3.16 g WFW m-2 and 1311 ind. m-2 in 1997). As compared to other lakes of similar climatic conditions, the total production of oligohaetes and chironomids proved to be very low in 1996 and 1997 (49.2 and 54.1 KJ m-2 yr-1, respectively). The 90% of the average chironomid production of Lake Balaton in 1996 and 1997 belonged to Ch. gr. plumosus (5.63 and 5.13 g m-2 yr-1), P. choreus (4.3 and 3.47 g m-2 yr-1) and T. punctipennis (0.27 and 2.21 g m-2 yr-1). This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

福建武夷山黄山松群落的氮、磷累积和循环

本文是福建武夷山森林生态系统研究的一部分,主要讨论黄山松（Pinustaiwanensis）群落的氮磷累积和循环。测定结果表明：（1）群落现存量中氮（N）、磷（P）的库量分别为925．844kghm-2和45．981kghm-2,其中地上部分别为719．438kghm-2（占总库量的77．706%）和35．534kghm-2占77.280％）,地下部分别为206．406kghm-2（占22．294％）和10．447kghm-2（占22.720％）;（2）N、P的生物循环中,年吸收量分别为65．344kghm-2和2627kghm-2,年存留量分别为37．019kghm-2和1．695kghm-2,年归还量分别为28．325kghm-2和0.932kghm-2;（3）氮、磷的富集率分别为1．324和1．083两者均大于1,说明该群落对N、P仍在不断累积。     

锡林河流域两类植物群落土壤呼吸特征的比较

采用碱液吸收法对锡林河流域一个半干旱典型草原群落的土壤呼吸进行了5个月的野外测定,并对其与气候因子和生物量之间的关系进行了分析.另选择了锡林河岸边的一个沼泽化草甸群落作为对比来研究土壤湿度和植被类型对土壤呼吸的影响.主要结果包括:1)两个群落土壤呼吸的季节动态基本一致,均出现了两个峰值,其中草原群落和草甸群落土壤呼吸速率的变化范围分别为312.8～1 738.9mgC@m-2@d-1和354.6～2 235.6 mg C@m -2@d-1.草甸群落的土壤呼吸速率明显高于草原群落,它们的日平均土壤呼吸速率分别为1 349.6 mg C@m-2@d-1和785.9mg C@m-2@d1;2)在草原群落中,土壤呼吸速率与土壤湿度的相关性比其与温度的关系更加显著,而在草甸群落正好相反,反映出这两种气候因子在不同生境中起着不同的作用.根据土壤呼吸与气温之间的同归关系外推出2001年生长季草原群落和草甸群落的土壤呼吸量分别为142.4 g C/m2和236.1 g C/m2;3)在草甸群落中,地上总生物量与土壤呼吸速率之间没有显著的相关关系,而地上部活体生物量与土壤呼吸速率之间则存有很显著的幂函数关系.在草原群落中,土壤呼吸速率与地上活体生物量或地上总生物量的相关性均很弱.     

Driving Forces for Bicarbonate Transport in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942)

Air-grown Synechococcus R-2 (PCC 7942) cultures grown in BG-11 medium are very alkaline (outside pH is 10.0) and use HCO3- as their inorganic carbon source. The cells showed a dependence on Na+ for photosynthesis, but low Na+ conditions (1 mol m-3) were sufficient to support saturating photosynthesis. The intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon in the light was greater than 20 mol m-3 in both low-Na+ conditions and in BG-11 medium containing the usual [Na+] (24 mol m-3, designated high-Na+ conditions). The electrochemical potential for HCO3- in the light was in excess of 25 kJ mol-1, even in high-Na+ conditions. The Na+-motive force was greater than -12 kJ mol-1 under both Na+ conditions. On thermodynamic grounds, an Na+-driven co-port process would need to have a stoichiometry of 2 or greater ([greater than or equal to]2Na+ in/HCO3-1 in), but we show that Na+ or K+ fluxes cannot be linked to HCO3- transport. Na+ and K+ fluxes were unaffected by the presence or absence of dissolved inorganic carbon. In low-Na+ conditions, Na+ fluxes are too low to support the observed net 14C-carbon fixation rate. Active transport of HCO3- hyperpolarizes (not depolarizes) the membrane potential.     

北京八达岭林场人工林净碳交换及其环境影响因子

2011年11月-2012年10月,采用涡度相关法对北京市八达岭林场4年生针阔混交人工林的碳交换特征进行了连续观测.结果表明： 观测期间,该森林生态系统在7、8月为碳汇,其余月份均为碳源,净碳释放量与吸收量分别在4月和7月达到最大.生态系统净生产力为(-256±21) g C·m^-2·a^-1,其中生态系统呼吸为(950±36) g C·m^-2·a^-1,总初级生产力为(694±17) g C·m^-2·a^-1.生态系统呼吸与10 cm深度土壤温度呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)为2.2.在5-9月,白天生态系统净碳交换对光合有效辐射的响应符合直角双曲线方程,表观量子效率呈明显的季节变化(0.0219～0.0506 μmol CO₂·μmol^-1),生态系统最大光合速率和白天平均生态系统呼吸强度与光合有效辐射和温度的季节变化趋势相似.此外,7、8月饱和水汽压差与土壤含水量对白天生态系统净碳交换有显著的影响.
     

不同土地利用对土壤有机碳储量及土壤呼吸的影响

为了探讨土地利用方式对土壤碳储及土壤呼吸的影响,对安徽沿淮洼地杞柳纯林、杞柳-杨树混交林及杨树纯林3种不同土地利用方式下土壤有机碳储量及土壤呼吸特点进行了比较。结果表明:杞柳纯林、杞柳-杨树混交林、杨树纯林0～30cm土壤有机碳含量分别为6.80、8.50和7.71g·kg-1,土壤有机碳密度分别为2.88、3.26和2.95kg·m-2,土壤有机碳含量和土壤碳密度随土层深度的增加而降低。不同土地利用类型土壤呼吸年平均值分别为1.68μmol·m-2·s-1(杞柳纯林)、2.33μmol·m-2·s-1(杞柳-杨树混交林)、1.61μmol·m-2·s-1(杨树纯林),土壤呼吸日均值最高出现在夏季(6.64μmol·m-2·s-1),最低为冬季(0.13μmol·m-2·s-1)。相关分析表明,土壤呼吸速率与地表气温之间呈显著的指数关系,杞柳纯林、杞柳-杨树混交林、杨树纯林的相关系数R2分别为0.71、0.62、0.54。杞柳-杨树混交林较杞柳纯林有利于土壤有机碳的固定,杞柳纯林土壤有机碳储量偏低,与其粗放经营有关。在今后的栽植管理中,应采取合理的耕作施肥措施,在提高土壤肥力的同时增强土壤的碳固定。     

A model of Na-K-2Cl cotransport based on ordered ion binding and glide symmetry

In the duck red blood cell, Na-K-2Cl cotransportexhibits two modes of ion movement: net cotransport and obligate cationexchange. In high-K cells, the predominant exchange is K/K (or K/Rb).In high-Na cells, it becomes Na/Na (or Na/Li). Both represent partial reactions in which a fully loaded carrier releases part of its cargo,rebinds fresh ions, and returns back across the membrane fully loaded.Net cotransport occurs when the carrier unloads completely and returnsempty. This mode has a fixed stoichiometry of 1Na:1K:2Cl under allconditions tested. The ion requirements of the two exchanges differ:K/K exchange requires only K and Cl outside but all three ions inside.Na/Na exchange requires all three ions outside but only Na inside. Wepropose a simple model in which the carrier can only move when eitherfully loaded or completely empty and in which the ions bind in astrictly ordered sequence. For example, externally, a Na binds firstand then a Cl, followed by a K and a second Cl. Internally, the firston is the first off (glide symmetry), so the Na is released first andthen the first Cl, followed by the K and finally by the second Cl. Onlythen can the empty form return to the outside to start a new cycle.

     

九龙江口红树林研究V.秋茄群落的氯的累积和循环

本文是福建省九龙江口红树林研究的一部分,主要讨论20年生秋茄(Kandelia candel) 群落氯元素的累积及其生物循环。试验结果表明,秋茄群落现存量中含有氯总量3864.13公斤／公顷：其中地上部为1287.75公斤／公顷,地下部为2576.38公斤／公顷。该群落氯元素生物循环中年吸收量为626.57公斤／公顷,归还量为271.31公斤／公顷,存留量为355.26公斤／公顷,周转期需14年。     

越冬池冰下生物增氧的一个氧气平衡模式

本文根据实测数据回归得到的经验关系式,结合一定的假设及理论关系式,推导得到一个可供鱼呼吸耗用的氧气量(Rf)与浮游植物现存生物量(B)及有效水深(L)的关系式Rf=f(B,L),并利用此式作了进一步的探讨,求出了越冬池生物增氧的最适水深、最适浮游植物现存生物量及最大越冬鱼密度。提出了一个典型的越冬池生物增氧的模式。       

Stimulation of the diadinoxanthin cycle by UV-B radiation in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

In this study we show that the diadinoxanthin cycle in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum is stimulated by mild UV-B radiation. High steady state concentrations of diatoxanthin established during a period of strong actinic illumination with white light (300 mol photons m-2 s-1 PAR) are further increased if weak UV-B (3 mol photons m-2 s-1) is additionally applied. Short term increases in the diatoxanthin concentration caused by UV-B strongly correlate with a stoichiometric decrease in diadinoxanthin. The UV-B dependent increase in diatoxanthin is correlated with a concommitant enhancement of non-photochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence and a decrease in the quantum efficiency of oxygen evolution. This indicates that UV-B induced diatoxanthin functions in thermal energy dissipation. Possible scenarios for a stimulation of the diadinoxanthin cycle by UV-B are discussed.