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1.
Sex differences in mortality rates stem from genetic, physiological, behavioral, and social causes that are best understood
when integrated in an evolutionary life history framework. This paper investigates the Male-to-Female Mortality Ratio (M:F
MR) from external and internal causes and across contexts to illustrate how sex differences shaped by sexual selection interact
with the environment to yield a pattern with some consistency, but also with expected variations due to socioeconomic and
other factors.
Daniel J. Kruger earned his Ph.D. in Social Psychology at Loyola University Chicago and is currently an Assistant Research
Scientist at the University of Michigan. His evolutionary research interests include altruism, cooperation, competition, risk,
life history, mortality patterns, mating strategies, and applications for social and ecological sustainability.
Randolph M. Nesse is Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Psychology, and Research Professor at the Institute for Social
Research at the University of Michigan, where he directs the Evolution and Human Adaptation Program. His research interests
are focused on Darwinian medicine, especially the origins of depression and other forms of psychopathology. 相似文献
2.
Recent evidence suggests that the ratio of the lengths of the second and fourth fingers (2D:4D) may reflect degree of prenatal
androgen exposure in humans. In the present study, we tested the hypotheses that 2D:4D would be associated with ratings of
men’s attractiveness and with levels of behavioral displays during social interactions with potential mates. Our results confirm
that male 2D:4D was significantly negatively correlated with women’s ratings of men’s physical attractiveness and levels of
courtship-like behavior during a brief conversation. These findings provide novel evidence for the organizational effects
of hormones on human male attractiveness and social behavior.
This work was supported by a Hind’s Fund Research Grant from the Committee on Evolutionary Biology at the University of Chicago
to J.R.R. and by NIH grants R01-MH62577 and K02-MH63097 to D.M.
James Roney, Ph.D., is now an assistant professor of psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. His research
interests are in human evolutionary psychology and behavioral endocrinology. Dario Maestripieri, Ph.D., is an associate professor
of Human Development at the University of Chicago. He has broad research interests in behavior, development, and evolution. 相似文献
4.
The hypothesis that play behavior is more prevalent in larger-brained animals has recently been challenged. It may be, for
example, that only certain brain structures are related to play. Here, we analyze social play behavior with regards to the
cerebellum: a structure strongly implicated in motor-development, and possibly also in cognitive skills. We present an evolutionary
analysis of social play and the cerebellum, using a phylogenetic comparative method. Social play frequency and relative cerebellum
size are positively correlated. Hence, there appears to be a link between the evolutionary elaboration of social play and
the cerebellum.
Kerrie Lewis recently received her Ph.D. from the University of Durham, U.K., under the supervision of Robert Barton. She
is currently working in a postdoctoral position at Duke University, conducting research into primate numerical cognition.
Robert Barton is a Reader in Evolutionary Anthropology at the University of Durham. His interests comprise primate behavior
and brain evolution. Both authors are keen advocates for the use of the comparative method in evolutionary studies. 相似文献
5.
Cooperation can evolve in the context of cognitive activities such as perception, attention, memory, and decision making,
in addition to physical activities such as hunting, gathering, warfare, and childcare. The social insects are well known to
cooperate on both physical and cognitive tasks, but the idea of cognitive cooperation in humans has not received widespread
attention or systematic study. The traditional psychological literature often gives the impression that groups are dysfunctional
cognitive units, while evolutionary psychologists have so far studied cognition primarily at the individual level. We present
two experiments that demonstrate the superiority of thinking in groups, but only for tasks that are sufficiently challenging
to exceed the capacity of individuals. One of the experiments is in a brain-storming format, where advantages of real groups
over nominal groups have been notoriously difficult to demonstrate. Cognitive cooperation might often operate beneath conscious
awareness and take place without the need for overt training, as evolutionary psychologists have stressed for individual-level
cognitive adaptations. In general, cognitive cooperation should be a central subject in human evolutionary psychology, as
it already is in the study of the social insects.
David Sloan Wilson is an evolutionary biologist interested in a broad range of issues relevant to human behavior. He has published
in psychology, anthropology, and philosophy journals in addition to his mainstream biological research. He is author of Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion, and the Nature of Society (University of Chicago Press, 2002) and co-author with philosopher Elliott Sober of Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior (Harvard University Press, 1998).
John J. Timmel received his Ph.D. from Binghamton University in 2001.
Ralph R. Miller is Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Binghamton University. His research interests include information
processing in animals, with an emphasis on elementary, evolutionarily derived, fundamentals of learning and memory that might
be expected to generalize across species, including humans. 相似文献
6.
7.
Devon D. Brewer 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》1995,6(4):379-403
This paper summarizes and discusses three studies of patterns in the recall of persons in socially bounded communities. Individual
sin three different communities (a graduate academic program, a religious fellowship, and a department in a formal organization)
free-listed the names of persons in their respective communities. Results indicate that the individuals in each community
share a common cognitive structure of community members that is based on the community’s social structure. These studies,
combined with the results of other research, strongly suggest that persons are organized in memory according to social structural
principles and that affiliation and dominance are the principal dimensions of social cognition. Suggestions are offered for
future research to test the generality of these findings.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 3rd European Conference on Social Network Analysis, June, 1993, in München
(Munich), Germany. This research was supported by an Air Force Laboratory Graduate Fellowship awarded to the author by the
U. S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research.
Devon D. Brewer received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Irvine, and is currently a research consultant with
the Social Development Research Group at the University of Washington. His research focuses on social networks, cognitive
anthropology, and research methods. 相似文献
8.
9.
Aura Raulo Bryony E. Allen Tanya Troitsky Arild Husby Josh A. Firth Tim Coulson Sarah C. L. Knowles 《The ISME journal》2021,15(9):2601
The mammalian gut teems with microbes, yet how hosts acquire these symbionts remains poorly understood. Research in primates suggests that microbes can be picked up via social contact, but the role of social interactions in non-group-living species remains underexplored. Here, we use a passive tracking system to collect high resolution spatiotemporal activity data from wild mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Social network analysis revealed social association strength to be the strongest predictor of microbiota similarity among individuals, controlling for factors including spatial proximity and kinship, which had far smaller or nonsignificant effects. This social effect was limited to interactions involving males (male-male and male-female), implicating sex-dependent behaviours as driving processes. Social network position also predicted microbiota richness, with well-connected individuals having the most diverse microbiotas. Overall, these findings suggest social contact provides a key transmission pathway for gut symbionts even in relatively asocial mammals, that strongly shapes the adult gut microbiota. This work underlines the potential for individuals to pick up beneficial symbionts as well as pathogens from social interactions.Subject terms: Microbial ecology, Zoology, Community ecology 相似文献
10.
Evolutionary theory suggests that men and women differ in the characteristics valued in potential mates. In humans, males
show a preference for physical attractiveness, whereas females seek cues that relate to resources and future earning potential.
If women pursue marriage as an economic strategy, female sexual advertisement should increase during periods of poor economic
conditions when the number of high-quality male partners becomes a limited resource. To test this prediction, measures of
skin display and clothing tightness were taken for clothes portrayed in UK Vogue magazine from 1916 to 1999. These estimates of sexual advertisement were analyzed in relation to an index of economic prosperity
(GDP), while controlling for general increases in economic conditions and sexual display over the course of the past century.
The results indicate that female sexual display increases as economic conditions decline, with the level of breast display
and the tightness of clothing at the waist and hips the key factors underlying this increase. Breast size and symmetry and
female body form are secondary sexual characteristics that play an important role in sexual attractiveness. Since advertisement
of these features increases as levels of competition for high-quality partners increases, females appear to use marriage as
an economic strategy. Patterns of female fashion appear to be underpinned by evolutionary considerations relating resource
availability to female reproductive success.
Russell Hill, B.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D. is an Addison Wheeler Research Fellow at the University of Durham. His main research interests
are in the evolution of mammalian social systems and his current projects span evolutionary anthropology, conservation biology,
and theoretical modeling.
Sophie Donovan B.Sc., M.Sc. has recently completed an M.Sc. in Speech and Language Sciences at University College London,
focusing on the development of a deaf child’s vocabulary through conversations in the classroom. She is currently practicing
as a Speech and Language Therapist.
Nicola Koyama, B.Sc., Ph.D. is a Senior Lecturer at Liverpool John Moores University. Her principal research interests lie
in the evolution of social systems in human and non-human primates, in particular the regulation of social relationships,
mate preferences, and conflict management. 相似文献
11.
The claim that men prefer women with low waist-to-hip ratios (WHR) has been vigorously disputed. We examine self-report data
from 359 primiparous Polish women (with normal singleton births and healthy infants) and show that WHR correlates with at
least one component of a woman’s biological fitness (her first child’s birth weight, a variable that significantly affects
infant survival rates). However, a woman’s Body Mass Index (BMI) is a better predictor of her child’s neonatal weight in small-bodied
women (<54 kg). The failure to find a preference for low WHR in some traditional populations may thus be a consequence of
the fact that, even in western populations, body mass is a better predictor of fitness in those cases characterized by low
maternal body weight.
Boguslaw Pawłowski Ph.D., D.Sc., is a researcher and lecturer in biological anthropology at the University of Wrocław, Poland.
His research interests focus on mechanisms of human evolution (with special attention to the evolution of subcutaneous fat
tissue distribution) and human mate choice.
Robin Dunbar Ph.D., FBA is British Academy Research Professor of Evolutionary Psychology at the University of Liverpool, England,
and co-Director of the British Academy Centenary Research Project. His research interests focus on the evolutionary and environmental
determinants of social and reproductive strategies, with particular references to humans, nonhuman primates, and ungulates. 相似文献
12.
Dennis Gannon Sriram Krishnan Liang Fang Gopi Kandaswamy Yogesh Simmhan Aleksander Slominski 《Cluster computing》2005,8(4):271-277
Software Component Frameworks are well known in the commercial business application world and now this technology is being
explored with great interest as a way to build large-scale scientific applications on parallel computers. In the case of Grid
systems, the current architectural model is based on the emerging web services framework. In this paper we describe progress
that has been made on the Common Component Architecture model (CCA) and discuss its success and limitations when applied to
problems in Grid computing. Our primary conclusion is that a component model fits very well with a services-oriented Grid,
but the model of composition must allow for a very dynamic (both in space and in time) control of composition. We note that
this adds a new dimension to conventional service workflow and it extends the “Inversion of Control” aspects of most component
systems.
Dennis Gannon is a professor of Computer Science at Indiana University. He received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of
Illinois in 1980 and his Ph.D. in Mathematics from the University of California in 1974. From 1980 to 1985, he was on the
faculty at Purdue University. His research interests include software tools for high performance distributed systems and problem
solving environments for scientific computation.
Sriram Krishnan received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Indiana University in 2004. He is currently in the Grid Development Group at
the San Diego Supercomputer Center where he is working on designing a Web services based architecture for biomedical applications
that is secure and scalable, and is conducive to the creation of complex workflows. He received my undergraduate degree in
Computer Engineering from the University of Mumbai, India.
Liang Fang is a Ph.D. student in Computer Science at Indiana University. His research interests include Grid computing, Web services,
portals, their security and scalability issues. He is a Research Assistant in Computer Science at Indiana University, currently
responsible for investigating authorization and other security solutions to the project of Linked Environments for Atmospheric
Discovery (LEAD).
Gopi Kandaswamy is a Ph.D. student in the Computer Science Department at Indiana University where he is current a Research Assistant. His
research interests include Web services and workflow systems for the Grid.
Yogesh Simmhan received his B.E. degree in Computer Science from Madras University, India in 2000, and is a doctoral candidate in Computer
Science at Indiana University. He is currently working as a Research Assistant at Indiana University, investigating data management
issues in the LEAD project. His interests lie in data provenance for workflow systems and its use in data quality estimation.
Aleksander Slominski is a Ph.D. student in the Computer Science at Indiana University. His research interests include Grid and Web Services, streaming
XML Pull Parsing and performance, Grid security, asynchronous messaging, events, and notifications brokers, component technologies,
and workflow composition. He is currently working as a Research Assistant investigating creation and execution of dynamic
workflows using Grid Process Execution Language (GPEL) based on WS-BPEL. 相似文献
13.
David C. Geary M. Catherine DeSoto Mary K. Hoard Melanie Skaggs Sheldon M. Lynne Cooper 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2001,12(4):299-320
The relation between sex hormones and responses to partner infidelity was explored in two studies reported here. The first
confirmed the standard sex difference in relationship jealousy, that males (n=133) are relatively more distressed by a partner’s sexual infidelity and females (n=159) by a partner’s emotional infidelity. The study also revealed that females using hormone-based birth control (n=61) tended more toward sexual jealousy than did other females, and reported more intense affective responses to partner infidelity
(n=77). In study two, 47 females were assessed four times across one month. Patterns of response to partner infidelity did not
vary by week of menstrual cycle, but significant relations between salivary estradiol level and jealousy responses were obtained
during the time of rising and high fertility risk. The implications, at least for females, are that any evolved psychological,
affective, or behavioral dispositions regarding reproduction-related relationships are potentially moderated by estradiol,
and that the use of synthetic hormones may disrupt this relation.
David C. Geary is the Frederick A. Middlebush Professor of Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri at Columbia.
He has published nearly 100 articles and chapters across a wide range of topics, including cognitive and developmental psychology,
education, evolutionary biology, and medicine. His two books, Children’s Mathematical Development (1984) and Male, Female: The Evolution of Human Sex Differences (1988), have been published by the American Psychological Association.
M. Catherine DeSoto recently completed her Ph.D. in psychological sciences at the University of Missouri at Columbia and is
currently assistant professor of psychobiology at the University of Northern Iowa. Her research primarily focuses on the interface
between biology and behavior, including the relation between sex hormones and personality disorders.
Mary K. Hoard is completing her Ph.D. studies in psychological sciences at the University of Missouri at Columbia and is currently
a research specialist in the Department of Psychological Sciences. Her research interests focus on children’s cognitive development,
as well as the relation between sleep and cognitive and psychological functioning.
Melanie Skaggs Sheldon is a graduate student in the Department of Psychological Sciences at the University of Missouri at
Columbia. Her research interests include social cooperation, sexual behavior, and personality, as understood from an evolutionary
perspective.
M. Lynne Cooper is a professor of psychological sciences and director of the training program in social psychology at the
University of Missouri at Columbia. She is an associate editor of the Journal of Personality and the author of more than 60 articles and chapters in the areas of personality and social psychology. Her primary research
efforts involve directing a longitudinal study of risky sexual behavior of adolescents and young adults. 相似文献
14.
Infant facial characteristics may affect discriminative parental solicitude because they convey information about the health
of the offspring. We examined the effect of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) infant facial characteristics on hypothetical adoption
preferences, ratings of attractiveness, and ratings of health. As expected, potential parents were more likely to adopt “normal”
infants, and they rated the FAS infants as less attractive and less healthy. Cuteness/attractiveness was the best predictor
of adoption likelihood.
This study formed part of the first author’s undergraduate honors thesis at Queen’s University conducted under the supervision
of the third author. This research was supported by an Ontario Mental Health Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and a research
contract from the Kingston Providence Continuing Care Centre to the third author.
Katherine L. Waller is a Ph.D. candidate in psychology at Queen’s University. Her research focuses on health psychology and
behavior in close relationships.
Anthony Volk is a Ph.D. candidate in psychology at Queen’s University. His research focuses on evolutionary psychology and
parental investment.
Vernon L. Quinsey is a professor of psychology and psychiatry at Queen’s University. His research focuses on forensic and
evolutionary psychology. 相似文献
15.
Michael Gurven Wesley Allen-Arave Kim Hill A. Magdalena Hurtado 《Human nature (Hawthorne, N.Y.)》2001,12(4):273-297
We describe food transfer patterns among Ache Indians living on a permanent reservation. The social atmosphere at the reservation
is characterized by a larger group size, a more predictable diet, and more privacy than the Ache typically experience in the
forest while on temporary foraging treks. Although sharing patterns vary by resource type and package size, much of the food
available at the reservation is given to members of just a few other families. We find significant positive correlations between
amounts transferred among pairs of families, a measure of the "contingency" component required of reciprocal altruism models.
These preferred sharing partners are usually close kin. We explore implications of these results in light of predictions from
current sharing models.
This research was supported by an L.S.B. Leakey Foundation grant and an NSF Graduate Fellowship to M. Gurven, and NSF Grant
#9617692 to K. Hill and A. M. Hurtado.
Michael Gurven recently obtained his Ph.D. from the University of New Mexico and is now an assistant professor at UC-Santa
Barbara. His current interests include exploring ways in which socioecology influences variation in cooperation within and
across human groups, and how cultural norms of fairness co-evolve with systems of resource production and distribution.
Wesley Allen-Arave is pursuing his Ph.D. in anthropology at the University of New Mexico. His primary research interests focus
on exploring variations across time and space in nonreciprocated altruistic acts, cooperation within social networks, and
concerns over social approval.
Kim Hill is a professor of anthropology in the Human Evolutionary Ecology (HEE) program at the University of New Mexico. His
primary research interests include hunter-gatherer behavioral ecology, life history theory, food acquisition strategies, food
sharing, cooperation, and biodiversity conservation in lowland South America. He has done fieldwork with Nahautl, Ache, Guarani,
Hiwi, Mashco Piro, Matsiguenga, and Yora indigenous peoples of Central and South America.
A. Magdalena Hurtado is associate professor of anthropology at the University of New Mexico. Her research interests include
the evolution of cooperation between the sexes, infectious disease and immune system adaptations, the epidemiology of hunter-gatherer
societies in transition, and the effects of health on economic productivity. During the past 20 years she has conducted fieldwork
among several South American native populations but now works primarily among the Ache of eastern Paraguay. 相似文献
16.
Chun-Hsi Huang Sanguthevar Rajasekaran Laurence Tianruo Yang Xin He 《Cluster computing》2006,9(3):345-353
This paper presents a general methodology for the communication-efficient parallelization of graph algorithms using the divide-and-conquer
approach and shows that this class of problems can be solved in cluster environments with good communication efficiency. Specifically,
the first practical parallel algorithm, based on a general coarse-grained model, for finding Hamiltonian paths in tournaments is presented. On any such parallel machines, this algorithm uses only (3log p+1), where p is the number of processors, communication rounds, which is independent of the tournament size, and can reuse the existing
linear-time algorithm in the sequential setting. For theoretical completeness, the algorithm is revised for fine-grained models,
where the ratio of computation and communication throughputs is low or the local memory size,
, of each individual processor is extremely limited
for any
, solving the problem with O(log p) communication rounds, while the hidden constant grows with the scalability factor 1/∊. Experiments have been carried out
on a Linux cluster of 32 Sun Ultra5 computers and an SGI Origin 2000 with 32 R10000 processors. The algorithm performance
on the Linux Cluster reaches 75% of the performance on the SGI Origin 2000 when the tournament size is about one million.
Computational resources and technical support are provided by the Center for Computational Research (CCR) at the State University
of New York at Buffalo.
Chun-Hsi Huang received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 2001. His is currently
an Assistant Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Connecticut. His interests include High Performance
Parallel Computing, Cluster and Grid Computing, Biomedical and Health Informatics, Algorithm Design and Analysis, Experimental
Algorithms and Computational Biology.
Sanguthevar Rajasekaran received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from Harvard University in 1988. Currently he is the UTC Chair Professor of
Computer Science and Engineering at the University of Connecticut and the Director of Booth Engineering Center for Advanced
Technologies (BECAT). His research interests include Parallel Algorithms, Bioinformatics, Data Mining, Randomized Computing,
Computer Simulations, and Combinatorial Optimization.
Laurence Tianruo Yang received is Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the Oxford University. He is currently a professor of Computer Science
of the St. Francis Xavier University in Canada. His research interests include high-performance computing, embedded systems,
computer archtecture and high-speed networking.
Xin He received his Ph.D. degree in Computer Science from the Ohio State University in 1987. He is currently Professor of Computer
Science and Engineering at the State University of New York at Buffalo. His research interests include Algorithms, Data Structures,
Combinatorics and Computational Geometry. 相似文献
17.
Social dilemmas, in which individually selfish behavior leads to collectively deficient outcomes, continue to be an important
topic of research because of their ubiquity. The present research with Japanese participants replicates, with slight modifications,
public goods games previously run in the United States. In contrast to recent work showing profound cross-cultural differences,
the results of two studies reported here show remarkable cross-cultural similarities. Specifically, results suggest that (1)
as in the U.S., allowing incremental commitment to a public good is effective at eliciting contributions, (2) individual differences
in trust affect contributions, (3) the distribution of player types in the U.S. and Japan are very similar, and (4) the dynamics
of play in the public goods games used here are strikingly parallel. These results are discussed in the context of the relationship
between cross-cultural differences and economic institutional environments.
Keiko Ishii is currently an instructor at Hokkaido University. She received a Ph.D. from Kyoto University in 2003. She has examined cultural influences in cognition, especially influences of cross-cultural diversity of communicative patterns in information processing. She also has an interest in cooperation and small group dynamics. Robert Kurzban is currently an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania in the Department of Psychology. He received his Ph.D. at the University of California–Santa Barbara and received postdoctoral training at the California Institute of Technology, the University of California–Los Angeles, and Economic Science Laboratory at the University of Arizona. His research focuses on evolved cognitive adaptations for navigating the social world in domains such as mate choice, friendship, morality, and group cooperation. 相似文献
Robert KurzbanEmail: |
Keiko Ishii is currently an instructor at Hokkaido University. She received a Ph.D. from Kyoto University in 2003. She has examined cultural influences in cognition, especially influences of cross-cultural diversity of communicative patterns in information processing. She also has an interest in cooperation and small group dynamics. Robert Kurzban is currently an assistant professor at the University of Pennsylvania in the Department of Psychology. He received his Ph.D. at the University of California–Santa Barbara and received postdoctoral training at the California Institute of Technology, the University of California–Los Angeles, and Economic Science Laboratory at the University of Arizona. His research focuses on evolved cognitive adaptations for navigating the social world in domains such as mate choice, friendship, morality, and group cooperation. 相似文献
18.
19.
Yi-Chang Zhuang Jyh-Biau Chang Tyng-Yeu Liang Ce-Kuen Shieh Laurence Tianruo Yang 《Cluster computing》2006,9(3):223-236
Recently, software distributed shared memory systems have successfully provided an easy user interface to parallel user applications
on distributed systems. In order to prompt program performance, most of DSM systems usually were greedy to utilize all of
available processors in a computer network to execute user programs. However, using more processors to execute programs cannot
necessarily guarantee to obtain better program performance. The overhead of paralleling programs is increased by the addition
in the number of processors used for program execution. If the performance gain from program parallel cannot compensate for
the overhead, increasing the number of execution processors will result in performance degradation and resource waste. In
this paper, we proposed a mechanism to dynamically find a suitable system scale to optimize performance for DSM applications
according to run-time information. The experimental results show that the proposed mechanism can precisely predict the processor
number that will result in the best performance and then effectively optimize the performance of the test applications by
adapting system scale according to the predicted result.
Yi-Chang Zhuang received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from National Cheng Kung University in 1995, 1997, and
2004. He is currently working as an engineer at Industrial Technology Research Institute in Taiwan. His research interests
include object-based storage, file systems, distributed systems, and grid computing.
Jyh-Biau Chang is currently an assistant professor at the Information Management Department of Leader University in Taiwan. He received
his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Electrical Engineering Department of National Cheng Kung University in 1994, 1996, and
2005. His research interest is focused on cluster and grid computing, parallel and distributed system, and operating system.
Tyng-Yeu Liang is currently an assistant professor who teaches and studies at Department of Electrical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University
of Applied Sciences in Taiwan. He received his B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from National Cheng Kung University in 1992, 1994,
and 2000. His study is interested in cluster and grid computing, image processing and multimedia.
Ce-Kuen Shieh currently is a professor at the Electrical Engineering Department of National Cheng Kung University in Taiwan. He is also
the chief of computation center at National Cheng Kung University. He received his Ph.D. degree from the Department of Electrical
Engineering of National Cheng Kung University in 1988. He was the chairman of the Electrical Engineering Department of National
Cheng Kung University from 2002 to 2005. His research interest is focused on computer network, and parallel and distributed
system.
Laurence T. Yang is a professor at the Department of Computer Science, St. Francis Xavier University, Canada. His research includes high performance
computing and networking, embedded systems, ubiquitous/pervasive computing and intelligence, and autonomic and trusted computing. 相似文献
20.
Connor RC 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2007,362(1480):587-602
Bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Australia, live in a large, unbounded society with a fission-fusion grouping pattern. Potential cognitive demands include the need to develop social strategies involving the recognition of a large number of individuals and their relationships with others. Patterns of alliance affiliation among males may be more complex than are currently known for any non-human, with individuals participating in 2-3 levels of shifting alliances. Males mediate alliance relationships with gentle contact behaviours such as petting, but synchrony also plays an important role in affiliative interactions. In general, selection for social intelligence in the context of shifting alliances will depend on the extent to which there are strategic options and risk. Extreme brain size evolution may have occurred more than once in the toothed whales, reaching peaks in the dolphin family and the sperm whale. All three 'peaks' of large brain size evolution in mammals (odontocetes, humans and elephants) shared a common selective environment: extreme mutual dependence based on external threats from predators or conspecific groups. In this context, social competition, and consequently selection for greater cognitive abilities and large brain size, was intense. 相似文献