中国北方露天煤矿区植被恢复研究进展

煤炭开采破坏了土地原有的自然属性,进而导致一系列生态和环境问题,形成大量矿山废弃地。恢复受损的土壤和植被是矿山废弃地生态复垦的关键。本文在查阅国内外大量相关研究成果的基础上,就中国北方露天煤矿区生态复垦过程中植被恢复的研究现状及当前研究存在的问题进行了评述,并指出今后工作内容的重点是开展长期定位监测,加强煤矿废弃地土壤-植被系统的长期定位研究,为露天煤矿区的合理经营与管理提供科学依据。     

矿山废弃地生态修复过程中基质改良与植被重建研究进展

国民经济的发展离不开矿产资源的开发,而矿产资源的开发又不可避免要破坏矿区原有的生态环境,形成大量矿山废弃地。因此,矿山废弃地生态修复问题是国民经济可持续发展过程中亟待解决的任务。本文从矿山废弃地生态修复与重建内涵的发展开始,着重分析了矿山废弃地生态修复与重建过程中的基质改良(包括表土覆盖、物理、化学改良、生物改良和废弃物人工基质改良技术)与植被重建(植被自然演替模式、植被种类选择和植被修复作用),并对今后矿山废弃地生态修复的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

铝土矿开采对金佛山甑子岩植被生长发育的影响

对金佛山甑子岩植被生长发育的研究表明:1)铝土矿开采区内的植物群落正由矮林退化为灌丛,而远离矿区的群落正发生顺行演替;2)矿区内的物种多样性和均匀度均低于未开矿区;3)矿区开采后的羊踯躅的生长速率极显著地低于开采前的生长速率,而未开采区内的杉木年生长速率无显著差异;4)未开矿区的马尾松年平均生长速率极显著地(P<0.01)高于已开采区马尾松的生长速率:5)已开采区的马尾松平均敏感度高于未开采区、结果表明,铝土矿的开采、污染物的排放以及相关的人类活动已对甑子岩地区的植被造成了明显的负面影响.对此,应加强矿区的管理,控制各种污染,减少植被采伐,同时还要重视退化区的植被保护与恢复重建工作.     

湘潭锰矿矿渣废弃地植被修复前的土壤诊断

对湘潭锰矿矿渣废弃地植被修复前的土壤进行了诊断分析.结果表明：湘潭锰矿矿渣废弃地土壤质地主要为粗砂土,土壤自然含水量与邻近非矿区杉木林对照地的差异显著,而土壤容重和土壤总孔隙度与邻近非矿区杉木林对照地的差异不显著.矿渣废弃地土壤的pH值平均为7.49,P和Ca的平均含量分别为1.01g/kg、4.41g/kg,都显著高于邻近非矿区杉木林对照地,而N含量却显著低于邻近非矿区杉木林对照地,土壤有机质、K和Mg平均含量与邻近非矿区杉木林对照地的差异不显著.矿渣废弃地的肥力综合指数为8,邻近非矿区杉木林对照地的为12,其中砾石百分含量、有机质含量、N含量、P含量成为了限制土壤肥力的主要因子.矿渣废弃地土壤中的Mn、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn、Pb平均含量分别是邻近非矿区杉木林对照地的18.59、1.32、4.10、4.66、4.44倍和3.16倍.以邻近非矿区杉木林地土壤对照值、湖南省土壤重金属元素背景值和全国土壤重金属元素平均值作为评价标准,矿渣废弃地土壤6种重金属的综合污染指数分别为13.82、75.72和98.05,均远远超过了重污染等级,且以Mn、Cd的污染为最严重.     

黔西北土法炼锌废弃地植被重建的限制因子

以土法炼锌废弃地的废渣、污染土壤和背景土壤为基质材料,分别种植黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和三叶草(Trifolium pretense),分析各种基质的基本化学特性、重金属(Pb、Zn、Cd)含量及其赋存形态、两种植物生长特性.结果表明,土法炼锌废渣上植被重建的主要限制因子包括高盐碱胁迫、有机质含量低、养分缺乏(TN、碱解N、TK).废渣重金属含量高,有效态含量低,对植物毒性小,但存在潜在危害性.污染土壤重金属含量低于废渣,但生物有效态重金属含量高.污染土壤植被重建的限制因子包括重金属毒性、P和K的有效性.废渣与污染土壤混合是土法炼锌废弃地基质改良的有效途径.     

茂名北排油页岩废渣场的土壤与植被特性研究

茂名北排油页岩废渣堆放场是一块面积达670hm²的工业生产废弃地,废渣场土壤干旱,养分贫瘠,重金属含量略为偏高,不利植物入侵与定居。这片因人为因素形成的次生裸地经过20多年的自然恢复,入侵定居植物只有24科59属66种,且大多数均为禾本科、莎草科、菊科等科的草本植物种类;草本植物有13科38属44种,占总种数的67%,占总覆盖度的80%以上。群落结构及组成种类简单,处于群落次生演替的前期阶段,表明废渣场次生裸地的植被恢复是非常缓慢的。为尽早达到控制污染、改善环境等目的,必须辅以人工措施,加速植被的恢复进程。最后提出了实现这一目的的生态恢复对策。     

粤东北矿山废弃地植被恢复模式探讨

矿山废弃地植被恢复是基于土壤环境改良的前提下,充分考虑植物景观的营造手段,结合生态学要求构建近自然群落。通过对广东省梅州市不同类型的矿山废弃地植被自然恢复的现场调查研究,结合国内外矿山废弃地的研究成果,指出粤东北地区矿山废弃地植物的修复原则,并提出植被恢复的具体修复方法。     

樟村坪磷矿废弃地植物群落的形成与演替

通过分析湖北省宜昌县樟村坪磷矿废弃地植被的组成、空间结构、各成分综合优势比其群集度的变化以及植物分布与环境因子的相关性等问题,探讨了该地植被恢复过程中植物群落形成与演替的一般规律。结果表明,废弃地6种演替植物群落的形成是先锋植物种类入侵、定居、群聚和竞争的结果,在植物群落形成与演替的过程中,各种类成分的种群数量及综合优势比呈动态变化,废弃地植物群落形成与演替的过程按演替序列可分为3个阶段。植物群落形成与演替还与环境因子有关,废弃地高浓度的土壤效磷是影响植物生长与分布的胁迫因子。伴随着群落的形成与演替,植物群落的物种多样性呈逐渐增加的趋势。     

大兴安岭古利库砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属含量特征

矿产资源开采后形成大量废弃地已经成为土壤重金属污染主要来源之一。大兴安岭地区是我国砂金矿重要分布区,近百年的开采历史导致该地区遗留大面积的砂金矿采矿废弃地。然而,目前关于大兴安岭砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属污染情况的研究鲜见报道。本文以大兴安岭地区古利库砂金矿废弃地为对象,研究了砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属元素Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cr的污染情况及分布特征,并采用内梅罗指数进行土壤重金属元素综合污染等级评价。结果发现:(1)与大兴安岭天然林相比,砂金矿废弃地土壤As、Cd和Cr含量分别增加83%、78%和101%;(2)在砂金矿废弃地不同位置,土壤Hg和Pb含量存在差异,而As、Cd和Cr含量差异不显著;(3)砂金矿废弃地土壤Hg、As、Pb、Cd和Cr含量均低于我国土壤环境质量一级标准值,土壤重金属污染综合评价等级未达到轻度污染等级。研究表明,大兴安岭砂金矿废弃地土壤重金属污染并不严重,今后在该地区砂金矿废弃地生态恢复建设中应该重点考虑土壤水分或养分限制问题。     

煤矿废弃地生态修复的土壤有机碳效应

采煤使得植被和土壤遭到损毁破坏,导致原生态系统碳汇功能的急剧退化甚至完全丧失。采煤堆积的煤矸石可发生氧化自燃,是巨大的CO_2排放源。生态修复对减少矿区碳排放及减缓大气温室效应具有重要意义。分析了国内外煤矿废弃地生态修复后的土壤有机碳动态特征,修复模式、修复时间和修复措施对土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响,总结了土壤固碳的主要影响因子。研究结果表明,土壤有机碳在人工植被修复和有机物添加后增加显著,且与修复时间成正比。煤矿废弃地通过采取适宜的生态修复措施,有很大的土壤固碳潜力。未来应加强团聚体固碳等土壤固碳机理和土壤活性有机碳等科学问题的研究,以期为退化区生态修复进程中土壤固碳功能提升提供参考。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.