重金属复合污染对土壤—植物系统的生态效应II.对作物,苜蓿,树…

研究Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ５元素复合污染对农作物、苜蓿、树木吸收元素的影响,供试污染物浓度以接近国内外土壤环境标准值作为高剂量处理,结果表明,５种元素间存在交互作用,可提高作物对Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ吸收系数,籽实超出粮食卫生标准的超标率在低剂量处理时Ｃｄ为１６．６￣４２．８５％,高剂量时达１６．６￣７１．４２％。苜蓿茎叶中Ｃｄ、Ｐｂ含量超出饲料卫生标准,树叶中含量也有所增加,在中、酸性土壤上尤甚     

重金属土壤微生物的生态效应

通过分析重金属对土壤微生物生化过程与数量、种群及群落的影响、影响重金属对土壤微生物毒性的因素、重对土壤微生物毒性的评价指标、微生物对重金属的耐性与适应性以及重金属毒性的差异,综合评述了重金属对土壤微生物生态效应。     

重金属复合污染对土壤—植物系统的生态效应I.对作物,微生物,芷…

研究Ｃｄ、ｐｂ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ａｓ复合污染对土壤－植物系统的生态效应,供试污染物浓度以接近国内外土壤环境质量标准值作为高剂量处理,结果表明,该５种元素间可产生加和与协同作用,对生态系统造成危害,低剂量时,妈阿使土壤微生物活性受到抑制,高剂量时可使农作物减产１０％,在酸性土壤上减产达５０％以上,对苜蓿及树木产引起减产。     

重金属对土壤微生物的生态效应

通过分析重金属对土壤微生物生化过程与数量、种群及群落的影响、影响重金属对土壤微生物毒性的因素、重金属对土壤微生物毒性的评价指标、微生物对重金属的耐性与适应性以及重金属毒性的差异 ,综合评述了重金属对土壤微生物的生态效应 .     

土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应研究进展

对近年来土壤重金属污染微生物生态效应的研究进展进行了归纳总结,主要从微生物群落特性和微生物生理、生化参数等几个方面进行了阐述。重金属污染土壤后,尤其是高浓度的重金属污染对微生物生物量和群落结构都有破坏作用,但由于微生物群落结构的复杂性和研究方法的片面性,一直是研究的热点和难点,开发更加简便、直接的方法将是对这方面研究的突破。同时,微生物的生理、生化参数是从另一侧面反映重金属污染对微生物的影响,它是对微生物群落特性研究的有利补充,所以不同方法的合理选择和搭配是实验取得预期结果的关键因素之一。     

土壤-植物系统复合污染研究进展

土壤-植物系统复合污染研究是污染生态学的科学前沿,对于农业环境的生态安全具有重要意义．本文对复合污染概念的由来及其内涵的发展、土壤-植物系统可能发生的复合污染类型及其研究进展、土壤-植物系统复合污染所导致的生态效应及其定量表征进行了较为系统的概述,提出了土壤-植物系统中重金属-有机污染物和有机污染物-病原微生物也是复合污染的重要类型．指出了多种污染物交互行为、次生产物及其老化、分子毒理机制等方面的研究是今后土壤-植物系统复合污染的研究重点．同时对复合污染的研究方法以及结果的应用进行了展望,为土壤污染的预警防治与修复提供依据。     

镍污染对土壤微生物的生态效应

镍是高等植物和某些微生物必需的微量营养元素之一,在它们的生命活动中起着重要作用;但浓度较高时,也是一种极毒元素。大量的研究表明,镍污染土壤中微生物的生长、代谢、群落结构和种群多样性会受到不同程度的影响;微生物在长期受重金属威迫的环境中形成其适应性。利用微生物形成的这种适应机制,采用微生物技术治理重金属污染的土壤是可能的。本文还对镍污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系、土壤环境容量、微生物技术开发和综合治理技术开发等的进一步研究作了展望。     

重金属在土壤—水稻系统中的行为特性

重金属在土壤＿水稻系统中的行为特性王新吴燕玉（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＢｅｈａｖｉｏｕｒＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｏｆＨｅａｖｙＭｅｔａｌｓｉｎＳｏｉｌ＿ＲｉｃｅＳｙｓｔｅｍ．ＷａｎｇＸｉｎ,ＷｕＹａｎｙｕ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌ...     

春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应研究

春玉米与生姜间作不同种植方式农田生态效应研究姚向高王爱玲（河南农业大学农学院,郑州４５０００２）ＳｔｕｄｙｏｆｔｈｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＥｆｃｃｔｓｏｆＤｉｆｅｒｅｎｔＴｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＩｎｔｅｒｃｒｏｐｐｉｎｇｏｆＳｐｒｉｎｇＭａｉｚｅａｎｄ...     

Variations of Abundance and Community Structure of Ammonia Oxidizers and Nitrification Activity in Two Paddy Soils Polluted by Heavy Metals

While microbial nitrogen transformations are sensitive indicators of trace metal toxicity in soils, studies that quantify the impacts of heavy metal pollution in polluted rice soils on microbial communities and their activities remain limited. We examined changes in the abundance, composition and activity of ammonia oxidizing communities in two paddy fields that have been polluted by metal mining and smelting activities for more than three decades. The results showed a shift in the community structure of ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) and, to a lesser extent, of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) under metal pollution in the soils. All the retrieved AOB sequences in this study belonged to the genus Nitrosospira. Among them, the species in Cluster 3 a.1 seemed to be more sensitive to heavy metal pollution. Both AOB abundance and nitrification activity were not affected by heavy metal pollution in the two sites; whereas, AOA abundance increased. Our results suggested an effect of metal pollutants on communities of ammonia oxidizers, the degree of which varied in accordance with the amount of metal pollution. Therefore, it is difficult to quantify the relationship between the AOB/AOA communities and nitrification activity in the polluted soil.     

The Effect of Bamboo Charcoal Application on Soil Nutrients and Heavy Metals in Rice

Soil heavy metal pollution is becoming more and more serious. Biomass charcoal application can play an important role in alleviating the toxicity of heavy metals in soils. Compared with other biochar, bamboo charcoal has more unique properties and may have a unique effect on heavy metal pollution. Zhejiang Province of Southeastern China is rich in bamboo resources. However, few studies related to bamboo charcoal application for heavy metal remediation in farmland were reported. In this study, four treatments with different amounts of bamboo charcoal application were set up through a field experiment, namely BC0 (no bamboo charcoal application), BC1 (2500 kg⋅ha⁻¹), BC2 (5000 kg⋅ha⁻¹), and BC3 (10000 kg⋅ha⁻¹), and each treatment was replicated three times. The results showed that (1) The application of bamboo charcoal significantly increased the soil pH and organic matter content. Compared with BC0, the pH and organic content of BC3 increased by 7.4% and 17.4% (P < 0.05) respectively. (2) The HCl-extractable Cd content of paddy soil in the BC1 treatment was significantly lower than other treatments (P < 0.05), and decreased by 15.3%, compared with BC0. The soil HCl-extractable Zn and Cu content did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05). (3) With the increase of bamboo charcoal application, the Cd content in rice gradually decreased, the BC3 treatment significantly decreased by 39.0% (P < 0.05), and the Zn and Cu contents in rice did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05), compared with BC0. (4) Soil pH, organic matter and Cd in rice seeds were significantly negatively correlated (P < 0.01). The heavy metal content in rice does not change with the change of heavy metal content with HCl-extractable state in soil. It means bamboo charcoal does not reduce heavy metal content in rice by simply declining the heavy metal content with HCl-extractable state. The mechanism of action is relatively complicated, and further study is needed.     

富营养化与污染物间的相互作用及其生态效应

1　引　言进入 90年代 ,为了改善水环境条件 ,越来越多的国家认识到必须减少养分、稳定的有机物和金属元素的输入。富营养化和持续污染物 (Ｃｈｒｏｎｉｃｐｏｌｌｕｔａｎｔｓ)是当前全球水生态系统的两个主要问题[1 ,2 ]。尽管对富营养化和污染物已有很多研究 ,但很少调查二者之间的相互关系。有证据表明两者之间可能存在相互作用过程[5～ 7],但在自然的水生态系统中其作用的大小和关系尚不清楚。滇池是我国典型的遭受富营养化和重金属污染双重胁迫的高原湖泊 ,本研究以滇池富营养化和重金属污染为背景 ,通过室内模拟 ,初步探索富营养化和…     

水稻抗寒剂的效应及其施用技术

用KNO3（5g/L)和Na2HPO4(2g/L)及KH2PO3（2g/L)组合成抗寒剂（I）,混合比为1：1：1处理水稻种子和喷施幼苗能减轻早春寒害对幼苗的损伤;在寒露风来临之际,用KH2PO4（10g/L),Na2HPO4(2.5g/L)和尿素（10g/L)组成的抗寒剂（II)混合比为1：1：1喷施稻叶面能提高植株的抗冷性,促进颖花开裂,增加受精率和结实率,可以减轻寒露风对水稻产量的影响。     

Interaction of Heavy Metals in Multimetal Biosorption by Galerina vittiformis from Soil

ABSTRACT Soil heavy metal contamination, a major threat due to industrialization, can be tackled by an efficient and economical process called bioremediation. Mushrooms are employed to accumulate heavy metals from soil due to their high metal accumulation potential and better adaptability. The bioaccumulation potential of Galerina vittiformis was already reported for individual metals. At natural conditions, since soil consists of more than one polluting metal, more focus has to be given to multimetal systems. In this study, multimetal accumulation potential was analyzed using central composite design, and the responses obtained were analyzed using response surface methodology. Heavy metals such as Cu(II), Cd(II), Cr(VI), Pb(II), and Zn(II) were subjected to biosorption at 10–250 mg/kg concentrations along with pH 5–8. The results showed that the preference of the organism for the five metals under study was in the order Pb(II) > Zn(II) > Cd(II) > Cu(II) > Cr(VI) at pH 6.5 under multimetal condition. The study also indicates that the metal interaction pattern in multimetal interaction is a property of their ionic radii. The response surface methodology clearly explains the effect of interaction of heavy metals on the accumulation potential of the organism using three-dimensional response plots. The present work suggests that the fungus Galerina vittiformis could be employed as a low-cost metal removal agent from heavy metal–polluted soil.     

江苏滨海盐土稻田养鱼生态、经济效应初报

滨海盐土采用引淡、放萍、种稻虽有改土增产作用,但绿萍越冬、春繁花工多,成本高,推广有一定困难。为此,我们在江苏如东棉花原种场进行了稻田养鱼试验,拟奏“鱼稻共生,粮鱼增产,改土培肥”之效。一、试验方法本试验采取大区对比与大田调查相结合的方法进行。1985年在原种场2-6-8及2-6-9两田块进行稻田养鱼(共0.8ha),以相邻未养鱼2-6-5及2-6-6两块田作对照(亦0.8ha)。1986年又扩大进行稻田养鱼生产试验,共计3ha,     

Effects of Cadmium and Mixed Heavy Metals on Rice Growth in Liaoning,China

Joint effects of Cd and other heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Zn and As) on the growth and development of rice plants and the uptake of these heavy metals by rice were studied using the pot-culture method combined with chemical and statistical analyses. The results showed that the growth and development of rice plants were strongly influenced by the double-element combined pollution. There was an average decrease in the height of rice plants of 4.0–5.0 cm, and grain yield was decreased by 20.0–30.0%, compared with the control. The uptake of Cd by rice plants was promoted due to the interactions between Cd and the other heavy metals added to the soil. The Cd concentration in roots, stems/leaves and seeds increased 31.6–47.7, 16.7–61.5 and 19.6–78.6%, respectively. Due to interactions, uptake of Pb, Cu and Zn by roots and stems/leaves was inhibited, accumulation of Pb, Cu and Zn in seeds was increased, uptake of As by roots was promoted and uptake of As by stems/leaves was inhibited. In particular, the upward transporting ability of the heavy metals absorbed by rice plants was significantly increased.     

镉与锌复合污染对栝楼幼苗生理特性的影响

通过室内盆栽实验,研究镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)复合污染对栝楼(Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim.)幼苗生理特性的影响.结果显示,随着Cd、Zn浓度的升高,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素、可溶性糖及紫外吸收物含量下降;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升高再下降,过氧化物酶(POD)活性及类胡萝卜素含量呈升—降—升趋势;丙二醛(MDA)和可溶性蛋白含量分别呈S"型及倒N"型曲线变化.与对照相比,在不同浓度复合污染条件下,光合色素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、紫外吸收物含量及SOD活性均有所下降,POD活性和MDA含量上升.研究表明,栝楼幼苗对Cd、Zn胁迫具有一定的耐受力,但高浓度Cd、Zn对幼苗正常生长有较为显著的抑制作用.     

Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in the Soil-Crop System from an E-Waste Dismantling Area

Soil is an essential resource for agricultural production. In order to investigate the pollution situation of heavy metals in the soil-crop system in the e-waste dismantling area, the crop and soil samples (226 pairs, including leaf vegetables, solanaceous vegetables, root vegetables, and fruits) around the e-waste dismantling area in southeastern Zhejiang Province were collected. The concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr were determined. The average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Cr in soils were 0.94, 107.79, 80.28, and 78.14 mg kg^-1, respectively, and their corresponding concentrations in crops were 0.024, 0.7, 0.041, and 0.06 mg kg^-1, respectively. The transfer capacity of leaf vegetables was significantly higher than that of non-leaf vegetables, and the accumulation of four heavy metals in crops tended to be Cd > Cu > Cr/Pb. The pollution index’s results revealed that the soil pollution degree under different land uses ranked as root vegetables soil > leaf vegetables soil > solanaceous vegetables soil > fruit soil. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of heavy metal exposure were ranked as food intake > accidental ingestion > dermal contact > inhalation. The comprehensive non-carcinogenic risk was ranked as Cr > Cd > Pb/Cu. Our results could be used to provide useful information for further crop cultivation layout in the study area, which can guarantee the local residents’ health and food safety.