Pollen Morphology and Wall Stratification in Rubus L. (Rosaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

A palynological study using LM and SEM was made of the morphology, ornamentation, apertural system and structure of the pollen wall, of the 18 species of the genus Rubus which are present in the Iberian Peninsula. We demonstrate: a) the stenopalynous character of the genus (isopolar, subprolate, 3-lobate, 3-zonocolporate and striate-perforate, except for R. genevierii whose ornamentation is striate-gemmate-perforate and with a striated margin); b) the lalongate shape of the endoaperture, due to the disappearance or thinning of the nexine; and c) the existence of two structural types, Type I granular and Type II columellar with clearly-defined columellar spaces or compact without intercolumellar spaces.     

Reproductive biology of twoPrunus species (Rosaceae) in the Northwest Iberian Peninsula

We studied the reproductive biology ofPrunus spinosa andPrunus mahaleb (Prunoideae, Rosaceae) in the northwest Iberian Peninsula. The two species flowered at the same time (peaking on March 9 and 11, respectively in 1990) but differ significantly in their fruit maturation times. Nectar volume peaked in the early morning in both species, and was ten times greater inP. spinosa than inP. mahaleb. Neither species shows apomixis, nor does fruit-set occur if pollinators are excluded. In both species self-pollination resulted in fewer fruits than open pollination. The principal pollinators belong to theApidae family (79% and 63% of visits toP. spinosa andP. mahaleb, respectively). Results are compared with those for other rosaceous plants with fleshy fruits.     

The genus Smittium (Trichomycetes, Harpellales) in the Iberian Peninsula

A study of larval Diptera (Chironomidae, Culicidae and Simuliidae) from Spain has been carried out to fulfill a catalogue of species of the genus Smittium (Harpellales: Legeriomycetaceae) present within these hosts. Among the reported taxa, eight are new species: Smittium brevisporum, S. bulbosporo-phorus, S. gracilis, S. hecatei, S. heterosporum, S. inex-pectans, S. prostratum and S. pseudodimorphum. We also report six previously described species, which are new for the Iberian Peninsula: S. alpinum, S. dipterorum, S. megazygosporum, S. pusillum, S. typhellum and S. fecundum. Three other species (S. simulii, S. culicis and S. culisetae) previously were reported from Spain. In two of them (S. fecundum and S. culicis), we describe for the first time the presence of zygospores. Some of the included species have been artificially cultured as well as ultrastructurally studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the purpose of observing the surface of both trichospores and the trichospore collar and the morphology of the trichospore appendage.     

Taxonomy and cytogeography of Cardamine raphanifolia and C. gallaecica (Brassicaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

For a long time it was considered that Cardamine raphanifolia is widely distributed with several infraspecific taxa in the Mediterranean region. Recent studies showed that C. raphanifolia is restricted to the northern Iberian Peninsula. Cardamine gallaecica from NW Spain was regarded to be closely related, but was originally regarded as C. amara, and later described as C. raphanifolia subsp. gallaecica. In this study, we validate the treatment of C. raphanifolia and C. gallaecica as distinct species, and show their clear differentiation based on morphometric and molecular AFLP analyses. Moreover, both species are clearly distinct from C. amara subsp. pyrenaea, which has an overlapping distributional range with C. raphanifolia. Hexaploid (2n = 48) and octoploid cytotypes (2n = 64) of C. raphanifolia, and tetraploid (2n = 32) and hexaploid (2n = 48) cytotypes of C. gallaecica were found. Due to their weak morphological and genetic differentiation, these polyploid races are not classified as separate taxa.     

Epidermal micromorphology of the genus Festuca L. (Poaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

Micromorphological features of the leaf-blade, lemma, and palea were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for 64 species of the genus Festuca L. occurring in the Iberian Peninsula. The objective of the study was to survey these characters for the first time in the whole of the genus Festuca in this region, to assess their taxonomic value, and to compare the variation with recent DNA sequence-based phylogenies. The principal features include the frequency, shape, and distribution of silica bodies, short cells, crown cells, and prickles, and the morphology of long cells. The abaxial lemma surface shows the most important taxonomical and phylogenetic characters. The variation observed was consistent with the subgenera and sections identified in molecular studies.     

钻地风的三萜类成分

从钻地风根的乙醇提取物中分离得到12个三萜及三萜皂苷类化合物,通过波谱分析并与有关对照品比较, 其结构鉴定为熊果酸(1),坡模酸(2),tormentic acid (3),蔷薇酸(4),sericic acid (5),23-hydroxytormentic acid (6), kaji-ichigoside F1 (7),野蔷薇苷 (8), sericoside (9), quadranoside VIII (10), crataegioside (11)和niga-ichigoside F1 (12).初步研究结果表明,这些化合物在体外5?mg/ml浓度下对耐药金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)无抑制作用.     

Active self-pollination in blackberries (Rubus subgen. Rubus, Rosaceae)

Most blackberry species are apomictic but pseudogamous, i.e. embryo development is dependent on prior pollination. Two different types of stamen arrangement were noted in senescing flowers of 18 Swedish species and 2 common cultivars. The stamens of 'cross-pollinating' species seldom touch the stigmas while those of 'self-pollinating' species instead arch over the pistils and dry up in this position. All species set seed well after artificial self-pollination and are thus self-compatible. Isolation experiments were carried out during 3 years. When inflorescences were bagged, seed set was drastically lowered in 'cross-pollinators' but remained almost unaltered in 'self-pollinators'. The different responses to isolation are probably due to the inherent stamen behaviour.     

The genus Nephroma Ach. in the Iberian Peninsula

The lichen genus Nephroma is represented by five species in the Iberian Peninsula. Anatomical, chemical, ecological and distributional data for each taxon are provided. A number of species have been found for the first time in several provinces.     

Chromosome numbers of European blackberries (Rubus subg.Rubus,Rosaceae)

Chromosome numbers are presented for 32 collections of 29 European blackberry species (Rubus subg.Rubus) from Germany. One species is triploid (2n = 21), 27 species are tetraploid, (2n = 28), and one species is pentaploid (2n = 35). Chromosome numbers are reported for the first time ofR. adspersus, R. amisiensis, R. calvus, R. conothyrsoides, R. contractipes, R. demissus, R. elegantispinosus, R. ferocior, R. foliosus, R. hypomalacus, R. leucandrus, R. nemorosus, R. platyacanthus, R. praecox, R. rhombifolius, andR. rhytidophyllus. Chromosome numbers forR. dasyphyllus, R. gelertii, R. glandithyrsos, R. lamprocaulos, R. lindebergii, R. macrophyllus, R. montanus, R. muenteri, R. pedemontanus, R. polyanthemus, R. senticosus, R. silvaticus, andR. vigorosus are confirmed.     

Revision and new data on the Coniacian ammonite genus Hemitissotia in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)

The types of the species of the Coniacian ammonite genus Hemitissotia Peron, 1897, identified in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), which are currently held in the Wiedmann (Universität Tübingen, Germany) and Choffat (Instituto Geológico e Mineiro, Portugal) collections, have been revised and refigured. New specimens of the taxa Hemitissotia ceadouroensis Choffat, 1898, Hemitissotia celtiberica Wiedmann, 1975b, Hemitissotia turzoi Karrenberg, 1935, Hemitissotia dullai (Karrenberg 1935) and Hemitissotia lenticeratiformis Wiedmann in Wiedmann and Kauffman, 1978 have also been presented. As results, H. celtiberica has been considered as a junior synonym of H. ceadouroensis, and the lectotype of this species and the neotypes of H. turzoi and H. dullai have been designated and figured. Additionally, the geographical and stratigraphical distributions of all of these species have been determined with precision, and several phylogenetic relationships between them have been identified, revealing morphologies that become progressively smaller and more depressed and ornamented (hydrodynamically less efficient), interpreted as an adaptative response to sea-level changes.     

Apomixis versus sexuality in blackberries (Rubus subgen.Rubus,Rosaceae)

InRubus L. a connection seems to exist between the degree of meiotic disturbances on the one hand, and the production of unreduced embryo sacs, pollen fertility and relative seed set on the other hand. Severe meiotic disturbances commonly encountered in apomictic taxa decrease pollen fertility and thereby seed set since pollen is necessary for endosperm development. By contrast interspecific hybrids between apomictic taxa appear to be sexual and exhibit high pollen fertilities, probably due to an improved meiosis. Thus, apomixis leads to a decreased fertility inRubus, not the opposite, as often discussed.     

Foliar trichomes of the evergreen and semi-deciduous species of the genus Quercus (Fagaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

The leaf trichomes of the evergreen and semi-deciduous species of the genus Quercus living in the Iberian Peninsula were studied by means of SEM and LM. The SEM has been particularly useful because of the high quality of the illustrations and the possibility of recognizing the structures under LM or the stereomicroscope afterwards. The studied species were-. Quercus coccifera, Q. ilex, Q. rotundifolia, Q suber, Q canariensis, Q. faginea, Q. broteroi and Q. lusitanica. All species show some exclusive particularities that permit their identification using these characters. The abaxial surface of the leaf always has more trichomes than the adaxial and hence provides more characters for identification. Quercus alpestris Boiss. shows the same features in the leaf trichomes as Q. faginea Lam. A key for identification using these characters is provided.     

Foliar trichornes of the evergreen and semideciduous species of the genus Quercus (Fagaceae) in the Iberian Peninsula

The leaf trichomes of the evergreen and semi-deciduous species of the genus Quercus living in the Iberian Peninsula were studied by means of SEM and LM. The SEM has been particularly useful because of the high quality of the illustrations and the possibility of recognizing the structures under I,M or the stereomicroscope afterwards. The studied species were: Quercus coccifera, Q ilex , Q rotundifolia, Q suber, Q canariensis, Q faginea, Q brateroi and Q lusitanica . All species show some exclusive particularities that permit their identification using these characters. The abaxial surface of the leaf always has more trichomes than the adaxial and hence provides more characters for identification. Quercus alpestris Boiss. shows the same features in the leaf trichomes as Q faginea Lam. A key for identification using these characters is provided.     

A survey of the genus Sorbaria (Rosaceae)

A taxonomic revision of the Asiatic genus Sorbaria (Rosaceae). 4 species are recognized: S. sorbifolia (including S. stellipila), S. grandiflora (= S. pallasii incl. S. rhoifolia), S. kirilowii,(incl. S. arborea and S. assurgens ) and S. tomentosa (= S. lindleyana , incl. S. olgae and S. gilgitensis ) with var. angustifolia , comb. nov. (= S. aitchisonii ). Hybrids presumably between S. sorbifolia and S. grandiflora and S. sorbifolia and S. kirilowii are found cultivated.     

Rediscoveries of two species of Rubus (Rosaceae) in China

报道了蔷薇科两种悬钩子属植物在中国的重新发现,分别为美叶悬钩子(Rubus calophyllus C.B.Clark)和拟针刺悬钩子(R.parapungens H.Hara),并提供了简要的描述和标本照片.