橄榄星室木虱的种群动态及药剂防治

橄榄星室木虱在福建省莆田地区 1年发生 8代 ,世代重叠 ,以成虫越冬 ,1年中有 6个发生高峰期 ,以橄榄秋梢期为全年雌成虫产卵、若虫发生最高峰 ,夏梢期是成虫羽化全年最高峰。田间药效试验结果表明 ,1 5种杀虫剂对橄榄星室木虱都有较好的防效 ,持效期可长达 7d以上 ,药后 7d的防效都在90 %以上 ,但速效性差异较大。其中 ,以 1 %威宝乳油 2 0 0 0倍、2 5 %功夫菊酯乳油 2 0 0 0倍、2 5 %功夫菊酯 +1 0 %吡虫啉 ( 1 2 5∶1 ) 2 0 0 0倍和 2 5 %功夫菊酯 +1 0 %吡虫啉 ( 1∶2 ) 2 0 0 0倍对橄榄星室木虱效果最好 ,速效性好 ,药后 1d的防效均达 91 5 8%以上。     

橄榄星室木虱实验种群生命表

从 2 0 0 2年 7月 1 8日到 9月 3 0日 ,在莆田市城厢区组建了橄榄星室木虱实验种群生命表 ,并对生命表进行了分析。实验结果表明 ,橄榄星室木虱的种群趋势指数I为 3 7 .2 2 ,世代死亡率为 68 0 7% ,内禀增长力rm 为 0 . 1 1 1 ,周限增长速率λ为 1 . 1 1 7,净繁殖率R0 为 41. 5 64,世代平均周期T为 3 3. 7d ,双倍时间为 7d。     

寄主植物对橄榄星室木虱自然种群的影响

通过野外调查和室内测试,结果表明:橄榄星室木虱Pseudophacopteron canarium在橄榄Canarium album和乌榄C.nigrum上均能完成生长发育,且其种群数量都有不同程度的增长,其中橄榄的2个品系间的星室木虱种群趋势指数(I)差异不大,分别为24.4165和20.0738,而乌榄的明显比橄榄的低,仅为9.7575,即乌榄的木虱数量增速较慢。在供试的寄主植物品种中,乌榄叶片中单宁含量是橄榄的3倍以上,而蛋白质含量相对较低。     

橄榄星室木虱的研究

记述橄榄星室木虱Pseudophacopteron canarium Yang et Li的外部形态、生活习性、天敌种类和药剂防治试验。此虫在福州一年发生7～9代,第一代成虫始见于4月下旬,世代重叠明显,一年中的7月上旬至9月上旬先后出现三个成虫高峰,而以9月上旬的成虫数量最多。药剂防治试验表明,20%灭扫利防效最好,喷药后第2d药效达96.5%;其次是10%溴氟菊酯,喷药后第2d药效达到93.8%;此外,2.5%敌杀死、40%氧化乐果与80%敌敌畏等药效也在81%～90%。天敌种类繁多,诸如瓢虫、草蛉、郭公虫、蜘蛛与捕食螨等。尤以瓢虫的种类和数量都相当多,在抑制橄榄星室木虱的种群消长中起了重要的作用。研究工作还包括首次引用绿僵菌属(Metarhizium)于橄榄星室木虱之防治,开辟了该虫防治的新途径。     

橄榄星室木虱药剂防治研究

橄榄星室术虱Pseudophacopteron canarium Yang et Li隶同翅目木虱科,是橄榄新梢的重要害虫。近年来,橄榄星室术虱在橄榄上严重发生为害,造成新梢难于抽发,树势衰弱,致使橄榄减产和品质下降,给橄榄生产威胁极大。对橄榄星室木虱以化学药剂防治为主,     

吡虫啉与高效氯氰菊酯复配对橄榄星室木虱的增效作用

测定了吡虫啉与高效氯氰菊酯对橄榄星室木虱的毒力及其最佳复配比例。结果表明 ,高效氯氰菊酯与吡虫啉按 2 :3的比例复配 ,增效作用最为明显 ,共毒系数达到 2 6 7。按此比例配成 5 %的制剂 ,对田间橄榄星室木虱有较好的防治效果 ,15 0 0倍、2 0 0 0倍、2 5 0 0倍药液 1天后的防效达 37.88- 6 5 .14 % ,3天达 70 .19-89.37% ,2 1天达 92 .36 - 10 0 %。     

吡虫啉与高效氯氰菊酯复配对橄榄星室木虱的曾效作用

测定了吡虫与高效氯氰菊酯对橄榄星室木虱的毒力及其最佳复配比例.结果表明,高效氯氰菊酯与吡虫啉按23的比例复配,增效作用最为明显,共毒系数达到267.按比例配成5%的制剂,对田间橄榄星室木虱有较好的防治效果,1500倍、2000倍、2500倍药液1天后的防效达37.88-65.14%,3天达70.19-89.37%,21天达92.36-100%.     

红基盘瓢虫对橄榄星室木虱捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

在实验室条件下研究了红基盘瓢虫对橄榄星室木虱的捕食作用。红基盘瓢虫对橄榄星室木虱的功能反应符合ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型,而两种瓢虫（红基盘瓢虫和红星盘瓢虫）共同作用于橄榄星室木虱的功能反应符合ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅢ型（Ｓ型）。红基盘瓢虫对自身密度的功能反应可用Ｂｅｄｄｉｎｇｔｏｎ模型拟合;其搜索效率与个体间相互干扰的关系呈幂函数下降,可用Ｈａｓｓｅｌｌ＆Ｖａｒｌｅｙ模型模拟;搜索效率与猎物密度、自身密度间的关系为     

福建厦门市菩提皮粉虱种群消长研究

调查表明,厦门菩提皮粉虱若虫发生高峰期分别在8月上旬（8月1日）、8月下旬（8月29日）、9月下旬（9月28日）和11月中旬（11月12日）,卵的高峰期出现在7月下旬（7月26日）、8月下旬（8月29日）、9月下旬（9月28日）和10月下旬（10月31日）。在厦门一年可发生5代,其中第四代虫口数量达到全年高峰,菩提皮粉虱12月中旬开始越冬。     

龙眼角颊木虱的初步研究

龙眼角颊本虱．分布于中国的福建、广东、海南和广西．是龙眼新梢嫩叶的一种重要害虫。1982—1983年在福州进行了这项研究。成虫在嫩梢,芽和叶上吸食为害,若虫固定于叶背吸食并形成下陷的虫瘘。因此在叶面布满小突起,叶片变小．畸形扭曲．影响新梢的抽生和叶片的正常生长,且为龙眼鬼帚病的传播介体。一年发生3—5代．世代重叠．并有部分滞育种群。若虫共4龄．大多数群体一年3代,8月间2龄若虫停育,继而越冬。部分发生4代2龄若虫9月底停育。发育成第五代的个体仅占少数,以2龄若虫从11月底开始停育越冬。翌年3月下旬(旬均温14．8℃),大部分若虫开始活动．3月底多数若虫老熟．成虫羽化产卵见于4月上、中旬。4月下旬盛孵。越冬代成虫迄5月中旬陆续羽化完毕。第一至四代成虫出现期．5月底至6月下旬;7月上中旬;9月上中旬;10月上旬至11月上中旬。成虫盛发产卵期与龙眼抽梢期相吻合,叶片的营养状况可能影响若虫的发育,4—6为一年中虫口数量的高峰期。文章对于形态和生物学也有较为详细的记述。     

Life history and population dynamics of the western mosquitofish: a comparison of natural and introduced populations

Life history and population dynamic patterns of Gambusia affinis in southeastern Louisiana varied spatially and temporally in 1990 and 1991, but were consistent with previous reports of this species in the southern regions of its natural range. Several differences exist among populations in different geographic regions within the United States, as reported in the literature, which do not follow a' native v . introduced' dichotomy: (1) brood size decreases and offspring size increases from north to south; (2) large overwintered females in northern areas produce more broods within a season than those in southern populations, while the reverse is true for young-of–year females; (3) minimum size at first reproduction follows a seasonal pattern within populations, but tends to be smaller in southern and larger in northern and Hawaiian populations; (4) synchronous reproduction early in the season is characteristic of northern populations, but does not occur in southern areas; and (5) mosquitofish reproduce year–round in Hawaii, while 'southern' populations within the continental U.S. cease reproduction during winter.     

Life history and population dynamics of southern Alaska resident killer whales (Orcinus orca)

Resident (fish eating) killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the North Pacific have been the subject of long‐term studies in several geographical regions. The current study examines population parameters in the southern Alaska resident population from 1984 to 2010 and develops a population model. The southern Alaska resident population ranges from southeastern Alaska through the Kodiak archipelago and contains over 700 individuals. We follow the life histories of 343 identifiable whales in 10 pods from two clans born before and during the study. Population parameters were comparable to those of the British Columbia northern resident population during the 1970s and 1980s, except that age of maturity was approximately one year earlier. The average annual rate of increase was slightly higher in Alaska (3.5%) than for the British Columbia northern residents (2.9%) and probably represents a population at r‐max (maximum rate of growth). Reasons for the high growth rate in Alaska could be a recovery following past anthropogenic mortalities, or more likely, a response to increasing salmon returns in recent decades, resulting in an increase in carrying capacity. The slow maturation and low rate of reproductive response makes these whales slow to recover from natural or anthropogenic catastrophes.     

河南伏牛山区核桃举肢蛾生活史及防治药剂筛选

河南伏牛山区地理和气候环境独特,核桃Juglans regia L.栽植面积较大,但是核桃举肢蛾Atrijuglans hetaohei Yang的危害严重制约着当地核桃产业的发展。为了绿色防控核桃举肢蛾,本研究利用生态学手段调查了伏牛山区核桃举肢蛾的年生活史和发生规律,对包括苏云金杆菌在内的11种药剂的防治效果进行了比较,并检测了该地区核桃的农药残留,以期为伏牛山区核桃绿色生产提供理论和实践基础。结果表明核桃举肢蛾在河南伏牛山区1年发生2代,越冬代成虫发生期为6月上旬至6月下旬,其中6月中旬为核桃举肢蛾越冬代成虫发生盛期;第1代卵孵化盛期为6月底至7月上旬;第1代幼虫盛发期在7月中旬;第2代卵期为7月下旬至8月中旬,8月中旬为第2代幼虫危害盛期,第2代成虫期为7月中旬至8月上旬。核桃举肢蛾的成虫羽化盛期至初孵幼虫期为最佳防治时期,药剂筛选试验表明：8 000 IU/mL苏云金杆菌悬浮剂使用剂量为稀释750倍液,喷雾防治效果最好为93.62%,与25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂使用剂量为稀释7 500倍液喷雾防治效果(91.49%)相当。农药残留检测表明：核桃果仁注干吡虫啉残留较高,但灌根未检出...     

Life history of the sandy beach amphipod Deshayesorchestia deshayesii (Crustacea: Talitridae) from Bizerta beach (North of Tunisia)

Population dynamics and reproductive activity of the amphipod Deshayesorchestia deshayesii were studied monthly from June 2007 to December 2008 in Bizerta beach. During this period, 6577 specimens of D. deshayesii were identified; the sex ratio was female biased, with a mean of the monthly sex ratios equal to 0.21?±?0.12. Due to the absence of embryos or eggs in the female brood pouches and juveniles in the samples, results suggested that the reproductive season extended from April to November, with a sexual resting period during winter from December to March. Brood size varied between 4 and 17 eggs and fecundity appeared to be correlated with female size. Six cohorts were identified on the first sampling date. Additionally, 12 new cohorts were detected during the study period. Life span was estimated at 5–7?months depending on the time of birth. Cohorts that appeared at the beginning of the reproductive period tended to have shorter lives than those born later in the season. These results suggest that D. deshayesii can be considered as a semi-annual species, with iteroparous females.     

北京东灵山地区辽东栎(Quercus liaotungensis)种群生活史特征与空间分布

种群生活史特征和空间分布格局对于分析种群演替动态规律、判定种群分布规律和预测种群演化过程及变化趋势均具有重要的理论和现实意义.本文从静态生命表、年龄结构、存活曲线三个方面分析了东灵山地区辽东栎种群的生活史特征.结果表明:物种生物学因素是影响辽东栎种群生存力最主要因素,辽东栎种群静态生命表中生命期望值逐渐降低反映出种群生存力下降的趋势.空间分布格局分析表明辽东栎种群各个径级的个体都属于聚集分布.辽东栎实生苗和萌生苗共存是辽东栎种群适应环境压力和与环境协同进化的结果,表明自然状态下辽东栎种群具有较高的稳定性.由于辽东栎种群的这种较强的稳定性和适应能力,随着辽东栎种群发育整个群落将趋于进展演替,最终形成稳定和充分利用环境资源的顶极群落结构.