人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞端区长度的代龄变化

以体外培养的不同代龄的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞（2BS）为实验对象,HeLa细胞为对照,分别观察其端区长度随代龄的变化．结果显示年轻2BS细胞（24代）端区长度约9．13kb;衰老2BS细胞（64代）端区长度约7kb,丢失约2kb．2BS细胞端区长度随代龄的增长而缩短．密度扫描结果显示细胞每复制一代,端区平均丢失50bp,而HeLa细胞的端区长度未因代龄而变化．     

家蚕耐氟性差异的细胞化学研究

对不同蚕品种的耐氟性、ACPase的氟敏感性、蚕品种耐氟性机理的研究表明,在供试蚕品种中以浙农1号的耐氟性最强,杭 8的耐氟性最弱;家蚕Bombyx mori血淋巴ACPase活性与蚕品种的耐氟性无明显关系;氟对蚕的血淋巴和中肠组织细胞的ACPase活性都有抑制作用,并随着氟添食浓度的增加ACPase活性降低,但超过一定浓度的氟添食,血淋巴ACPase活性反而有一个回升的过程,这个转折点出现可能的浓度及回升的幅度与蚕品种的耐氟性有关;细胞化学研究发现此转折点的出现是由于高浓度氟引起细胞结构的破坏而导致蚕体组织细胞内的ACPase大量向血腔释放的结果;氟敏感性蚕品种杭 8在很低氟量添食即可引起中肠组织细胞的ACPase大量向血腔释放,使血淋巴中的ACPase活性大幅度上升,随后ACPase活性受到完全的抑制;耐氟性较强的蚕品种浙农1号则在较高的氟含量添食时才向血腔释放ACPase,且血淋巴中ACPase增高的幅度小,在很高的氟量添食时全面抑制中肠ACPase活性。氟对不同品种ACPase活性影响的差异被认为是家蚕品种耐氟性差异机理之一。     

表皮生长因子对人二倍体成纤维细胞p21~(WAF-1)基因表达的双向性影响

p2 1 WAF-1又称 sdi- 1 ,是细胞周期蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶 ( CDK)的抑制物基因 ,与细胞增殖调控及细胞衰老密切相关 .本研究为了解正常细胞中 p2 1 WAF-1对生长因子的反应性 ,以及其在细胞衰老时的表现 .我们以不同代龄的人胚肺二倍体成纤维细胞 ( 2 BS细胞株 )为实验对象 ,通过 Northern杂交术 ,观察表皮生长因子 ( EGF)对年轻 (低代龄 )细胞与衰老 (高代龄 )细胞 p2 1 WAF-1基因表达的影响 .结果显示 :p2 1 WAF-1在衰老 2 BS细胞中高表达 .EGF对年轻细胞 p2 1 WAF-1的表达有诱导作用 ,对衰老细胞有轻微诱导作用 ,在刺激后 3h左右达高峰 ,3～ 6h逐渐回落 ,并持续下降 .作用后 1 2h,其表达水平反而远低于作用前 .此作用在年轻细胞较为明显 .由此可见 :( 1 ) EGF对人二倍体成纤维细胞 p2 1 WAF-1的表达有双向性影响 ,先是一过性诱导 ,随后转为阻抑 ;( 2 )衰老细胞 p2 1 WAF-1对EGF的反应性有所降低     

溶藻细菌BS03(Microbulbifer sp.)对塔玛亚历山大藻生长及抗氧化系统的影响

【目的】研究溶藻细菌BS03(Microbulbifer sp.)胁迫下塔玛亚历山大藻细胞光合作用、抗氧化酶系统和半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(Caspase-3)变化,探讨溶藻细菌BS03对塔玛亚历山大藻的溶藻机制。【方法】通过0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%不同终浓度BS03上清液处理藻细胞后12、24、36、48h取样,测定溶藻过程藻细胞光合色素、叶绿素荧光效率、抗氧化酶系统、Caspase酶活性变化。【结果】(1)BS03上清液处理藻细胞后,藻细胞叶绿素a含量和叶绿素荧光Fv/Fm比值随BS03上清液处理时间延长和浓度的增加呈逐渐下降趋势;低浓度处理组藻细胞类胡萝卜素含量上升到一峰值,高于对照组后逐渐回落,而高浓度处理组类胡萝素含量呈下降趋势,低于对照组;(2)藻细胞抗氧化酶保护系统(SOD和CAT)活性随着BS03上清液处理浓度增加而升高,但随着处理时间的延长呈现先上升后下降趋势。藻细胞膜脂过氧化产物MDA积累量随着BS03上清液处理时间延长和处理浓度的增加而显著提高;(3)处理组藻细胞Caspase-3活性显著高于对照组,呈现出类似程序性死亡特征。【结论】BS03的抑藻机理可能是通过抑制藻细胞光合作用,降低抗氧化酶活性、加大膜脂过氧化起到对塔玛亚历山大藻的溶解作用,并呈现出类程序性死亡特征。     

棘尾虫酸性磷酸酶的定位及诱导表达

本文利用电镜对贻贝棘尾虫(Stylonychia mytilus)体内酸性磷酸酶的定位进行了观察。发现其体内除含有溶酶体性的酸性磷酸酶(ACPase)外，在纤毛内部还存在非溶酶体性的ACPase。另外，本文还利用光镜和酶细胞化学技术观察并比较了棘尾虫年轻态和衰老态个体体内ACPase在食物诱导下的表达量随时间发生的动态变化和差异，印证了棘尾虫个体的衰老也是与细胞内的酶的活性和含量的降低相伴随的[动物学报49(2)：218—223，2003]。     

神经生长因子促进坐骨神经再生修复的酶组织化学研究

目的研究对兔右坐骨神经损伤后局部给予蛇毒神经生长因子(NGF),观察坐骨神经酶活性变化和超微结构的恢复情况,探讨NGF对神经再生的影响.方法乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE)、酸性磷酸酶(ACPase)的酶组织化学技术和电镜技术.结果神经损伤后:AChE活性明显下降,NGF组的AChE活性恢复快于盐水对照组;ACPase活性逐渐增高,NGF组的ACPase活性恢复时间短于盐水对照组.坐骨神经的超微结构在神经损伤后也发生变化,NGF组的变化程度小于盐水对照组,恢复时间短于对照组.结论NGF可通过影响酶物质的代谢而起到加快受损神经恢复的作用.为临床上应用蛇毒NGF治疗周围神经损伤提供形态学依据.     

人参皂甙Rb1,Rg1,Re和Rh1对细胞脱氢酶活性的影响

应用显微分光光度术,定量地分析了人参皂甙Rb_1、Rg_1、Re、Rh_1对人胚肺成纤维细胞(2BS)和HeLa细胞脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,4种单体皂甙增加了高代龄2BS细胞内乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH),葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G-6-PDH)和丙酮酸脱氢酶(PVO)的活性,降低了HeLa细胞内这几种酶的活性。     

人参不同部位皂甙对衰老的人胚肺成纤维细胞影响的细胞化学研究

应用细胞化学的定性、定位,显微分光光度计定量分析的方法,测定人参不同部位皂甙对低代龄和高代龄人胚肺成纤维细胞内多糖类(PAS反应)、酸性非特异性酯酶(ANAE)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、单胺氧化酶(MAO)含量的影响,实验结果表明:人参根、果、茎叶皂甙(SRG、SFG、SSLG)使低代龄细胞的多糖类、MAO含量下降或上升,对ANAE台量没有显著影响。但对高代龄细胞,SFG、SRG、SSLG则显著增加了多糖类、ANAE、ALP、ACP的相对含量,同时降低了MAO的含量。本文提示,人参不同部位皂甙均可以提高衰老细胞内多糖类,ALP、ACP、ANAE的相对含量,降低MAO的含量,而对年青细胞的影响则很不一致。     

过表达PKCβⅠ亚类2BS细胞模型之建立及与增殖相关性之初探

本文通过基因转染技术将大鼠蛋白激酶C(PKC)βⅠ亚类cDNA全长片段导入人胚肺成纤维细胞(2 BS)中,首次建立了一个稳定地过表达PKC βⅠ类的2 BS细胞模型。经实验证明在过表达PKC βⅠ亚类的细胞中PKC活性是对照细胞的三倍左右,表现出细胞增殖加速,进一步观察到与增殖有关的原癌基因c-myc的表达也明显加强。本文首次报道了PKC βⅠ在人胚肺细胞2 BS中加速生长与c-myc基因表达之密切相关性。这可能是PKC βⅠ作用于2 BS细胞生长加速的分子机理之一。     

Pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 is a glycolytic sensor differentially regulating cell proliferation, cell size and apoptotic cell death dependent on glucose supply

The glycolytic key regulator pyruvate kinase M2 (M2-PK or PKM2) can switch between a highly active tetrameric and an inactive dimeric form. The transition between the two conformations regulates the glycolytic flux in tumor cells. We developed specific M2-PK-binding peptide aptamers which inhibit M2-PK, but not the 96% homologous M1-PK isoenzyme. In this study we demonstrate that, at normal blood glucose concentrations, peptide aptamer-mediated inhibition of M2-PK induces a significant decrease of the population doubling (PDL rate) and cell proliferation rate as well as an increase in cell size, whereas under glucose restriction an increase in PDL and cell proliferation rates but a decrease in cell size was observed. Moreover, M2-PK inhibition rescues cells from glucose starvation-induced apoptotic cell death by increasing the metabolic activity. These findings suggest that M2-PK is a metabolic sensor which regulates cell proliferation, cell growth and apoptotic cell death in a glucose supply-dependent manner.     

The novel costimulatory programmed death ligand 1/B7.1 pathway is functional in inhibiting alloimmune responses in vivo

The programmed death ligand 1 (PDL1)/programmed death 1 (PD1) costimulatory pathway plays an important role in the inhibition of alloimmune responses as well as in the induction and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. It has been demonstrated recently that PDL1 also can bind B7.1 to inhibit T cell responses in vitro. Using the bm12 into B6 heart transplant model, we investigated the functional significance of this interaction in alloimmune responses in vivo. PD1 blockade unlike PDL1 blockade failed to accelerate bm12 allograft rejection, suggesting a role for an additional binding partner for PDL1 other than PD1 in transplant rejection. PDL1 blockade was able to accelerate allograft rejection in B7.2-deficient recipients but not B7.1-deficient recipients, indicating that PDL1 interaction with B7.1 was important in inhibiting rejection. Administration of the novel 2H11 anti-PDL1 mAb, which only blocks the PDL1-B7.1 interaction, aggravated chronic injury of bm12 allografts in B6 recipients. Aggravated chronic injury was associated with an increased frequency of alloreactive IFN-γ-, IL-4-, and IL-6-producing splenocytes and a decreased percentage of regulatory T cells in the recipients. Using an in vitro cell culture assay, blockade of the interaction of PDL1 on dendritic cells with B7.1 on T cells increased IFN-γ production from alloreactive CD4(+) T cells, whereas blockade of dendritic cell B7.1 interaction with T cell PDL1 did not. These data indicate that PDL1 interaction with B7.1 plays an important role in the inhibition of alloimmune responses in vivo and suggests a dominant direction for PDL1 and B7.1 interaction.     

Effect of bamboo shoot, Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.) Willd. on thyroid status under conditions of varying iodine intake in rats

Young shoots or sprouts of common bamboos are used as food in third world countries. Evidences suggest the presence of cyanogenic glucoside like anti-thyroidal substance in bamboo shoots (BS) but effect of prolonged BS consumption on thyroid status under conditions of varying iodine nutriture remains unexplored. The study was undertaken to evaluate goitrogenic content, in vitro anti thyroid peroxidase (TPO) activity and in vivo anti thyroid potential of BS with and without extra iodide. Fresh BS contains high cyanogenic glucoside (551 mg/kg), followed by thiocyanate (24mg/kg) and glucosinolate (9.57mg/kg). In vitro inhibition in TPO activity was found with raw, raw boiled and cooked extracts. Inhibition constant (IC50) and PTU equivalence of fresh BS were 27.5+/-0.77 microg and 3.27 respectively. Extra iodide in the incubation media reduced TPO inhibition induced by BS but could not cancel it. Thyroid weight, TPO activity and total serum thyroid hormone levels of BS fed animals for 45 and 90 days respectively were determined and compared with controls. Significant increase in thyroid weight as well as higher excretion of thiocyanate and iodine along with marked decrease in thyroid peroxidase activity, T4 and T3 levels were observed in BS fed group. Chronic BS consumption gradually developed a state of hypothyroidism. Extra iodide had reduced the anti-thyroidal effect of BS to an extent but could not cancel it because of excessive cyanogenic glucoside, glucosinolate and thiocyanate present in it.     

Ultrastructural localization of phosphatases in the testes of the domestic fowl: Acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase

Summary ACPase and TPPase activity has been examined in the germinal epithelium of the testes in the domestic fowl. ACPase activity in spermatogonia and spermatocytes was confined to the Golgi complex. In spermatids ACPase activity was seen in the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope in the phase I and especially in the phase II (the elongating phase). This activity gradually decreased during the next phase III, and had disappeared in the final phase IV. The membrane body showed ACPase reaction in the small peripheral vacuoles and cisternal structures surrounding large central vacuoles. ACPase was also present in vesicles surrounding the developing tail. Late spermatids showed an abundance of autophagic vacuoles which had a complex array of ACPase positive delimiting membranes. In Sertoli cells ACPase activity was predominant in the lysosomes. TPPase activity was seen in the cisternae of the Golgi complex in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. In spermatids activity was present in the endoplasmic reticulum during the phase II, but it is lost in later stages. The smaller vacuoles and cisternal structures in the membrane body also showed reaction products. According to the present results it is thought likely that the smaller vacuoles and cisternal structures of the membrane body are of endoplasmic reticulum origin. The autophagic vacuoles in spermatids and the lysosomes of Sertoli cells are considered responsible for the degradation of residual bodies cast off by spermatids.     

Dominant negative effect of novel mutations in pyruvate kinase-M2

The natural mutations observed in pyruvate kinase (PK)-M2, a homotetramer isozyme, in this study correlated with the differential activity of the enzyme in a dominant negative manner in B-lymphoblastoid cells, established from two Bloom syndrome (BS) patients, BS1 and BS3 by 50 and 90%, respectively; and by 75% in the freshly obtained PHA stimulated lymphocytes of a BS patient diagnosed for the first time in India. A gene screen involving the critical domains of the PK-M gene in BS cells resulted in the observation of a missense mutation in BS1 and the BS patient and a frame shift mutation in BS3, in exon-10, coding for the intersubunit contact domain (ISCD) of the PK-M2 protein. Apart from these mutations, other variations in this region of the gene, both in normal and BS cells, did not affect the enzyme activity, since these were silent. Computer-based modeling studies of the PK-M2 protein with each mutation was suggestive of a changed interaction between two domains within a subunit in BS1, a gross structural change in BS3, and a changed interaction between two subunits of the tetramer in the BS patient. An absence of such mutations in other regions of the PK-M2 gene in normal subjects and in the randomly chosen unrelated genes in the DNA from BS cell lines and the cells from the BS patient, authenticated the presence of the observed mutations in Bloom syndrome cells. A correlation observed between the differential enzyme activity and the nature of mutation in the intersubunit contact domain (ISCD) region of the PK-M2 gene was interesting, and indicted how the site and the nature of mutation in a heterozygous state could influence the enzyme activity differentially and in a dominant negative manner. The importance of these mutations in Bloom syndrome cells, however, remains to be elucidated, and can only be conjectured.     

Acid-phosphatase activity of reticular cells and macrophages in the lymph node of the rat after ingestion of mast-cell granules

Acid phosphatase (ACPase) was ultracytochemically demonstrated in the lymph-node sinus reticular cells and macrophages of rats. After the uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), marked ACPase activities were seen in both reticular cells and macrophages, although only sparse ACPase activity was detected in the reticular cells of the control. After the injection of HRP into the footpad, the mast cells in the regional lymph node became degranulated, and the released granules were taken up by reticular cells and macrophages. In macrophages, these taken-up mast-cell granules exhibited ACPase reaction products, whereas none of the granules taken up by reticular cells showed ACPase activity. The heparin-protamine complex was also engulfed by reticular cells and macrophages, and ACPase activity was demonstrable in the complex taken up by both types of cell. It is probable that, as is the case in macrophages, reticular cells in the lymph-node sinuses take up and digest foreign substances through the formation of phagolysosomes, but they do not digest granules originating from the mast cells in the lymph node of the same animal.     

PDL241, a novel humanized monoclonal antibody,reveals CD319 as a therapeutic target for rheumatoid arthritis

Introduction

Targeting the CD20 antigen has been a successful therapeutic intervention in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, in some patients with an inadequate response to anti-CD20 therapy, a persistence of CD20^- plasmablasts is noted. The strong expression of CD319 on CD20^- plasmablast and plasma cell populations in RA synovium led to the investigation of the potential of CD319 as a therapeutic target.

Methods

PDL241, a novel humanized IgG₁ monoclonal antibody (mAb) to CD319, was generated and examined for its ability to inhibit immunoglobulin production from plasmablasts and plasma cells generated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the presence and absence of RA synovial fibroblasts (RA-SF). The in vivo activity of PDL241 was determined in a human PBMC transfer into NOD scid IL-2 gamma chain knockout (NSG) mouse model. Finally, the ability of PDL241 to ameliorate experimental arthritis was evaluated in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in rhesus monkeys.

Results

PDL241 bound to plasmablasts and plasma cells but not naïve B cells. Consistent with the binding profile, PDL241 inhibited the production of IgM from in vitro PBMC cultures by the depletion of CD319⁺ plasmablasts and plasma cells but not B cells. The activity of PDL241 was dependent on an intact Fc portion of the IgG₁ and mediated predominantly by natural killer cells. Inhibition of IgM production was also observed in the human PBMC transfer to NSG mouse model. Treatment of rhesus monkeys in a CIA model with PDL241 led to a significant inhibition of anti-collagen IgG and IgM antibodies. A beneficial effect on joint related parameters, including bone remodeling, histopathology, and joint swelling was also observed.

Conclusions

The activity of PDL241 in both in vitro and in vivo models highlights the potential of CD319 as a therapeutic target in RA.