Long-term training adaptations in elite male volleyball players

Several investigations have demonstrated differences in anthropometry, jump performance, and strength variables between developmental and elite-level volleyball players. However, within the elite level of play, the magnitude of change that can occur with training is unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the anthropometric, vertical jump, and strength quality changes over 2 years in a group of national team volleyball players. Fourteen national team volleyball players (age, 23.0 ± 4.1 years; height, 1.98 ± 0.07 m; weight, 91.7 ± 7.9 kg) began and completed this study. Participants had all played international matches (representing Australia) before the examination time period and continued to do so during the international season. Anthropometry (stature, mass, and sum of 7 skinfolds), vertical jump measures (countermovement vertical jump; depth jump from 0.35 m, DJ; spike jump, SPJ, all including arm swing), and lower-body power (jump squat at body mass, and jump squat + 50% body weight, JS50) measures were tested before and at the conclusion of the investigation period. Significant (p < 0.05) improvements were observed in sum of 7 skinfolds, DJ, SPJ, and JS50 performance, with large magnitude changes (d > 0.70) in the sum of 7 skinfolds reduction, SPJ, and leg extensor power. This study has demonstrated that elite male volleyball players can improve leanness and power, which contribute to improvements in vertical jump.     

Physiological and performance characteristics of adolescent club volleyball players

The objective of this investigation was to examine the physical and performance characteristics of adolescent club volleyball players. Twenty-nine adolescent girls, aged 12 to 17 years (14.31 +/- 1.37) were participants in this investigation. All athletes were members of a competitive volleyball club. The following group values were obtained: height (HT) = 1.69 +/- 0.08 m, weight (WT) = 59.6 +/- 8.2 kg, body fat percentage (BF%) = 20.9 +/- 4.5, lean body mass (LBM) = 46.7 +/- 4.9 kg, modified sit-and-reach (MSR) = 38.7 +/- 7.1 cm, shoulder rotation (SR) = 29.4 +/- 5.6 cm, isometric hand grip (IHG) = 34.5 +/- 5.5 kg, isometric leg strength (ILS) = 77.4 +/- 18.1 kg, vertical jump (VJ) = 35.5 +/- 6.2 cm, standing broad jump (SBJ) =178.8 +/- 20.3 cm, 1-minute sit-ups (SU) = 47.0 +/- 6.7, T-test (TT) = 11.2 +/- 0.8 seconds., shuttle test (SHT) = 9.7 +/- 0.4 seconds, stork stand (SS) = 8.1 +/- 4.1 seconds, serving velocity (SVV) =16.1 +/- 4.5 m.s(-1), and spiking velocity (SKV) = 16.9 +/- 2.4 m.s(-1). For purposes of analysis, players were divided into 2 age groups: 12 to 14 years (group A) and 15 to 17 years (group B). Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between age groups for the following values: HT, WT, LBM, IHG, ILS, SBJ, and SVV. Values for group B were greater for each variable. Significant correlations include age and IHG (r = 0.75), age and ILS (r = 0.51), age and SBJ (r = 0.67), age and SVV (r = 0.71), LBM and IHG (r = 0.90), LBM and ILS (r = 0.62), LBM and SVV (r = 0.58), SVV and IHG (r = 0.60), and SKV and SS (r = 0.60). Our results suggest that age, experience, LBM, shoulder, hip, and thigh girths, strength, and balance are key physical performance characteristics of adolescent girls who play volleyball. Potentially, this type of information will allow coaches and athletes to identify physical and performance data specific to age groups for purposes of evaluation and player development.     

Comparison of posture among adolescent male volleyball players and non-athletes

Due to high training loads and frequently repeated unilateral exercises, several types of sports training can have an impact on the process of posture development in young athletes. The objective of the study was to assess and compare the postures of adolescent male volleyball players and their non-training peers. The study group comprised 104 volleyball players while the control group consisted of 114 non-training individuals aged 14-16 years. Body posture was assessed by the Moiré method. The volleyball players were significantly taller, and had greater body weight and fat-free mass. The analysis of posture relative to symmetry in the frontal and transverse planes did not show any significant differences between the volleyball players and non-athletes. Postural asymmetries were observed in both the volleyball players and the control participants. Lumbar lordosis was significantly less defined in the volleyball players compared to non-training individuals while no difference was observed in thoracic kyphosis. All athletes demonstrated a loss of lumbar lordosis and an increase in thoracic kyphosis. Significant differences in anteroposterior curvature of the spine between the volleyball players and the non-athletes might be associated with both training and body height. Considering the asymmetric spine overloads which frequently occur in sports training, meticulous posture assessment in young athletes seems well justified.     

Changes in skill and physical fitness following training in talent-identified volleyball players

This study investigated the effect of a skill-based training program on measurements of skill and physical fitness in talent-identified volleyball players. Twenty-six talented junior volleyball players (mean +/- SE age, 15.5 +/- 0.2 years) participated in an 8-week skill-based training program that included 3 skill-based court sessions per week. Skills sessions were designed to develop passing, setting, serving, spiking, and blocking technique and accuracy as well as game tactics and positioning skills. Coaches used a combination of technical and instructional coaching, coupled with skill-based games to facilitate learning. Subjects performed measurements of skill (passing, setting, serving, and spiking technique and accuracy), standard anthropometry (height, standing-reach height, body mass, and sum of 7 skinfolds), lower-body muscular power (vertical jump, spike jump), upper-body muscular power (overhead medicine-ball throw), speed (5- and 10-m sprint), agility (T-test), and maximal aerobic power (multistage fitness test) before and after training. Training induced significant (p < 0.05) improvements in spiking, setting, and passing accuracy and spiking and passing technique. Compared with pretraining, there were significant (p < 0.05) improvements in 5- and 10-m speed and agility. There were no significant differences between pretraining and posttraining for body mass, skinfold thickness, lower-body muscular power, upper-body muscular power, and maximal aerobic power. These findings demonstrate that skill-based volleyball training improves spiking, setting, and passing accuracy and spiking and passing technique, but has little effect on the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of players.     

The effect of five weeks of Tribulus terrestris supplementation on muscle strength and body composition during preseason training in elite rugby league players

Tribulus terrestris is an herbal nutritional supplement that is promoted to produce large gains in strength and lean muscle mass in 5-28 days (15, 18). Although some manufacturers claim T. terrestris will not lead to a positive drug test, others have suggested that T. terrestris may increase the urinary testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio, which may place athletes at risk of a positive drug test. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of T. terrestris on strength, fat free mass, and the urinary T/E ratio during 5 weeks of preseason training in elite rugby league players. Twenty-two Australian elite male rugby league players (mean +/- SD; age = 19.8 +/- 2.9 years; weight = 88.0 +/- 9.5 kg) were match-paired and randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to either a T. terrestris (n = 11) or placebo (n = 11) group. All subjects performed structured heavy resistance training as part of the club's preseason preparations. A T. terrestris extract (450 mg.d(-1)) or placebo capsules were consumed once daily for 5 weeks. Muscular strength, body composition, and the urinary T/E ratio were monitored prior to and after supplementation. After 5 weeks of training, strength and fat free mass increased significantly without any between-group differences. No between-group differences were noted in the urinary T/E ratio. It was concluded that T. terrestris did not produce the large gains in strength or lean muscle mass that many manufacturers claim can be experienced within 5-28 days. Furthermore, T. terrestris did not alter the urinary T/E ratio and would not place an athlete at risk of testing positive based on the World Anti-Doping Agency's urinary T/E ratio limit of 4:1.     

Four weeks of optimal load ballistic resistance training at the end of season attenuates declining jump performance of women volleyball players

Anecdotal and research evidence is that vertical jump performance declines over the competitive volleyball season. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a short period of ballistic resistance training would attenuate this loss. Fourteen collegiate women volleyball players were trained for 11 weeks with periodized traditional and ballistic resistance training. There was a 5.4% decrease (p < 0.05) in approach jump and reach height during the traditional training period (start of season to midseason), and a 5.3% increase (p < 0.05) during the ballistic training period (midseason to end of season), but values were not different from start to end of season. These changes in overall jump performance were reflective of changes in underlying neuromuscular performance variables: in particular, power output and peak velocity during loaded jump squats, countermovement jumps, and drop jumps. During the first 7 weeks of traditional heavy resistance training, it appears that the neuromuscular system is depressed, perhaps by the combination of training, game play, and skills practice precluding adequate recovery. Introduction of a novel training stimulus in the form of ballistic jump squats and reduction of heavy resistance training of the leg extensors stimulated a rebound in performance, in some cases to exceed the athlete's ability at the start of the season. Periodization of in-season training programs similar to that used in this study may provide volleyball players with good vertical jump performance for the crucial end-of-season games.     

Seasonal changes in jump performance and body composition in women volleyball players

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different resistance training programs on jump performance and body composition of female volleyball players of the highest Spanish division league over 24 weeks of training. Ten female volleyball players (27.41 ± 4.94 years; 72.2 ± 8.5 kg; 179.7 ± 6.4 cm) completed 24 weeks of training and testing using a linear periodization, progressing from general conditioning (weeks 1-4), to hypertrophy (weeks 5-8), then to maximum strength and power (weeks 9-16) and concluding with a specific strength training (weeks 17-24). Body composition was measured using bioelectrical-impedance analysis, and neuromuscular capacity was estimated by squat jump, countermovement jump, Abalakov jump, and 2 repetition maxima (2RM). After initial evaluation (PRE), the players were tested on 3 different occasions (POST: fourth week, POST 1: eighth week and POST 2: 24th week) of the training cycle. Muscle mass increased on (4.5%, p < 0.05) and fat-free mass (4.38%, p < 0.05), whereas fat percent decreased (13.90%, p < 0.05). All neuromuscular performance tests were increased from PRE to POST 2 (ranging from 17.64 to 20.89%, p < 0.01) and from POST 1 to POST 2 (ranging from 4.62 to 7.56% p < 0.01). The results suggest that the volleyball players studied continued improving power and strength capacity together with body composition during the course of the study. Finally, as major application, these data provide normative and performance standards for female volleyball players.     

Development of anthropometric and physical performance profiles of young elite male soccer players: a longitudinal study

The purpose of the present longitudinal study was to explore distinctive anthropometric and physical performance characteristics of young soccer players between the age of 11 and 14 and to reveal the performance at the age of 11, which contributes to the later success. Male players of the best national male squads of the 'cadet league' (14 years of age; n = 26) were annually tested starting from the age of 11 for body size and composition, flexibility, power, coordination, and agility. Randomly selected untrained but physically active age-matched boys (n = 63) were also tested over 4 consecutive years. The results revealed no difference between 2 groups regarding the body size and composition (p > 0.05). The differences in flexibility emerged only at the later age, whereas the differences regarding the explosive power (as assessed by various jumps) were moderate and partly inconsistent. The most prominent advantage of the soccer players over the control subjects during the entire tested age period appeared to be movement agility and coordination (p < 0.01). Therefore, the explosive muscle power and, in particular, the agility and coordination characterize elite soccer players of 11-14 years of age but not the body size and body composition. In addition, the agility and coordination could be among the crucial factors of future success in 11-year-old players and, therefore, should be used for early selection.     

The relationship between preseason range of motion and muscle strain injury in elite soccer players

The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of preseason lower-extremity range of motion (ROM) on the risk of muscle strain injury during a competitive season for elite soccer players. Thirty-six elite male soccer players (age, 25.6 +/- 4.7 years) had maximum static ROM for 6 movements of the lower extremity measured prior to the 2003-2004 English Premier League season. Player age, body size, dominant limb, and playing position were documented also. All lower-extremity muscle strain injuries were recorded prospectively during the competitive season, as was the total amount of time spent in training and games for each player. Soccer players sustaining a muscle strain injury in the hip flexors or knee flexors had lower preseason ROM (p < 0.05) in these muscle groups compared with uninjured players. Similar trends were observed for the remaining muscle groups, but all failed to reach statistical significance (p > 0.05). Most significantly, soccer players with lower preseason ROM in the hip flexors and knee flexors had a statistically higher risk for a muscle strain injury to these muscle groups during a competitive season. Age, body size, limb dominance, and playing position were not significant intrinsic risk factors for the development of muscle strain injuries. Screening of flexibility for soccer players should be conducted during preseason, and flexibility training should be prescribed to players with reduced ROM to lower the risk of developing a muscle strain injury.     

Training injuries in rugby league: an evaluation of skill-based conditioning games

This study investigated the site and nature of rugby league training injuries, and identified the training activities that were most likely to result in injury in rugby league players. The incidence of training injuries was prospectively studied in 60 semiprofessional rugby league players over 1 season. Injury data was collected from 72 training sessions, which included all preseason and in-season training sessions. Injuries were described according to site, type, and the training activity performed at the time of injury. The majority of injuries (90.9 per 1000 training hours, 37.5%) were sustained in traditional conditioning activities that involved no skill component (i.e., running without the ball). In contrast, the incidence of injuries sustained while participating in skill-based conditioning games (26.0 per 1000 training hours, 10.7%) was low. These results suggest that skill-based conditioning games offer a safe, effective method of conditioning for rugby league players.     

Caffeine-containing energy drink improves physical performance in female soccer players

There is little information about the effects of caffeine intake on female team-sport performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a caffeine-containing energy drink to improve physical performance in female soccer players during a simulated game. A double-blind, placebo controlled and randomized experimental design was used in this investigation. In two different sessions, 18 women soccer players ingested 3 mg of caffeine/kg in the form of an energy drink or an identical drink with no caffeine content (placebo). After 60 min, they performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 7 × 30 m sprint test followed by a simulated soccer match (2 × 40 min). Individual running distance and speed were measured using GPS devices. In comparison to the placebo drink, the ingestion of the caffeinated energy drink increased the CMJ height (26.6 ± 4.0 vs 27.4 ± 3.8 cm; P < 0.05) and the average peak running speed during the sprint test (24.2 ± 1.6 vs 24.5 ± 1.7 km/h; P < 0.05). During the simulated match, the energy drink increased the total running distance (6,631 ± 1,618 vs 7,087 ± 1,501 m; P < 0.05), the number of sprints bouts (16 ± 9 vs 21 ± 13; P < 0.05) and the running distance covered at >18 km/h (161 ± 99 vs 216 ± 103 m; P < 0.05). The ingestion of the energy drink did not affect the prevalence of negative side effects after the game. An energy drink with a dose equivalent to 3 mg of caffeine/kg might be an effective ergogenic aid to improve physical performance in female soccer players.     

Overload and neovascularization of shoulder tendons in volleyball players

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: In overhead sports like volleyball, the onset of a rotator cuff tendinopathy due to functional overload is a common observation. An angiofibroblastic etiopathogenesis has been hypothesized, whereby a greater anaerobic metabolism occurs in critical zones of the tendon with a lower degree of vascularization; this would induce collagen and extracellular matrix degradation, that could then trigger a compensatory neovascularization response. We performed a clinical observational study of 80 elite volleyball players, monitoring the perfusion values of the rotator cuff tendons by oximetry. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were found between the oximetry data and age, sex or years of sports activity, nor when comparing the right and left arm or the dominant and non-dominant arm. A statistically significant difference was found for the dominant arm values in relation to the competitive role, higher values being obtained in outside hitters (62.7%) middle hitters (53.7%), opposite hitters (55.5%) and libero players (54.4%) (p<0.05), whereas there was no difference in players with the role of setter (56.2%) (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The different tendon vascularization values found in players with different roles in the team may be attributed to a response to the specific biomechanical demands posed by the different overhead throwing roles.     

Accuracy in a volleyball service test in rested and physical exertion conditions in elite and near-elite adolescent players

Volleyball coaches use skill tests to assess the skill level of their players and to predict the players' future success. In a typical volleyball skill test, the players are asked to perform the skill after a rest period. The purpose of this study was to assess a volleyball service test performed not only under a rested condition but also immediately following physical exertion. Twenty-six male adolescent volleyball players (15 elite players of a coherent team [team A; mean age = 16.4 years] and 11 near-elite players of a high school team [team B; mean age = 16.3 years]) performed a service test in a rested condition and following physical exertion. The physical exertion consisted of a block at the net followed by a dig at the 3-m line, both performed twice, and again a block at the net. The players performed 10 consecutive serves under the rested condition and 5 sets of 2 consecutive serves under the physical exertion condition. The points for each serve were allotted according to predesignated target areas. The data analyses indicated no differences between the teams in service performances. No differences between the players' service scores in rested and physical exertion conditions were found. A high correlation (r = 0.97) was obtained between the total score of the test and the number of successful 7-point serves. A moderate correlation (r = 0.69) was found for the 7-point serves score following exercise. It was concluded that the number of serves hit successfully at the 7-point areas can be used by coaches as the total score of the test. In addition, the number of successful 7-point serves performed after physical exertion can provide coaches with relevant information on their players' serving skill level.     

Influence of a twelve-month conditioning program on physical growth, serum hormones, and neuromuscular performance of peripubertal male fencers

This study examined the effects of a typical fencing training program on selected hormones, neuromuscular performance, and anthropometric parameters in peripubertal boys. Two sets of measurements, before training and after 12 months of training, were performed on 2 groups of 11- to 13-year-old boys. One group consisted of fencers (n = 8), who trained regularly for the 12-month period, and the other group (n = 8) consisted of inactive children of the same age. There was no difference in Tanner's maturation stage of the 2 groups before (controls, 2.5 +/- 0.3; fencers, 2.1 +/- 0.3) and after the 12 months (controls, 3.0 +/- 0.3; fencers, 3.0 +/- 0.3). Serum testosterone, growth hormone, sex hormone binding globulin, free androgen index, and leptin changed significantly over time, reaching similar values in the 2 groups at the end of the study. Significantly greater increases in body mass (16 +/- 3%) and leg cross-sectional area (CSA) (32 +/- 7%) were observed only in the fencers' group, and these differences disappeared when height was set as a changing covariate. Although there was a greater increase in height for the fencers compared to the control group (8.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 3.6 +/- 0.9 cm, p < 0.01), the height reached at the end of the study was almost identical in the 2 groups (controls, 163.6 +/- 5.1; fencers, 165.4 +/- 2.8). Arm CSA, handgrip strength, and vertical jump performance changed significantly over time for both groups, with no differences between groups. It was concluded that a typical fencing training program for peripubertal boys did not have any effect on selected growth and anabolic hormones and did not influence the normal growth process, as this was reflected by changes in selected anthropometric and neuromuscular performance parameters. This may be because of the characteristics of the present fencing training program, which may not be adequate to alter children's hormonal functions in such a way as to override the rapid changes occurring during puberty.     

The effects of blood loss on the performance of physical exercise

Seven male subjects were studied before and up to 53 days after the loss of 11 of blood. The resting hematocrit fell from 44.0 to 38.7% and returned to control level after 3 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake decreased from 4.00 1/min to 3.54 1/min and returned to the initial level within 2 weeks. Submaximal oxygen uptake, pulmonary ventilation, maximal heart rate and blood lactate were not found to change significantly. Submaximal heart rate was increased from 125 beats . min-1 to about 135 beats . min-1 and remained elevated for 3 weeks, whereas blood lactate was increased only in the first week. Maximal work time decreased from 5.1 min to 3.8 min and remained low for the first 2 weeks, but rose thereafter above the starting level. Comparison with a control study suggested that there is some training effect, which, when allowed for, indicates that maximal work time returns to starting values at the same time as does the maximal oxygen uptake. It is concluded that the drop in Hct, maximal oxygen uptake and work capacity, found after the loss of 11 of blood, are related to each other both in magnitude and duration.     

Effect of four different starting stances on sprint time in collegiate volleyball players

Starting stance plays an important role in influencing short-distance sprint speed and, therefore, the ability to reach a ball during sport play. The purpose of this study was to evaluate 4 different starting stances on sprint time. Twenty-six male and female collegiate volleyball players volunteered to participate in 1 testing session. Each subject performed 3 15-ft sprint trials at each of 4 different starting stances (P-parallel, FS-false step, S-staggered, and SFS-staggered false step) in random order. Analysis of variance revealed that there was no significant interaction of sex by stance, but there were main effects for sex (men were faster than women) and stance. The FS (1.18 ± 0.10 seconds), S (1.16 ± 0.07 seconds), and SFS (1.14 ± 0.06 seconds) stances were faster than the P (1.25 ± 0.09 seconds) stance, and the SFS stance was faster than the FS stance. This indicates that starting with a staggered stance (regardless of stepping back) produced the greatest sprinting velocity over the initial 15 feet. Although taking a staggered stance seems counterproductive, the resultant stretch-shortening cycle action and forward body lean likely increase force production of the push-off phase and place the total body center of mass ahead of the contacting foot, thereby, decreasing sprint time.     

Body composition and physical fitness of female volleyball and basketball players of the Japan inter-high school championship teams

This study evaluated the body composition (underwater weighing) and cardiorespiratory function (VO(2)max and O(2)debt max measured by the treadmill exercise test) in 12 members of the women's volleyball team (mean age 17.4 years) and 11 members of the women's basketball team (mean age 17.6 years) that won the championship in the Japan Inter-high School Meeting. We also examined differences in the physical abilities between the members of the top teams of different events. The following results were obtained. (1) The mean values of the height and body weight were 168.7+/-5.89 cm and 59.7+/-5.73 kg in the volleyball players and 166.5+/-7.87 cm and 58.8+/-6.85 kg in the basketball players. (2) The mean %Fat was 18.4+/-3.29% in the volleyball players and 15.7+/-5.05% in the basketball players, and was similar to the reported values in elite adult players. (3) The mean VO(2)max was 2.78+/-0.32 L x min(-1) (46.5+/-2.90 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) in the volleyball players and 3.32+/-0.31 L x min(-1) (56.7+/-4.17 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) in the basketball players, and was similar to the reported values in elite adult players. (4) The mean O(2)debt max was 6.18+/-1.15 L (103.2+/-12.40 ml x kg(-1)) in the volleyball players and 7.92+/-1.80 L (134.3+/-23.24 ml x kg(-1)) in the basketball players. These values were 2.6 times and 3.3 times as high as the average values in high school students in general. (5) No significant difference was observed in any measured item of the physique, skinfold thickness, or body composition between the volleyball players and basketball players. (6) The VO(2)max and O(2)debt max were 22% and 28% higher in the basketball players than in the volleyball players.From these results, the female volleyball players and basketball players evaluated in this study had the physical abilities needed to win the championship in the Japan Inter-high School Meets, i.e. a large FFM and excellent aerobic and anaerobic work capacities. Also, basketball appears to require higher aerobic and anaerobic work capacities than volleyball.     

Relationship of off-ice and on-ice performance measures in high school male hockey players

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of off-ice performance measures with on-ice turning, crossover, and forward skating performance in high school male hockey players. Thirty-eight players aged 15-18 (mean age ± SD: 16.4 ± 1.1 years; height: 177.9 ± 6.8 cm; weight: 72.5 ± 8.9 kg) participated in this study. On-ice tests included a forward sprint, short radius turns, and crossover turns. Off-ice tests included a 40-yd sprint, vertical jumps, horizontal jumps, and a dynamic balance test using a Y balance testing device. Five off-ice variables correlated with all on-ice performance measures. These variables included the 40-yd sprint, lateral bound right to left limb, double limb horizontal hop, balance on right in posterolateral direction, and composite balance performance on the right. Hierachical regression demonstrated that off-ice sprint time was most predictive of on-ice skating performance, accounting for 65.4% of the variability in forward skate time, 45.0% of the variability in left short radius time, 21.8% of the variance in right short radius time, 36.2% of the variance in left crossover time, and 30.8% of the variability in right crossover time. When using off-ice tests to evaluate hockey players, the 40-yd sprint is the best predictor of skating performance. Based on our regression equation, for every 1-second difference in the 40-yd sprint time, there will be approximately a 0.6-second difference in the 34.5-m on-ice sprint. The 40-yd sprint predicts forward skating performance and to a lesser degree; it also predicts crossover and tuning performance.     

Relative importance of strength, power, and anthropometric measures to jump performance of elite volleyball players

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the potential strength, power, and anthropometric contributors to vertical jump performances that are considered specific to volleyball success: the spike jump (SPJ) and counter-movement vertical jump (CMVJ). To assess the relationship among strength, power, and anthropometric variables with CMVJ and SPJ, a correlation and regression analysis was performed. In addition, a comparison of strength, power, and anthropometric differences between the seven best subjects and the seven worst athletes on the CMVJ test and SPJ test was performed. When expressed as body mass relative measures, moderate correlations (0.53-0.65; p < or = 0.01) were observed between the 1RM measures and both relative CMVJ and relative SPJ. Very strong correlations were observed between relative (absolute height-standing reach height) depth jump performance and relative SPJ (0.85; p < or = 0.01) and relative CMVJ (0.93; p 相似文献