松嫩平原羊草种群营养繁殖的季节动态及其生物量与密度关系的分析

本文根据野外定位定期观测,分析了羊草[Aneurolepidium chinense(Trin.)Kitag.]种群和羊草个体群营养繁殖的特点。结果表明,在整个生长季,羊草能不断地进行营养繁殖。在移植当年,羊草分蘖株个体群的营养繁殖潜力比实生苗个体群的更大,两个实验个体群的数量均符合于逻辑斯谛曲线增长。生殖生长对羊草的营养繁殖有较大的影响。天然割草场上的羊草种群在生物量达最高时期,种群植株的大小受密度的制约,平均单株重量与密度之间遵循-0.6699 幂的规律性变化。综合分析表明,在松嫩平原天然割草场上,羊草种群依靠营养繁殖更新延续、自我调节,但该种群尚未达到环境所能容纳的最大数量。     

An Analysis of Age Structure and the Strategy for Asexual Propagation of Aneurolepidium chinense Population

Aneurolepidiurn chinense (Trin.) Kitag. is a rhizome grass. Among the total earing plants of the population in natural cutting grassland, 87 % was winterness plants. The oldest tillering node was four age, and its life time would reach five years. The plants of one and two age held the absolute dominant position and their proportion was 92.5% in the age structure of developing plants from the tillering nodes. The productivity of one age plants was the highest among plants of the total ages, whereas the vitalities of plants were evidently weakened by the third age. On the age structure, A. chinense population in the cutting grassland was a type of mixed population which was an expanding and a stable population. The strategy of asexual propagation, in which the age structure of the population would be regulated by developing plants from rhizome end, and the mechanism of biology and ecology on natural sustaining renovation of A. chinense grassland were comprehensively analysed.     

羊草种群年龄结构及无性繁殖对策的分析

天然割草场羊草 ( Aneurolepidium chinense( Trin.) Kitag.)种群的生殖枝中有 87%为冬性植株。羊草分蘖节最老为 4龄 ,其生活时间可达 5个年度。在分蘖节成株的年龄结构中 ,1、2龄株占绝对优势 ,其所占比重达 92 .5 %。 1龄株生产力最高 ,至 3龄株生活力已明显衰弱。割草场羊草种群为增长型与稳定型混合的年龄结构类型。综合分析了羊草以根茎顶端成株调节种群年龄结构的无性繁殖对策 ,以及羊草草地自然持续更新的生物生态学机制     

火烧对羊草草原植物群落组成的影响

在羊草草原正常能着火季节内,通过人为点烧的方法,对比研究了不同时间火烧对植物群落组成的影响．结果表明,羊草－杂类草草原早春火烧后,群落密度、种类丰富度和多样性提高,均匀性降低;羊草典型草原秋季火烧后,群落密度、多样性和均匀性降低,种类丰富度提高．连续２次火烧除羊草和几种１—２年生植物密度增加外,其它各种群密度降低,群落多样性也降低,一些种类退出群落．     

松嫩草地羊草叶片光合作用生理生态特征分析

对松嫩平原盐碱化草地羊草叶片的光合生理生态特征分析表明,晴朗天气条件下,羊草叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰型,蒸腾速率属单峰型,叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔阻力在整个生长季受到多个环境因子的共同影响,不同时期起主导作用的环境因子有所差异,同一环境因子在不同时间对净光合速率、蒸腾速率及气孔阻力的影响程度不同,净光合有效国徽是对羊草光合作用影响最为强烈的环境因子,受环境因子控制最为显著的生理特征是羊草叶片的蒸腾速度。     

星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)人工草地氮素积累对松嫩盐碱草地植被演替的影响

通过对星星草(Puccinellia tenuiflora)生长不同年数盐碱土壤氮素营养状况的比较,研究氮素积累作用的机理,并探讨其在植被演替中的可能作用.结果表明:在一维生态位空间(土壤氮含量)星星草和羊草(Leymus chinense)之间具有较小的生态位分离值和较大的生态位重叠值,表明羊草对土壤高含氮量具有较强的竞争能力.这些也许是羊草以及其他植物在星星草生长一定年数后能够侵入碱斑土壤的机制.星星草作为盐碱土壤改良和植被恢复的先锋植物,它的生长增强了盐碱草地土壤氮素的矿质化作用和生物固氮强度,并减弱了氮素随地表径流的损失.最终促进了盐碱草地的氮素沉积,达到了适合于其它物种(如羊草)生长的水平,从而使碱斑植被得以恢复.     

放牧、刈割及摘顶对亚热带人工草地牧草种群的影响

通过比较放牧、刈割及摘顶3种干扰发现,适度放牧、刈割提高了亚热带高山人工草地鸭茅、黑麦草种群的适应性,部分原因在于2种干扰均对牧草进行了摘顶．摘顶解除了牧草的顶端优势及生殖生长。放牧、刈割对牧草产生的生态影响在某种程度上可通过摘顶而实现。从而提高种群密度、热值及能量积累．单因子的人工摘顶试验表明,牧草顶端优势的维持降低了牧草种群密度,抑制了能量积累。从抑制了种间竞争．持续摘顶解除了牧草的顶端优势。促进了牧草密度及能量的增长,从而提高了牧草种群的竞争力．     

不同种群密度羊草生态场梯度及其变化特征

通过对植物个体与种群生态场定位实验研究,提出了生态场梯度的概念,并给出了植物与羊草个体生态场梯度的模型,植物生态场的场梯度是,生态场中生态势沿任意方向的变化率。羊草个体生态场梯度同羊草种群密度相关。     

永瓣藤的分布现状及其保护

本文从自然环境、分布特征、种群数量和种群繁殖等方面研究了我国珍稀特有植物永瓣藤（Monimopetalum chinense）的分布和保护现状, 并从引种栽培、种子繁殖和无性繁殖等方面总结了近年来对永瓣藤进行迁地保存的初步研究结果, 最后提出了相应的保护建议。     

The Relationship Between the Nariations of Fruit-Bearing Organic Characters in Natural Aneurolepidium chinense Population and the Climatic Factors in the Songnen Plain of China

Based on eight years continuous observation and measurement on the ways and intensity of utilization of three fixed plots of the meadow of natural Aneurolepidium chinense in the Songnen Plain of China at definite stage of annual growth season the quantitative analysis on the relationship between the variations of fruit-bearing organic characters of A. chinense population and the climatic factors was investigated. Change of climate was one of the comprehensive factors which led to the variations of fruit-bearing organic characters of the population in different plots, but variations on the characters of the population among the plots and on the degree of correlation or functional relationships between the character and the climatic factor in different stages were only caused by the ways and intensity utilization. The characters of the spike organ were more affected by climatic factors in the stage of growth and development of the winterness plants of the population. There were universal ecological effects of time lap in the climatic factors.     

东北盐碱化羊草草地生物治理的研究

 盐碱草地的生物治理包括两种形式：一是人工建立枯草层,改变盐碱土的理化性质,直接种植羊草,恢复植被;二是种植耐盐碱植物,自然积累有机质,逐渐恢复植被。枯草层可改变盐碱土的理化性状,当枯草量达1.5kg·m-2时,与对照区相比,土壤容重由1.71g·cm-3减少 到1.10g·cm-3,土壤孔隙度和空气含量分别提高了41.7％和1.7倍,土壤含水量增加31.7％。土壤pH值由10.05下降到8.5,含盐量和电导率分别下降了34.1％和40％,碱化度由64.59％下降到35.75％。种植虎尾草改良盐碱化草地是一种有效的途径,4年后,光碱斑已全部被植被覆盖,群落产量达450g·m-2,羊草在群落中大量出现,约占总产量的45％以上。实验结果表明当枯草量达1.5g·m-2时,播种羊草即可在盐碱上壤上存活,4年后,羊草群落的产量可达600g·m-2,基本上恢复到了羊草草地。     

Temporal trends in species composition and plant traits in natural grasslands of Uruguay

Abstract. We report the successional trends of the major life‐forms (graminoids and forbs) in natural grasslands of Uruguay over a 9‐yr period after the removal of domestic herbivores. For the whole community, species richness and diversity decreased over the successional period. In graminoids we observed clear temporal trajectories in floristic composition; the rate of floristic change decreased with time and was associated with a shift in plant traits. The exclusion of large herbivores promoted erect and tall grasses with narrow leaves and greater seed length, vegetative growth constrained to the cool season and increased frequency of annual species. Forbs did not show a clear temporal trend in species composition, but there was, nevertheless, a plot‐specific species turnover of this functional group that was reflected in their attributes. Species spreading by means of rhizomes, with vegetative growth restricted to the warm season. Species with larger seeds increased under grazing exclusion, as did annual and nitrogen‐fixing forbs. The floristic changes induced by cattle exclusion occurred early in the succession. This early high rate of change has practical implications for management and conservation programs of the natural grasslands of Uruguay. Additionally, the shift in plant traits may be helpful in devising simple indicators of grazing impact.     

不同栽培方式对巫山淫羊藿生长的影响

测定和比较了3种栽培方式(栽培密度、栽培根茎长度和栽培深度)下巫山淫羊藿叶长、株高、分枝数和花蕾数等生理生长指标,探寻巫山淫羊藿最适生长条件和生长投资策略,为药用淫羊藿人工栽培提供理论基础和实验依据。结果表明:在每平方米18000株的栽培密度下,植株各项生理指标均显著优于其它密度处理;15cm根茎长度处理下的巫山淫羊藿分枝数明显高于其它组;5cm深度处理有利于巫山淫羊藿叶生长,20cm深度处理有利于巫山淫羊藿茎生长。进一步分析表明:栽培密度和栽培根茎长度对巫山淫羊藿营养生长影响较大;栽培深度对植株的营养生长和生殖生长影响都较大。     

Effect of pre-planting irrigation, maize planting pattern and nitrogen on weed seed bank population

Pre-planting irrigation and planting patterns are important factors in weed management that effect on seed bank. Additionally, the nitrogen is the most important factor in plant growth that affects weed-crop competition and ultimately, seed rain into the soil. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of nitrogen application rates, pre-planting irrigation and maize planting patterns on weed seed bank population. Experimental factors were nitrogen rates at 4 levels (200, 300, 400 and 500 kg per hectare) as main plot; and pre-planting irrigation at 2 levels (irrigation before planting plus weeding emerged seedlings and, irrigation after sowing), and maize planting patterns (one-row and two-row planting of maize with same density per square of row length) that were assigned in a factorial arrangement to the sub plots. Soil samples were taken at the beginning of the season (before planting of maize) and at the end of the season (after harvest) at depth of 0-5 cm in the fixed quadrates (60 cm x 60 cm). The weed seeds were extracted from the soil samples and were identified using standard methods. The majority of weed seed bank populations included 6 weed species: Portulaca oleracea, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus, Sorghum halepense, Daturea stramonium, Xanthium strumarium. Results showed that population of weed seed bank increased significantly with increasing nitrogen rate. The increasing rate was different between one-row and two-row planting patterns. The parameters indicated that seed bank population was much higher in a one row planting pattern of maize. With two-row planting, seed bank was decreased by 34, 26, 20 and 5% at 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N/ha, respectively. Pre-planting irrigation was also found an effective implement to reduce the weed seed bank. When pre-planting irrigation was applied, seed bank was decreased by 57, 43, 34 and 9% at 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg N/ha. Increasing nitrogen because of weed's better growth and higher seed production neutralized the decreasing effect of pre-planting irrigation and two-row planting of maize on weed seed bank population.     

内蒙古典型草原退化机理的研究

在内蒙古冷蒿小禾草退化草原上,经过６年围栏定量的放牧,分别对９种主要植物种群的形态学特征对放牧的响应进行了研究．结果表明,不同生活型和营养繁殖方式的牧草对放牧率的响应策略是不同的,从而构成了不同放牧率下群落演替的基础．匍匐以不定根行营养繁殖生长或分蘖性强的种群是较适应于重牧的,如冷蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｆｒｉｇｉｄａ）和星毛委陵菜（Ｐｏｔｅｎｔｉｌａａｕｃｕｌｉｓ）;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的羊草（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｅ）和冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｃｒｉｓｔａｔｕｍ）及丛生禾草克氏针茅（Ｓｔｉｐａｋｒｙｌｏｖｉ）属宜轻牧植物;以根茎和分蘖行营养繁殖的寸草苔（Ｃａｒｅｘｄｕｒｉｕｓｃｕｌａ）和小丛生禾草糙隐子草（Ｃｌｅｉｓｔｏｇｅｎｅｓｓｑｕａｒｒｏｓａ）属宜中牧植物;而以分枝行营养繁殖的扁蓿豆（Ｍｅｌｉｓｉｔｕｓｒｕｔｈｅｎｉｃａ）和木地肤（Ｋｏｃｈｉａｐｒｏｓｔａｔａ）则宜轻牧．随着放牧率的增大,群落发生明显的变化,小禾草的比例逐渐减少,冷蒿小禾草退化草原最终进一步趋同于星毛委陵菜退化草原;而轻牧可以维持草原现状或使其发生恢复演替,禾草比例增加,即可达到利用式改良的目的     

三种类型草地植物种间关联的测定与比较

植物种间关联的研究,对于进一步确定植物种间关系、揭示群落演替过程中植物种间替代关系的机制、草场退化和人工草地产量下降的原因都有重要意义。本文之所以选取三种类型的草地进行研究主要是考虑到由于一个群落从初期阶段到顶极阶段的演替需要十几年甚至几十年的时间,这样对于演替不同阶段植物种间关联的观测是困难的。故在本文中我们采用     

Effects of shading and nitrogen on growth of corn (Zea mays L.) under field conditions

Summary Field studies were performed in the growing seasons of 1967 and 1968 to determine the differential response of vegetative corn growth to three levels of shading (27, 51, and 100% sunlight) and three levels of nitrogen (0, 222, and 444 kg/ha). Ammonium nitrate was used as the N fertilizer. Shades were removed when the unshaded plants started tasselling. Subsequent stover and grain production was determined. During the vegetative period, N increased dry matter yield per plant, and the rate of increase was enhanced at higher light levels. This was consistent in both years. The effect of shading during vegetative period on N use appeared to depend on season, or perhaps on planting date. In 1967, with a late planting date, the N-shading interaction was found in final stover and ear yields. In 1968, with a planting date in early spring shading-N interactions were noted at 8 1/2 weeks of growth but not at maturity. Part of a Ph. D. thesis submitted by the senior author in 1969 to the Graduate Faculty of Studies and Research, McGill University, Canada. Former graduate assistant and associate professor respectively.     

水稻种植密度和生育期对三化螟卵天敌种群及其效益的影响

研究结果表明,水稻种植密度和生育期对三化螟Scirpophaha incertulas卵的天敌种群及其捕食串和寄生率有显著的影响。捕食性天敌和某些寄生蜂的种群密度随种植密度的增加和生育期的增长而增加,但啮小蜂和赤眼蜂对种植密度的反应不明显。螟卵捕食串随种植密度的增加和生育期的增长而增加。但螟卵寄生率则相反：种植密度低、生育期早,卵寄生率高,且差异显著。种植密度和生育期不仅影响了单种寄生蜂的寄生率,而且也影响了螟卵寄生蜂种类的多少。在种植密度低的地块和水稻生长初期,卵块通常有3种寄生蜂出现,而在密度高的地块和生长末期,卵块通常没有寄生蜂或仅有赤眼蜂出现。虽然卵捕食和卵寄生都是三化螟卵的重要控制因素,但由天敌所造成的卵死亡率则随种植密度的增加或生育期的延长而下降。     

Trade-offs between sexual and asexual reproduction in a monoecious species Sagittaria pygmaea (Alismataceae): the effect of different nutrient levels

Available resources could influence the trade-offs among different reproductive components in plants. Here, we created three nutrient levels to test the nutrient effects on trade-offs among sexual reproduction, clonal propagation and vegetative growth in a monoecious clonal herb Sagittaria pygmaea. The results of this study showed that the plant exhibited different trade-off patterns among different nutrient levels. When the nutrient level was low, there were weak trade-offs between sexual reproduction and vegetative growth and between clonal propagation and vegetative growth; when the nutrient level was moderate, we found a strong trade-off between sexual reproduction and clonal propagation; but when the nutrient level was high, we found no trade-offs among these three different reproductive components. These results indicated that the plant could adjust its trade-off patterns to fit the nutrient variation and suggested that trade-offs are unlikely to constrain the evolution of reproductive strategy in this species.     

退化草原冷蒿群落13年不同放牧强度后的植物多样性

放牧过程通过家畜的啃食、践踏干扰草原环境,使草原的物种组成发生变化,植物种群的优势地位发生更替。对退化草原中的冷蒿群落在经历13a不同放牧强度——无牧（0．00只羊,hm^2）、轻牧（1．33只羊／hm^2）、中牧（4．00只羊／hm^2）、重牧（6．67只羊,hm^2）的围栏放牧后的植物群落多样性进行研究,结果表明：经过13a的演替变化,（1）无牧处理下植被密度显著低于其它3个放牧处理下的植被密度,而其它3个放牧处理之间的植被密度差异不显著;（2）无牧处理下羊草成为群落的优势种,轻牧和中牧处理下冷蒿依然是群落的优势种。这3种处理下寸草苔的种群密度最大;重牧处理下优势种变为星毛委陵菜,并且其种群密度最大;随着放牧强度增加,不同放牧退化阶段指示植物的种群密度的变化趋势是：冷蒿为先增大后减小,而星毛委陵菜为先急剧增大,然后平缓增大,最后再急剧增大;（3）植物多样性和均匀度指数在中牧处理下最大,在无牧处理下最小,说明中牧处理下群落的多样性最高,无牧处理下群落的多样性最小。而优势度指数正相反。植物群落结构和多样性的变化主要是由放牧家畜选择性采食、不同植物对放牧响应的不同策略、植物种间的竞争、动植物协同进化以及由放牧改变的土壤理化性质等因素综合决定的。此研究有助于进一步认识退化草原在继续放牧干扰下的演替规律以及为退化草原的保护和恢复提供理论依据。