中国单胞锈菌属若干种的订正

对我国5种单胞锈菌的名称作了订正。有4种是我国的新记录,即异形单胞锈菌(Uromyces aberrans,假木贼单胞锈菌U.anabasis,异芒菊单胞锈菌U.blainvilleae和盐角草单胞锈菌U.salicorniae。基于无性型标本描述的芽单胞锈菌Uromyces gemmatus被改订为巴西单胞锈菌Uromyces brasiliensis。     

中国单胞锈菌属新资料

本文报告我国单胞锈菌属3个新记录,即寄生在旋叶香青Anaphalis contorts Hook.f.上的美丽单胞锈菌Uromyces amoenus Syd.,寄生在亮叶茉莉Jasminum seguinii Levl.上的霍布森单胞锈菌Uromyces hobsoni Vine及寄生在乳浆大戟Euphorbia esula L.上的细纹单胞锈菌Uromyces striatellus Tranz..标本保藏在中国科学院微生物研究所真菌标本室。     

新疆荒漠植物的锈菌Ⅰ.豆科和藜科植物上的单胞锈菌

报道了采自新疆塔里木盆地和准格尔盆地荒漠植物豆科和藜科植物上寄生的单胞锈菌20个种.寄生在疏花骆驼刺 Alhagi sparsifolia 上的骆驼刺单胞锈菌 Uromyces alhaginis、寄生在木地肤 Kochia prostrata 上的地肤单胞锈菌 Uromyces kochiae 和寄生在苦马豆 Swainsonia salsula 上的苦马豆单胞锈菌Uromyces sphaerophysae 为中国新记录;寄生在新疆沙冬青 Ammopiptanthus nanus 上的欧黄华单胞锈菌Uromyces anagyridis 和寄生在长豇豆 Vigna sesquipedalis 上的豇豆单胞锈菌 Uromyces vignae 为新疆新记录;盐穗木Halostachyscaspica和小蓬Nanophyton erinaceum为藜单胞锈菌Uromyces chenopodii的新寄主.所有研究标本保存在新疆农业大学真菌标本室(HMACC).     

新疆荒漠植物的锈菌Ⅰ.豆科和藜科植物上的单胞锈菌

报道了采自新疆塔里木盆地和准格尔盆地荒漠植物豆科和藜科植物上寄生的单胞锈菌20个种。寄生在疏花骆驼刺Alhagi sparsifolia上的骆驼刺单胞锈菌Uromyces alhaginis、寄生在木地肤Kochia prostrata上的地肤单胞锈菌Uromyces kochiae和寄生在苦马豆Swainsonia salsula上的苦马豆单胞锈菌Uromyces sphaerophysae为中国新记录;寄生在新疆沙冬青Ammopiptanthus nanus上的欧黄华单胞锈菌Uromyces anagyridis和寄生在长豇豆Vigna sesquipedalis上的豇豆单胞锈菌Uromyces vignae为新疆新记录;盐穗木Halostachys caspica和小蓬Nanophyton erinaceum为藜单胞锈菌Uromyces chenopodii的新寄主。所有研究标本保存在新疆农业大学真菌标本室(HMACC)。     

侵染铁筷子的单胞锈菌一新种

描述了寄生于铁筷子Helleborus thibetanus(毛茛科)的单胞锈菌属一新种Uromyces hellebori-thibetani.本种冬孢子表面具不规则粗疣,与广布北温带Aconitum上的Uromyces lycoctoni及欧洲Rammculus上的U.ficariae和U.fischerianus明显不同。后三个种的冬孢子表面均为光滑。北美洲Ranunculus上的U.jonesii的冬孢子与本种的相似,但它是个短生活史的种,生活史中不产生夏孢子。     

侵染铁筷子的单胞锈菌一新种

描述了寄生于铁筷子Helleborus thibetanus (毛茛科)的单胞锈菌属一新种Uromyces hellebori-thibetani. 本种冬孢子表面具不规则粗疣,与广布北温带Aconitum上的Uromyces lycoctoni及欧洲Ranunculus上的U. ficariae和U. fischerianus明显不同。后三个种的冬孢子表面均为光滑。北美洲Ranunculus上的U. jonesii的冬孢子与本种的相似,但它是个短生活史的种,生活史中不产生夏孢子。     

中国柄锈菌科三个新记录种

本文报道了中国柄锈菌科3个新记录种,分别为五福花 Adoxa moschatellina上的白柄锈菌 Puccinia albescens、西北针茅 Stipa sareptana var. krylovii上的狼针草柄锈菌 Puccinia stipina以及三花洼瓣花 Lloydia triflora上的顶冰花单胞锈菌 Uromyces gageae。文中提供了详细的形态描述、线条图、照片和ITS序列数据。研究标本保存在赤峰学院菌物标本室（CFSZ）和中国科学院菌物标本馆（HMAS）。     

多胞锈菌属（锈菌目，多胞锈菌科）3新种和两中国新记录

报道了多胞锈菌属Phragmidium(多胞锈菌科Phragmidiaceae)的3个新种和两中国新记录。新种是采自香莓Rubus pungens var. oldhamii上的多隔多胞锈菌P.multiseptatum、采自峨眉蔷薇Rosa omeiensis上的粗壮多胞锈菌P. robustum以及采自华中悬钩子Rubus cockburnianus上的西藏多胞锈菌P. tibeticum。中国新记录是二花悬钩子Rubus biflorus和掌叶悬钩子R. pentagonus上的八室多胞锈菌P. octoloculare以及秀丽悬钩子Rubus amabilis、香莓R.pungens var.oldhamii、柔毛针刺悬钩子R.pungens var. villosus和西藏悬钩子R. thibetanus上的香莓多胞锈菌P. rubi-oldhami。     

中国西北地区锈菌补记

报道了柄锈菌科4个中国新记录,它们是:大西洋胶锈菌Gymnosporangium atlanticum、多被银莲花柄锈菌Puccinia anemones-raddeanae、隐秘柄锈菌Puccinia aphanicondra和旱金莲单胞锈菌Uromyces tropaeoli。每个种的形态特征描述和线条图是基于本国标本。附有简要讨论。     

黑龙江省一株红小豆锈病病原菌鉴定

【目的】为明确发生在黑龙江省大庆市红小豆田中的锈病病原物的分类地位。【方法】从大庆市采集红小豆锈病标样,采用单孢子堆分离法获得一株红小豆锈病菌纯培养物ZXL01。采用观测夏孢子芽孔数目、位置和冬孢子壁厚度等形态学特征结合ITS序列分析的方法,对其进行鉴定。【结果】ZXL01夏孢子发芽孔多为2个,位于孢子赤道部位较远之处,冬孢子壁厚度为2.9μm-3.3μm。在基于r DNA-ITS序列构建的系统发育树中,ZXL01菌株与两株豇豆单胞锈菌(Uromyces vignae)的参比菌株(Gen Bank登录号:AB115718和AB115731)在自举值99%相聚一群。用豇豆单胞锈菌的特异性引物UV-ITSF/R进行检测,ZXL01菌株可扩增出500 bp左右的特征片段。【结论】黑龙江省大庆市红小豆锈病病原菌ZXL01菌株为豇豆单胞锈菌,ZXL01菌株的Gen Bank登录号是KM461700。     

细基格孢属一新种和两个中国新记录种

A new species and two new Chinese records in the genus Ulocladium from soil are reported. New species is Ulocladium leve, and the new records are U. alternariae and U. consortiale. Latin diagnosis of the new species is presented. Holotype specimen (dried culture) of the new species and dried cultures of two new records are deposited in the Herbarium of Shandong Agricultural University: Plant Pathology (HSAUP).     

Direct probing of RNA structure and RNA-protein interactions in purified HeLa cell's and yeast spliceosomal U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP particles

The U4/U6.U5 tri-snRNP is a key component of spliceosomes. By using chemical reagents and RNases, we performed the first extensive experimental analysis of the structure and accessibility of U4 and U6 snRNAs in tri-snRNPs. These were purified from HeLa cell nuclear extract and Saccharomyces cerevisiae cellular extract. U5 accessibility was also investigated. For both species, data demonstrate the formation of the U4/U6 Y-shaped structure. In the human tri-snRNP and U4/U6 snRNP, U6 forms the long range interaction, that was previously proposed to be responsible for dissociation of the deproteinized U4/U6 duplex. In both yeast and human tri-snRNPs, U5 is more protected than U4 and U6, suggesting that the U5 snRNP-specific protein complex and other components of the tri-snRNP wrapped the 5' stem-loop of U5. Loop I of U5 is partially accessible, and chemical modifications of loop I were identical in yeast and human tri-snRNPs. This reflects a strong conservation of the interactions of proteins with the functional loop I. Only some parts of the U4/U6 Y-shaped motif (the 5' stem-loop of U4 and helix II) are protected. Due to difference of protein composition of yeast and human tri-snRNP, the U6 segment linking the 5' stem-loop to the Y-shaped structure and the U4 central single-stranded segment are more accessible in the yeast than in the human tri-snRNP, especially, the phylogenetically conserved ACAGAG sequence of U6. Data are discussed taking into account knowledge on RNA and protein components of yeast and human snRNPs and their involvement in splicesome assembly.     

Characterization of microsatellite loci in Ulmus minor Miller and cross‐amplification in U. glabra Hudson and U. laevis Pall.

We developed five microsatellites from Ulmus minor using an AFLP protocol followed by an enrichment step, with biotinylated primers containing tandem repeats. Loci were characterized using a total of 30 elms from six Spanish populations. Three microsatellites were also transferred to U. laevis and U. glabra.     

Prp5 bridges U1 and U2 snRNPs and enables stable U2 snRNP association with intron RNA

Communication between U1 and U2 snRNPs is critical during pre-spliceosome assembly; yet, direct connections have not been observed. To investigate this assembly step, we focused on Prp5, an RNA-dependent ATPase of the DExD/H family. We identified homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Prp5 in humans (hPrp5) and Schizosaccharomyces pombe (SpPrp5), and investigated their interactions and function. Depletion and reconstitution of SpPrp5 from extracts demonstrate that ATP binding and hydrolysis by Prp5 are required for pre-spliceosome complex A formation. hPrp5 and SpPrp5 are each physically associated with both U1 and U2 snRNPs; Prp5 contains distinct U1- and U2-interacting domains that are required for pre-spliceosome assembly; and, we observe a Prp5-associated U1/U2 complex in S. pombe. Together, these data are consistent with Prp5 being a bridge between U1 and U2 snRNPs at the time of pre-spliceosome formation.     

The longer you stay, the bigger you get: length of time and language use in the U.S. are associated with obesity in Puerto Rican women

This cross-sectional study examined whether length of time in the U.S., language use, and birthplace (proxy measures of acculturation) were associated with body mass index (BMI) and obesity in a sample of 174 low-income Puerto Rican women from Hartford, Connecticut. The mean BMI for the total sample (N = 174) was 27.39 (S.D. = 5.07), and nearly 34% of the sample was considered obese (BMI > or = 30). There was a statistically significant increase in BMI with length of time in the U.S. (P = 0.012) and these differences were even greater among women born in Puerto Rico (P = 0.003). Moreover, obesity prevalence was highest among women who had been in the U.S. for 10 years or more (40%), as compared to those who had been in the U.S. less than 1 year (29%; P = 0.045). There were no statistically significant associations between language and BMI for the total sample. However, among bilingual speakers born in Puerto Rico, there were significant differences in BMI according to their level of English fluency. Those who spoke fluent or very good English had a significantly higher BMI (mean = 29.72; SD = 4.12) than women whose English was good to not-so-good (mean = 26.8; SD = 5.24; P = 0.016). The findings from this study point to the need for more research on the acculturation process and obesity, in order to design culturally tailored obesity prevention programs.     

U12-type spliceosomal introns of Insecta

Most of eukaryotic genes are interrupted by introns that need to be removed from pre-mRNAs before they can perform their function. This is done by complex machinery called spliceosome. Many eukaryotes possess two separate spliceosomal systems that process separate sets of introns. The major (U2) spliceosome removes majority of introns, while minute fraction of intron repertoire is processed by the minor (U12) spliceosome. These two populations of introns are called U2-type and U12-type, respectively. The latter fall into two subtypes based on the terminal dinucleotides. The minor spliceosomal system has been lost independently in some lineages, while in some others few U12-type introns persist. We investigated twenty insect genomes in order to better understand the evolutionary dynamics of U12-type introns. Our work confirms dramatic drop of U12-type introns in Diptera, leaving these genomes just with a handful cases. This is mostly the result of intron deletion, but in a number of dipteral cases, minor type introns were switched to a major type, as well. Insect genes that harbor U12-type introns belong to several functional categories among which proteins binding ions and nucleic acids are enriched and these few categories are also overrepresented among these genes that preserved minor type introns in Diptera.     

Heider's "Anthropological Models of Incest Laws in the United States": A Comment

In his analysis of U.S. legal prohibitions of marriage with relatives, Heider rejects the Old Testament model as an explanation of the configuration of current state laws. Although Heider's statement is generally accurate, the statutes seem to express two basic models, an attenuated Biblical and a Western American pattern. These patterns are the inverse of each other with regard to prohibition of first-cousin marriage and marriage between affines. Historical review of statutes reveals a trend from Biblical to Western American patterns. The historical perspective suggests that confounding the two models may have weakened Heider's analysis.     

A dynamic bulge in the U6 RNA internal stem-loop functions in spliceosome assembly and activation

The highly conserved internal stem-loop (ISL) of U6 spliceosomal RNA is unwound for U4/U6 complex formation during spliceosome assembly and reformed upon U4 release during spliceosome activation. The U6 ISL is structurally similar to Domain 5 of group II self-splicing introns, and contains a dynamic bulge that coordinates a Mg++ ion essential for the first catalytic step of splicing. We have analyzed the causes of growth defects resulting from mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae U6 ISL-bulged nucleotide U80 and the adjacent C67-A79 base pair. Intragenic suppressors and enhancers of the cold-sensitive A79G mutation, which replaces the C-A pair with a C-G pair, suggest that it stabilizes the ISL, inhibits U4/U6 assembly, and may also disrupt spliceosome activation. The lethality of mutations C67A and C67G results from disruption of base-pairing potential between U4 and U6, as these mutations are fully suppressed by compensatory mutations in U4 RNA. Strikingly, suppressor analysis shows that the lethality of the U80G mutation is due not only to formation of a stable base pair with C67, as previously proposed, but also another defect. A U6-U80G strain in which mispairing with position 67 is prevented grows poorly and assembles aberrant spliceosomes that retain U1 snRNP and fail to fully unwind the U4/U6 complex at elevated temperatures. Our data suggest that the U6 ISL bulge is important for coupling U1 snRNP release with U4/U6 unwinding during spliceosome activation.     

Cryptic diversity of Ulva (Ulvales,Chlorophyta) in the Great Bay Estuarine System (Atlantic USA): introduced and indigenous distromatic species

Distromatic foliose blades of the algal genus Ulva are notoriously difficult to identify due to their simple morphologies and few diagnostic characteristics that often exhibit intraspecific variation and interspecific overlap. Hence, species differentiation is difficult and diversity estimates are often inaccurate. Two major goals of this study were to assess the diversity of distromatic Ulva spp. in the Great Bay Estuarine System (GBES) of New Hampshire and Maine, USA, and to compare historical and present day records of these species. Molecular analysis (using ITS sequences) of field-collected specimens revealed four distinct taxa: Ulva lactuca, U. rigida, U. compressa, and U. pertusa. Prior to molecular screening, Ulva lactuca was the only distromatic Ulva species reported for the GBES. Ulva pertusa and the foliose form of U. compressa are newly recorded for the Northwest Atlantic, and the range of U. rigida has been extended. Molecular analysis of historical herbarium voucher specimens indicates that U. rigida, U. pertusa, and the foliose form of U. compressa have been present in the GBES since at least 1966, 1967, and 1972, respectively. The distromatic morphotype of U. compressa is found only in low salinity areas, which suggests that salinity may influence its morphological development. Molecular and morphological evaluations are critical if we are to distinguish between cryptic taxa, accurately assess biodiversity, and effectively monitor the spread of non-indigenous macroalgae.