东北羊草草地钾,钠含量特征的研究

东北羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)各器官地上部分的钾含量在生长初期最高,以后逐渐降低;钠含量的变化规律与钾相似,仅在8月份有明显增高。群落地上部分的钾、钠含量高于地下部分。羊草地上部分的钾、钠积累量在生长季中的变化为单峰曲线,峰值分别出现于7月和8月,寸草苔(Carex duriuscula)和针蔺(Heleocharis acicularis)地上部分的钾、钠积累量变化与生物量相似,为双峰型。群落地下部分的钾、钠积累量明显高于地上部分,茎、叶中钾、钠积累量相近。群落的钾、钠积累量分别占根层土壤钾、钠贮量的0.25%和0.17%,占交换性及水溶性钾、钠贮量之和的2.31%和0.93%。     

东北羊草草地钙、镁含量特征的研究

本文探讨了东北羊草草地割草场的钙、镁含量特征。研究结果表明：羊草群落中,植物根的钙、镁含量最高,季节变化规律是在生长旺季较高。羊草地上部分钙、镁积累量的季节变化曲线基本为S型,寸草苔和针蔺为双峰型。群落地下部分钙、镁积累量分别占群落总积累量的97.13%和92.08%。群落中钙、镁积累量仅占根层土壤钙、镁贮量的0.05%和0.03%,占根层土壤交换性和水溶性钙、镁贮量之和的52.2%和14.62%。植物各器宫中钙含量和积累量均大于镁。     

东北羊草草地锰、铜、锌含量特征的研究

 本文研究了羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)草地割草场3种植物必需的微量元素锰、铜、锌的含量特征。结果表明,在生长季各时期,优势种羊草各器官元素含量有很大变化,总的趋势是：根>根茎>茎>叶>穗(Zn：叶>茎),各器官之间元素含量差异显著(P<0.05)。其它种类植物根中锰、铜、锌含量也显著高于地上各器官。羊草地上部锰、铜、锌积累量在生长季中的变化近似于“S”型曲线,但各元素曲线最高点出现的时间不同。寸草苔(Carex duriuscula)和针蔺(Heleocharis acicularis)地上部锰、铜、锌积累量变化与生物量变化相似,基本为双峰型曲线。三种元素在群落中的分布规律是：根>茎>叶>穗,与生物量分布规律相同。但锰、铜在地上各器宫中积累量占植物总积累量的比率低于相应的生物量比率,而锌这两者的比率则与生物量比率相近。群落中锰、铜、锌积累量与根层土壤中锰、铜、锌总量之比分别为0.10%,0.33%和0.09%。     

马蔺体内主要阳离子含量月变化及分布

在自然盐碱生境下,通过测定不同月份土壤和马蔺体内主要阳离子Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的含量,研究了主要阳离子的吸收、转运变化及其在马蔺体内的分布.结果表明: 不同月份马蔺体内阳离子含量变动很大.在6月以后,随着马蔺的生长, Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺4种离子在植物体内累积量逐渐增加.其中,根中Ca²⁺、Na⁺含量峰值出现在7月,分别为2.30%和0.51%,K⁺、Mg²⁺的含量峰值分别出现在9、10月,分别为0.27%和0.28%;叶片中Na⁺含量在7月达到最大值(0.57%);K⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺在8月分别达到1.30%、2.69%和0.47%.与Na⁺相比, 7、8月时马蔺对K⁺的选择吸收能力较低,但转运能力较强.马蔺对所测离子有很强的富集能力,各种离子在植物体内的含量都明显高于土壤背景值,且不同部位对离子的利用和累积能力不同,马蔺对各阳离子的累积主要集中在地上30 cm到地下40 cm范围内.马蔺地上部分平均单株K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺含量分别是地下部分的9.11、4.07、0.98和2.27倍.     

松嫩平原羊草草地土壤-植物间铁的动态研究

羊草草地土壤-植物间营养元素Fe的动态研究结果表明,土壤中全铁和有效铁含量均较低,羊草中Fe含量比较丰富．在生长季各时期,全铁和有效铁含量在土壤剖面分布上从上向下呈下降趋势,有效铁与有机质含量呈显著正相关,而与pH值呈显著负相关．全铁各月平均含量变化在生长季呈“V”型曲线,7月含量最低;有效铁平均含量从5～8月与全铁相似,8月后则逐渐减少．羊草各器官及枯落物Fe含量有很大变化,总的趋势是根>根茎>叶>枯落物>茎;羊草叶、茎的Fe含量在生长季中为波动型下降曲线,根茎、根及枯落物的Fe含量在生长季中为“V”型曲线．A层土壤富集有效铁的能力稍强．土壤中Fe活性平均为0．640％。从5月至8月逐渐升高,8月后逐渐下降,10月份最低．地下部的Fe向地上部的转移强度为5～7月下降,8月升高,随后又下降．地上部Fe向枯落物的转移强度平均为105．0％,与地下部Fe向地上部转移强度呈显著负相关。     

松嫩平原草原5种耐盐牧草体内K+, Na+ 的分布与积累的研究

 本文对松嫩平原盐碱化草地生长的5种耐盐牧草羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)、星星草(Puccinelia tenuiflora)、虎尾草(Chloris virgata)、獐茅(Aeluropus littoralis var. sinensis)和碱蓬(Suaeda glauca)体内K+、Na+的积累与分布动态进行研究。结果表明,植物体内含量Na+μmol／克干重,碱蓬最高为5419—5668,其次是獐毛为225—326和星星草为177—216,虎尾草和羊草变化较大,分别为20—699和11—217。体内Na+含量受土壤中Na+水平的影响。Na+／K+以碱蓬最大为10.47—25.74。随着土壤盐含量(x1)、pH(x2)的增加,羊草和虎尾草体内Na+μmol／克干重(Y)积累动态符合公式：Y=Ym/[1+e(a+b1x1+b2x2)],碱蓬、星星草獐毛符合公式Y=a+b1x1+b2x2。植物体内Na+的积累率依次为：虎尾章>羊草>星星草、獐毛和碱蓬。K+主要分布在代谢旺盛的幼嫩组织中。茎叶是Na+的主要积累部位。虎尾草各部位Na+的积累率均呈显著增大,同时K+均降低,碱蓬各部位K+积累率均随Na+积累而增大。     

土壤盐碱胁迫对春小麦K^＋、Na^＋选择性吸收的影响

通过对2种浓度土壤盐分胁迫下春小麦各品种不同时期各器官K^ 、Na^ 含量以及K^ /Na^ 的变化及其与抗盐性的关系研究,结果表明,随土壤盐浓度的升高,各品种的产量及各农艺性状值均有所下降,但不同品种的下降程度不同。随土壤盐浓度的升高,植株中K^ 、Na^ 含量均有所增加,但K^ 增加的幅度小于Na^ 的增加幅度,因而K^ /Na^ 呈明显下降趋势;在不同土壤盐分胁迫下,小麦品种K^ 、Na^ 随生育进程在体内各器官的分配发生动态变化,在分蘖期地上部K^ /Na^ ＞根部,孕穗期各器官K^ /Na^ 依次为：幼穗＞旗叶＞茎＞倒4叶,而灌浆期则依次为：籽粒＞旗叶＞茎＞倒4叶,说明生长旺盛的器官拒Na^ 能力强于其它器官;不同品种的K^ 、Na^ 含量及K^ /Na^ 不同,一般抗盐性强的品种在各时期均具有较高的K^ /Na^ ,反之则K^ /Na^ 较低;小麦的籽粒产量在一定范围内与其植株地上部各器官的K^ /Na^ 中一定的正相关,其中与分蘖期植株地上部的K^ /Na^ 及叶（K^ /Na^ ）／根（K^ /Na^ ）呈极显著正相关,而与此时期的SNa^ K^ 相关性最强,γ为－0．9670。因而,以分蘖期的K^ /Na^ 尤其是SNa^ K^ 作为小麦田间抗盐性的指标,具有一定的可靠性。     

Growth Adaptability and Salt Tolerance Osmoregulation of Aneurolepidium chinense Grown on Saline Grassland

The growth of Aneurolepidium chinense Kitag. grown on different saline soil of a Northeast grassland of China was studied and the K+,Na+proline and citric acid accumulated in plants or their organs were determined . The results showed that A. chinense had a strong adaptability to saline habitat and could grow on soil with a salt content of 0. 088%--1.63%,and pH ranging from 8.3 to 9.8. Sodium,proline and citric acid were accumulated by plants for osmotic adjustment when the salinity and Na+content of the soil increased. A. chinense absorbed Na+ rapidly from the soil and excluded K+ when the soil Na+ concentration was less than 20 μmol/g. Sodium was adsorbed slowly and K+ remained constant in plants when Na+ concentrations of soil were 20–80 μmol/g,and proline and citric acid contents were markedly increased. Sodium and K+ decreased slightly in plant tissue and organic solutes increased when Na+ concentrations exceeded 80 μmol/g in soil. Most K+ was distributed in young leaves which were metabolically active. The major sites of Na+ accumulation were in the roots and older mature leaves;whereas proline and citric acid accumulation occurred primarily in young leaves,mature leaves and stems. Tillering buds had strong ability to absord and accumulate K+,Na+ and Proline.     

盐胁迫对四种基因型冬小麦幼苗Na+、K+吸收和累积的影响

以4种不同基因型冬小麦品种为试验材料,研究了盐胁迫下小麦幼苗的生长及Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收、累积规律。结果表明,盐胁迫下小麦吸水困难,幼苗生长受抑;幼苗含水量、生物量及干物质量明显下降;Na^＋、Cl^-含量和单株累积量显著增加。K^＋含量和单株累积量则明显降低。Na^＋／K^＋比值随介质中的盐浓度的增加而升高。盐胁迫下各基因型冬小麦幼苗Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的单株累积量及其在地上部分和根系中的含量变化较大,说明小麦根系对Na^＋、K^＋和Cl^-的吸收存在基因型差异。盐处理下,暖型小麦NR9405对K^＋的选择吸收能力强,对Na^＋的吸收和累积少,植株体内的K^＋浓度较高,Na^＋／K^＋比值小;幼苗的生物量较大,耐盐性强。冷型小麦RB6对K^＋的选择能力差,对Na^＋的吸收和累积量大,幼苗的Na^＋／K^＋比值大,生物量小,耐盐性较差。低盐浓度下,Na^＋可作为渗透调节物质维持植物体内渗透平衡。高盐浓度下,Na^＋的过度吸收和累积可能是盐害的主要原因。维持体内较低的Na^＋水平和Na^＋／K^＋比值是小麦耐盐性的一个重要特征。     

内蒙古东部线叶菊草地生物量与净第一性生产力的初步研究

 线叶菊草地总地上生物量的增长规律符合Logistic增长,最大值出现在8月中旬,为198.15g／m2。返青后,线叶菊较同群落内的禾草和杂类草提前达到其生物量最大值。线叶菊、禾草和杂类草的地上生物量的增长与降水量和≥5℃积温呈显著或极显著正相关。地下生物量的季节变化曲线大致为“U”字形,最低值出现在8月中旬,而在早春和秋末时期地下生物量基本相等。地下生物量最大值出现在10月中旬,为1608.5g／m2(干物质)。该草地地上部分净第一性生产力为256.74gm2·a,地下部分为599.51g／m2·a(干物重计)。将生长季内以凋落物形式损失的生物量计算在内,得到的地上净第一性生产力比用极大现存量法估测的结果高出29.57%。     

人工和自然羊草种群的高生长及生物量季节动态的研究

本文所研究的人工羊草草地是在内蒙古锡林河中游南岸羊草草原的基础上建成的。此项研究试就人工种植的羊草(Aneurolepidium chinensis)和原生群落建群种羊草在高生长和生物量增长方面作一比较。 （1）从返青后四十天开始,人工羊草种群的高生长表现为曲线 种群平均高度最大值达52.98cm,并在垂直结构上控制着群落的中层和上层;原生群落中羊草的高生长曲线为：种群平均高度最大值为40.61cm。(2) 人工羊草种群的生物量按方程增长,植物地上部分的干物质含量依直线CA=27.4874+0.2245t变化。生物量峰值(172.00g／m2)和干物质含量极值 (58.24%)都超过了天然生长的羊草。目前人工草地适于作为割草场使用,可获得优质高产的牧草。     

Effects of internal Na and external K concentrations on Na/K coupling of Na,K-pump in frog skeletal muscle

Summary To clarify the dependency of the Na/K coupling of the Na,K-pump on internal Na and external K concentrations in skeletal muscle, the ouabain-induced change in membrane potential, the ouabain-induced change in Na efflux and the membrane resistance were measured at various internal Na and external K concentrations in bullfrog sartorius muscle.Upon raising the internal Na concentration from 6 mmol/kg muscle water to 20 mmol/kg muscle water, the magnitude of the ouabain-induced change in membrane potential increased about eightfold and the magnitude of the ouabain-induced change in Na efflux increased about fivefold while the membrane resistance was not significantly changed. As the external K concentration increased from 1 to 10mm, the magnitude of the ouabain-induced change in membrane potential decreased (1/5.5 fold), while the magnitude of the ouabain-induced change in Na efflux increased (about 1.5-fold). The membrane resistance decreased upon raising the external K concentration from 1 to 10mm (1/2-fold). These observations imply that the values of the Na/K coupling of the Na,K-pump increases upon raising the internal Na concentration and decreases upon raising the external K concentration.     

松嫩盐碱草地植物种群的土壤营养位季节动态

针对松嫩盐碱草地的特点,综合评价了18项土壤因子,以植物的相对地上生物量为土壤营养位效能,分析了松嫩盐碱草地植物种群的土壤营养位季节动态。伴随季节的更替,碱蓬等强耐盐碱植物的土壤营养位中心点逐渐向土壤盐碱程度严重的一侧移动,土壤营养位体积也逐月增加,土壤营养位宽度的扩大是土壤营养位体积增加的主要原因。虎尾草(Chloris virgata)和羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)的土壤营养位中心点数值和土壤营养位体积7月份时最大。7月份时虎尾草的土壤营养位效能峰值明显高于其它月份的,使得虎尾草此月份的土壤营养位体积在整个生长季内最大,而羊草7月份的土壤营养位宽度和土壤营养位效能峰值都较大,共同决定了该月份羊草的土壤营养位体积最大。除上述植物外,其他轻度耐盐碱植物的土壤营养位中心点随季节更替的变化趋势与碱蓬等强耐盐碱植物的刚好相反,是向土壤盐碱程度越轻的方向。其他轻度耐盐碱植物的土壤营养位宽度8月份时最小,但因为此时土壤营养位效能峰值明显高于其它月份的,它们8月份的土壤营养位体积仍是整个生长季内最大的。松嫩盐碱草地植物种群土壤营养位重叠也存在着明显的季节变化。     

The importance of belowground mineral element stores in cattails (Typha latifolia L.)

We measured the amount of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, B, Mn, Na, Sr, Cu and Zn in above- and belowground parts of cattails (Typha latifolia L.) every 2 weeks during the growing season (April–October) in plants growing in a marsh on the shore of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin. Elements differed considerably in their distribution between above- and belowground parts and the amount of apparent exchange between parts. The ratio of the amount of an element in aboveground plant parts to that belowground (A:B) was between 1:1 and 2:1 for most elements, as compared with the 2.2:1 ratio of biomass. The maximum amounts of Fe and Zn belowground exceeded their aboveground maxima, while K, Ca and Mn had A:B ratios greater than 2:1. N, P and K in belowground plant parts decreased considerably during the spring, and belowground decreases were large enough to be potentially important sources of these elements for shoot growth. Belowground stores of Ca, Mg, Mn, Na and Sr decreased little in the spring and do not function as reserves.     

Na2CO3胁迫下星星草（Puccinellia tenuiflora）幼苗叶表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的相对含量

对不同强度Na2CO3胁迫处理下星星草幼苗叶片表皮和叶肉细胞中K、Na的透射电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析和叶片表面扫描电镜X-射线电子探针显微分析,结果表明：在相同胁迫强度下,无论是表皮细胞还是叶肉细胞的细胞壁和液泡中的Na相对含量均明显高于细胞质中的Na相对含量,并且K的相对含量均明显比相应部位Na的相对含量高,细胞壁与液泡中的Na相对含量变化范围非常接近。在Na2CO3胁迫浓度低于0.1molL-1时,在相同胁迫强度下,K的相对含量高于Na的相对含量,使细胞质保持相对高的K/ Na比。而尽管向细胞壁和液泡分流了大量的Na,但是细胞质中的Na相对含量仍然随着Na2CO3胁迫强度的增加而增加,一方面证明星星草在Na2CO3胁迫下维持相对高的K/ Na比的能力是有一定限度的,另一方面暗示星星草作为盐生植物在盐碱环境中一定程度上Na可以部分地代替K而行使部分K的生理功能。     

Biomass production,nutrient cycling,and carbon fixation by Salicornia brachiata Roxb.: A promising halophyte for coastal saline soil rehabilitation

In order to increase our understanding of the interaction of soil-halophyte (Salicornia brachiata) relations and phytoremediation, we investigated the aboveground biomass, carbon fixation, and nutrient composition (N, P, K, Na, Ca, and Mg) of S. brachiata using six sampling sites with varying characteristics over one growing season in intertidal marshes. Simultaneously, soil characteristics and nutrient concentrations were also estimated. There was a significant variation in soil characteristics and nutrient contents spatially (except pH) as well as temporally. Nutrient contents in aboveground biomass of S. brachiata were also significantly differed spatially (except C and Cl) as well as temporally. Aboveground biomass of S. brachiata ranged from 2.51 to 6.07 t/ha at maturity and it was positively correlated with soil electrical conductivity and available Na, whereas negatively with soil pH. The K/Na ratio in plant was below one, showing tolerance to salinity. The aboveground C fixation values ranged from 0.77 to 1.93 C t/ha at all six sampling sites. This study provides new understandings into nutrient cycling—C fixation potential of highly salt-tolerant halophyte S. brachiata growing on intertidal soils of India. S. brachiata have a potential for amelioration of the salinity due to higher Na bioaccumulation factor.     

The K/Na and Ca/Na ratios and rapeseed yield,under soil salinity or sodicity

Rapeseed (Brassica napus) is a crop relatively tolerant to salt and sodium. Our objective was to study the interactions between Na, K and Ca and their relationship with its yield under the isolated effects of soil salinity or sodicity.Two experiments were carried out using pots filled with the Ah horizon of a Typic Natraquoll. There were three salinity levels (2.3 dS m^-1; 6.0 dS m^-1 and 10.0 dS m^-1) and three sodicity levels, expressed as sodium adsorption ratios (SAR: 12; 27 and 44). The soil was kept near field capacity.As soil salinity increased, the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in the tissues decreased markedly but yields and aerial biomass production were not affected. As soil SAR value increased, the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in plants and K-Na and Ca-Na selectivities decreased. Plants could not maintain their Ca concentration in soil with a high SAR. The grain yield and biomass production diminished significantly in the highest SAR treatment. Our results are consistent with those showing detrimental osmotic effects of salts in Brassica napus. Conversely, under sodicity, the K/Na and Ca/Na ratios in plant tissues decreased considerably, in accordance with grain and biomass production. These results show that the effects of sodicity are different from those of salinity.     

羊草群落水分状况的初步研究

本文采用笔者自行设计和组装的人工气候箱装置,对天然羊草(Aneurolepidium chinense)群落的水分状况进行了研究,结果表明,在生长季各时期的晴天条件下,羊草群落蒸腾、蒸散速率的日进程曲线均为双峰型。群落的蒸腾、蒸散速率与太阳总辐射强度和气温呈正相关,与空气相对湿度呈负相关。群落的无效水分散失比率与蒸腾速率呈负相关。群落中植物的蒸腾强度,以开花期最高,为1.156g／cm2(叶面积)／d;整个群落的蒸腾速率在种子蜡熟期达到最高值,为4861.07g／m2(地面)／d。群落的蒸散速率在6月份最高,达6454.36 g／m2／d。群落月蒸散、蒸腾耗水量的最大值分别出现在6月份和8月份,各为125.9mm和83.9mm。在生长季中,群落的总耗水量与总降水量基本相等,但二者的季节消长不同步。在植物生长发育早期的6月份,水分亏缺严重,使群落对后期充沛的降水不能有效利用,群落生产力低下。     

Contrast Study About Litter Dynamics of Main Communities in Aneurolepidium chinense Grassland Region in Northeast of China

The standing death rate of main communities in Aneurolepidium chinense (Trin.) Kitag. grassland increased slowly in 5–8 months. After August, the standing death rate greatly quickened because the changes of ecological environment limited the growth of plants. The maximum standing death rate of A. chinense and Calamagrostis epigejos(L.) Roth-weed communities was in October and that of Puccinella tenuiflora (Griseb). Scrihn. et Merr. and Suaeda glauca (Bunge) Bunge communities was in September. The seasonal changes of litter weight followed the index law. The communities in the order of litter weight were: C. epigejos-weed community. A. chinense community>P. tenuiflora community>S. glauca community. There was a positive relationship between aboveground standing crop and litter before August, and a negative relationship after August.     

羊草草原植物-土壤之间主要营养元素动态的研究

羊草草原土壤中N、P、K含量的季节变化规律是生长季初期较高,6—8月生长旺季较低,生长季末再度升高。营养元素在植物体内的分配是地下部分大于地上部分。地下部分N的贮量为地上部分的3.6倍,K为2.9倍,P为2.8倍。地上部分3种元素含量的季节变化曲线呈单峰型,从生长初期开始上升,最大值出现在8月,生长末期逐渐下降。地下部分的季节变化规律,大体上在整个生长季内呈上升趋势,随着根系的生长,营养元素的积累量不断增加。对植物—土壤之间营养元素动态分析结果表明,随着时间的推移,N、P、K在各状态中的比例趋于恒定。在稳定状态下,3种元素在土壤中的比例逐渐减少,与初始量相比N、P、K的含量分别减少21.23%、5.14%和2.99%。在其它状态中,3种元素的含量均有提高,特别在枯枝落叶和死根中增加的幅度较大。