Edible macroalga <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulva prolifera</Emphasis> as microelemental feed supplement for livestock: the fundamental assumptions of the production method

In the present paper, the possibility of the application of marine macroalga Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, as microelemental feed supplement for livestock, was evaluated. The concept was based on two facts: the natural macroalga contains high concentrations of microelements and there is a possibility to greatly increase this content via biosorption. In order to characterize the biosorption process of metal ions by U. prolifera, preliminary experiments were conducted with Cr(III) ions. The effect of temperature, pH and the biomass concentration on the equilibrium of biosorption was investigated. For further experiments (biosorption of Mn(II), Zn(II), Cu(II), Co(II)), the following experimental conditions were chosen: pH 5, 25°C, the biomass concentration 1.0 g l⁻¹. Equilibrium of the biosorption process could be described by the Langmuir equation. The theoretical maximum biosorption capacity was also determined by potentiometric titration of the biomass. The investigation of the external structure of the macroalga and atomic concentration of elements on the surface of the biomass was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The content of microelements in the biomass after biosorption increased 110,555; 44,228; 21,177; 2,281 and 1,458 times for Co(II), Cr(III),Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), respectively. Therefore, biomass of U. prolifera enriched with individual microelements, mixed in the proper proportion could be used as feed supplement in animal feeding to cover the nutrient requirements for microelements.     

浒苔遥感监测研究进展

浒苔大规模集聚形成的绿潮灾害是海洋生态系统主要生态环境问题之一,基于卫星遥感影像监测浒苔及其扩展动态已成为一种及时有效的手段。对国内外浒苔遥感监测方面文献进行归纳整理,认为光学遥感数据、多波段比值法是最常用的遥感数据和监测方法。对遥感监测浒苔机理进行了阐述,并对分类方法进行评价认为监督分类法解译精度不高。目前单波段阈值法和多波段比值法应用广泛,但在监测漂浮浒苔和混合象元解译存在不足。辐射传输模型法能有效提高信息解译的精度,但还处于起步阶段。遥感监测浒苔灾害的未来发展需要提高影像空间分辨率,深入研究监测方法,进行多种平台和多源遥感数据相结合,并由定性走向定量,从而建立健全遥感监测预警系统。     

Application of a novel phyco-composite biosorbent for the biotreatment of aqueous medium polluted with manganese ions

A composite phyco-biomass including four different marine macroalgae species (Chaetomorpha sp., Polysiphonia sp., Ulva sp., and Cystoseira sp.) was evaluated as a novel biosorbent for the biosorption of manganese ions from aqueous solution. The experimental studies were performed to optimize the operational factors including solution pH, biosorbent amount, initial manganese concentration, and reaction time in a batch-mode biosorption system. The removal yield of the biosorbent for manganese ions increased with increasing pH, manganese ion concentration, and reaction time, while it decreased as the biosorbent dose increased. The obtained kinetic data indicated that the removal of manganese ions by the biosorbent was best described by the pseudo-second-order model and the pore diffusion also contributed to the biosorption process. The results of isotherm and thermodynamic studies showed that the Freundlich model represented the biosorption equilibrium data well and this biotreatment system was feasible, spontaneous, and physical. The maximum manganese uptake capacity of used biosorbent was found to be 55.874 mg g^?1. Finally, a single-stage batch manganese biosorption system was designed and its kinetic performance was evaluated. All these findings revealed that the prepared composite macroalgae biosorbent has a fairly good potential for the removal of manganese ions from the aqueous medium.     

The Suitability of Jatropha Seed Press Cake as a Biosorbent for Removal of Hexavalent Chromium from Aqueous Solutions

Jatropha seed press cake (JPC), a biodeisel waste, was investigated for its use as biosorbent for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater. The acid-pretreated biomass exhibited 1.9-fold higher biosorption efficiency for Cr(VI). The Cr(VI) biosorption efficiency was found to increase with decrease in pH of aqueous medium. The adsorption capacity of biosorbent for Cr(VI) increased with increasing concentration of Cr(VI). The biosorption of Cr(VI) by acid-treated JPC followed a pseudo-second-order kinetics. The results of equilibrium studies showed that the biosorption process fitted the Langmuir isotherm model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 22.727 mg of Cr(VI)/g of biosorbent at 30°C. The activation energy was found to be 27.114 kJ/mol, suggesting that the adsorption process was mainly a physical process. The important thermodynamic parameters of adsorption (ΔG, ΔH, andΔS) were determined, which indicated that the Cr(VI) sorption by JPC is a spontaneous and endothermic process.     

Biosorption of Food Green 3 by a novel green generation composite biosorbent from aqueous environment

A green type composite biosorbent composed of pine, oak, hornbeam, and fir sawdust biomasses modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was first used for biosorption of an unsafe synthetic food dye, Food Green 3 from liquid medium in this study. Batch studies were carried by observing the effects of pH, dye concentration, biosorbent amount, and contact time. The equilibrium data were analyzed using Freundlich, Langmuir, and Dubinin–Radushkevich equations. Freundlich model gave a better conformity than other equations. The maximum dye removal potential of biosorbent was found to be 36.6 mg/g based on Langmuir isotherm. The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion models were applied to clarify the process kinetics of biosorption. The mechanism studies suggested the biosorption process obeying Elovich kinetics and involving pore diffusion. The estimated values of biosorption free energy from Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherm (E value <8 kJ/mol) and thermodynamic studies (0 < ΔG° < ?20 kJ/mol) implied a spontaneous, feasible, and physical process. Hence, this investigation suggested that the CTAB modified mix sawdust biomass could be a promising biosorbent for biosorption of such problematic dyes from impacted media.     

Taguchi DoE methodology for modeling of synthetic dye biosorption from aqueous effluents: parametric and phenomenological studies

Abstract

Biosorption technology has been acknowledged as one of the most successful treatment approaches for colored industrial effluents. The problems such as its high manufacturing cost and poor regeneration capability in the use of activated carbon as a biosorbent have prompted the environmental scientists to develop alternative biosorbent materials. In this context, as a sustainable green generation alternative biosorbent source, the discarded seed biomass from pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) processing industry was explored for the biotreatment of colored aqueous effluents in this study. To test the wastewater cleaning ability of biosorbent, Basic red 46 was selected as a typical model synthetic dye. Taguchi DoE methodology was employed to study the effect of important operational parameters, contact time, pH and synthetic dye concentration, on the biosorption process and to develop a mathematical model for the estimation of biosorption potential of biosorbent. The percentage contribution of each of these process variables on the dye biosorption was found to be 19.31%, 41.39%, and 38.74%, respectively. The biosorption capacity under the optimum environmental conditions, contact time of 360?min, pH of 8 and dye concentration of 30?mg L^?1, was estimated to be 92.878?mg g^?1 (R²: 99.45). This value was very close to the experimentally obtained dye removal performance value (92.095?mg g^?1). These findings indicated the high ability of Taguchi DoE technique in the optimization and simulation of dye biosorption system. The kinetic and equilibrium modeling studies showed that the pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models were the best models for the elucidation of dye removal behavior of biosorbent. The thermodynamic studies displayed that the dye biosorption was a feasible, spontaneous and exothermic process. This parametric and phenomenological survey revealed that the discarded pepper seed biomass can be introduced as a potential and efficient biosorbent for the bioremediation of colored industrial effluents.     

Auxinvorkommen und Auxinstoffwechsel bei mehrzelligen Ostseealgen

Summary The algae Enteromorpha prolifera, Enteromorpha compressa, Cladophora sericea, Pylaiella litoralis, Ceramium rubrum, Nemalion multifidum and Furcellaria fastigiata contain extractable auxin. After paper chromatography in different solvents, the Triticum section-test and Avena curvature-test showed that the main activity was due to IAA. This result was supported by colour tests with indole reagents after paper and thin layer chromatography.In Ceramium rubrum, Enteromorpha prolifera and Enteromorpha compressa the low IAA level was correlated with a high content of inhibitors.Only Furcellaria fastigiata contained an auxin in the nonacidic fraction. As yet an identification was unsuccessful.Alkali-hydrolysis of the algae using N NaOH liberated large amounts of auxins. Also in this case, IAA was the main auxin. With thin layer chromatography 2 or 3 other indole derivatives could be detected.

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Aus einer Dissertation der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Rostock (Schiewer, 1965).     

Bioremediation of cadmium-contaminated water systems using intact and alkaline-treated alga (Hydrodictyon reticulatum) naturally grown in an ecosystem

Cadmium can enter water, soil, and food chain in amounts harmful to human health by industrial wastes. The use of intact and NaOH-treated dried algal tissues (Hydrodictyon reticulatum), a major ecosystem bio-component, for Cd removal from aqueous solutions was characterized. Cadmium biosorption was found to be dependent on solution pH, bioadsorbent dose, the interaction between pH and dose, contact time, and initial Cd concentration. The experimental results indicated that the biosorption performance of alkaline-treated algal tissues was better than that of intact tissues. The maximum biosorption capacities were 7.40 and 12.74 mg g^?1 for intact and alkaline-treated bioadsorbents, respectively, at optimum operating conditions. Biosorption reaches equilibrium after 24 and 240 minutes of contact, respectively, for alkaline-treated and intact bioadsorbents. Cadmium biosorption was best fitted to Langmuir isotherm model (R² ≈ 0.99) and the kinetic study obeyed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, which suggests chemisorption as the rate-limiting step in the biosorption process. Alkaline-treated algal tissues can be used as a new material of low-cost bioadsorbent for continuous flow rate treatment systems.     

Genetic variation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera</Emphasis> (Ulvales,Chlorophyta)—the causative species of the green tides in the Yellow Sea,China

Ulva (Enteromorpha) prolifera, widely distributed from the intertidal to the upper subtidal zones around the world, was the dominant species of the massive green tides in the Yellow Sea in the summers of 2007, 2008, and 2009. However, little is known about its intra-species genetic diversity. In this study, six attached and seven floating U. prolifera samples collected from different sites distributed from the north of the Yellow Sea to the south of the East China Sea were taken in inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis. Based on the results of the 90 polymorphic bands from four ISSR primers, the genetic diversity level of the floating samples (H = 0.1663, I = 0.2608) was found to be lower than that of the attached samples (H = 0.2105, I = 0.3346). Unweighted pair-group mean analysis (UPGMA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) suggested that floating U. prolifera samples in the Yellow Sea from 2007 to 2009 had a close genetic relationship, and the floating samples were separated from the attached samples. Genetic differentiation and limited gene flow among attached U. prolifera populations were indicated by analysis of molecular variance.     

A natural macroalgae consortium for biosorption of copper from aqueous solution: Optimization,modeling and design studies

In this study, the capacity of a natural macroalgae consortium consisting of Chaetomorpha sp., Polysiphonia sp., Ulva sp. and Cystoseira sp. species for the removal of copper ions from aqueous environment was investigated at different operating conditions, such as solution pH, copper ion concentration and contact time. These environmental parameters affecting the biosorption process were optimized on the basis of batch experiments. The experimentally obtained data for the biosorption of copper ions onto the macroalgae-based biosorbent were modeled using the isotherm models of Freundlich, Langmuir, Sips and Dubinin–Radushkevich and the kinetic models of pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and Weber and Morris. The pseudo-first-order and Sips equations were the most suitable models to describe the copper biosorption from aqueous solution. The thermodynamic data revealed the feasibility, spontaneity and physical nature of biosorption process. Based on the data of Sips isotherm model, the biosorption capacity of biosorbent for copper ions was calculated as 105.370 mg g^?1 under the optimum operating conditions. A single-stage batch biosorption system was developed to predict the real-scale-based copper removal performance of biosorbent. The results of this investigation showed the potential utility of macroalgae consortium for the biosorption of copper ions from aqueous medium.     

Potential use of green algae as a biosorbent for hexavalent chromium removal from aqueous solutions

The hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) poses a threat as a hazardous metal and its removal from aquatic environments through biosorption has gained attention as a viable technology of bioremediation. We evaluated the potential use of three green algae (Cladophora glomerata, Enteromorpha intestinalis and Microspora amoena) dry biomass as a biosorbent to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption capacity of the biomass was determined using batch experiments. The adsorption capacity appeared to depend on the pH. The optimum pH with the acid-treated biomass for Cr(VI) biosorption was found to be 2.0 at a constant temperature, 45?°C. Among the three genera studied, C. glomerata recorded a maximum of 66.6% removal from the batch process using 1.0?g dried algal cells/100?ml aqueous solution containing an initial concentration of 20?mg/L chromium at 45?°C and pH 2.0 for 60?min of contact time. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm equations fitted to the equilibrium data, Freundlich was the better model. Our study showed that C. glomerata dry biomass is a suitable candidate to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions.     

Biosorption of an Azo Dye by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aspergillus niger</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichoderma</Emphasis> sp. Fungal Biomasses

Biosorption is an eco-friendly and cost-effective method for treating the dye house effluents. Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma sp. were cultivated in bulk and biomasses used as biosorbents for the biosorption of an azo dye Orange G. Batch biosorption studies were performed for the removal of Orange G from aqueous solutions by varying the parameters like initial aqueous phase pH, biomass dosage, and initial dye concentration. It was found that the maximum biosorption was occurred at pH 2. Experimental data were analyzed by model equations such as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, and it was found that both the isotherm models best fitted the adsorption data. The monolayer saturation capacity was 0.48 mg/g for Aspergillus niger and 0.45 mg/g for Trichoderma sp. biomasses. The biosorption kinetic data were tested with pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order rate equations, and it was found that the pseudo second-order model fitted the data well for both the biomasses. The rate constant for the pseudo second-order model was found to be 10–0.8 (g/mg min⁻¹) for Aspergillus niger and 8–0.4 (g/mg min⁻¹) for Trichoderma sp. by varying the initial dye concentrations from 5 to 25 mg/l. It was found that the biomass obtained from Aspergillus niger was a better biosorbent for the biosorption of Orange G dye when compared to Trichoderma sp.     

Biosorption behavior of heavy metals in bioleaching process of MSWI fly ash by Aspergillus niger

In this study, it was considered that the biosorption of heavy metals by biomass might occur during the bioleaching of fly ash. This work is focused on the biosorption behavior of Al, Fe, Pb and Zn by Aspergillus niger during the bioleaching process. The fungal biomass was contacted with heavy metals solution which extracted from fly ash by using gluconic acid as leaching agent. The equilibrium time for biosorption was about 120 min. The biosorption experiment data at initial pH 6.5 was used to fit the biosorption kinetics and isotherm models. The results indicated that the biosorption of Al, Fe and Zn by A. niger biomass were well described by the pseudo-first order kinetic model. The pseudo-second order kinetic model was more suitable for that of Pb. The Langmuir isotherm model could well describe the biosorption of Fe, Pb and Zn while the Freundlich model could well describe the biosorption of Al. Furthermore, the biosorption of metal ions decreased evidently in the presence of fly ash as compared to that in the absence of fly ash. This research showed that although the biomass sorption occurred during the bioleaching process, it did not inhibit the removal of Al, Fe, Pb and Zn evidently from fly ash.     

Bioremediation potential of a widespread industrial biowaste as renewable and sustainable biosorbent for synthetic dye pollution

In this study, a model synthetic azo dye (Basic red 46) bioremoval by Carpinus betulus sawdust as inexpensive, eco-friendly, and sustainable biosorbent from aqueous solution was examined in a batch biosorption system. The effective environmental parameters on the biosorption process, such as the value of pH, amount of biosorbent, initial dye concentration and contact time were optimized using classical test design. The possible dye-biosorbent interaction was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The equilibrium, thermodynamic, and kinetic studies for the biosorption of Basic red 46 onto the sawdust biomass were performed. In addition, a single-stage batch dye biosorption system was also designed. The dye biosorption yield of biosorbent was significantly influenced by the change of operating variables. The experimental data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model and both the pseudo-first-order kinetic and the pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Thermodynamic research indicated that the biosorption of dye was feasible and spontaneous. Based on the Langmuir isotherm model, the biosorbent was found to have a maximum biosorption potential higher than many other biosorbents in the literature (264.915?mg g^?1). Thus, this investigation presents a novel green option for the assessment of waste sawdust biomass as a cheap and effective biosorbent material.     

Nickel(II) biosorption by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rhodotorula glutinis</Emphasis>

The present study reports the feasibility of using Rhodotorula glutinis biomass as an alternative low-cost biosorbent to remove Ni(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Acetone-pretreated R. glutinis cells showed higher Ni(II) biosorption capacity than untreated cells at pH values ranging from 3 to 7.5, with an optimum pH of 7.5. The effects of other relevant environmental parameters, such as initial Ni(II) concentration, shaking contact time and temperature, on Ni(II) biosorption onto acetone-pretreated R. glutinis were evaluated. Significant enhancement of Ni(II) biosorption capacity was observed by increasing initial metal concentration and temperature. Kinetic studies showed that the kinetic data were best described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Among the two-, three-, and four-parameter isotherm models tested, the Fritz-Schluender model exhibited the best fit to experimental data. Thermodynamic parameters (activation energy, and changes in activation enthalpy, activation entropy, and free energy of activation) revealed that the biosorption of Ni(II) ions onto acetone-pretreated R. glutinis biomass is an endothermic and non-spontaneous process, involving chemical sorption with weak interactions between the biosorbent and Ni(II) ions. The high sorption capacity (44.45 mg g⁻¹ at 25°C, and 63.53 mg g⁻¹ at 70°C) exhibited by acetone-pretreated R. glutinis biomass places this biosorbent among the best adsorbents currently available for removal of Ni(II) ions from aqueous effluents.     

POTENTIAL USE OF LEAF BIOMASS,ARAUCARIA HETEROPHYLLA FOR REMOVAL OF Pb+2

The present investigation attempt to analyze the biosorption behavior of novel biosorbent, Araucaria heterophylla (green plant) biomass, for removal of Pb⁺² from solution as the function of initial metal ion concentration, pH, temperature, sorbent dosage and biomass particle size. The maximum biosorption was found to be 95.12% at pH 5 and biosorption capacity (q_e) of Cd⁺² is 9.643 mg/g. The Langmuir and Freundlich equilibrium adsorption isotherms were studied and observed that Freundlich model is best fit than the Langmuir model with correlation coefficient of 0.9927. Kinetic studies indicated that the biosorption process of Cd⁺² followed well pseudo second order model with R² 0.999. The process is exothermic and, spontaneous. The chemical functional groups –OH, CH₂ stretching vibrations, C?O of alcohol, C?O of amide, P?O stretching vibrations, –CH, were involved in the process. The XRD pattern of the A. heterophylla was found to be mostly amorphous in nature. The SEM studies showed Pb⁺² biosorption on selective grains of the biosorbent. It was concluded that A. heterophylla leaf powder can be used as an effective, low cost, and environmentally friendly biosorbent for the removal of Pb⁺² from aqueous solution.     

Application of Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis biomass for silver removal from aqueous solutions

The cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) platensis was used to study the process of silver biosorption. Effects of various parameters such as contact time, dosage of biosorbent, initial pH, temperature, and initial concentration of Ag(I) were investigated for a batch adsorption system. The optimal biosorption conditions were determined as pH 5.0, biosorbent dosage of 0.4 g, and initial silver concentration of 30 mg/L. Equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models – however, the Freundlich model provided a better fit to the experimental data. The kinetic data fit the pseudo-second-order model well, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99. The analysis of thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°) revealed that the adsorption process of silver ion by spirulina biomass was exothermic and spontaneous (ΔG° < 0), and exothermic (ΔH° < 0) process. The biosorption capacity of biomass A. platensis serves as a basis for the development of green technology for environmental remediation.     

An ecofriendly approach for bioremediation of contaminated water environment: Potential contribution of a coastal seaweed community to environmental improvement

High levels of heavy metals like copper ions in many industrial based effluents lead to serious environmental and health problems. Biosorption is a potential environmental biotechnology approach for biotreatment of aquatic sites polluted with heavy metal ions. Seaweeds have received great attention for their high bioremediation potential in recent years. However, the co-application of marine macroalgae for removal of heavy metals from wastewater is very limited. Thus, for the first time in literature, a coastal seaweed community composed of Chaetomorpha sp., Polysiphonia sp., Ulva sp. and Cystoseira sp. species was applied to remove copper ions from synthetic aqueous medium in this study. The biosorption experiments in batch mode were conducted to examine the effects of operating variables including pH, biosorbent amount, metal ion concentration and contact time on the biosorption process. The biosorption behavior of biosorbent was described by various equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic models. The biosorption of copper ions was strongly influenced by the operating parameters. The results indicated that the equilibrium data of biosorption were best modeled by Sips isotherm model. The values of mean free energy of biosorption computed from Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model and the standard Gibbs free energy change indicated a feasible, spontaneous and physical biotreatment system. The pseudo-second-order rate equation successfully defined the kinetic behavior of copper biosorption. The pore diffusion also played role in the control of biosorption process. The maximum copper uptake capacity of biosorbent was found to be greater than those of many other biosorbents. The obtained results revealed that this novel biosorbent could be a promising material for copper ion bioremediation implementations.     

Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Cr(VI) Biosorption by Dead <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus licheniformis</Emphasis> Biomass

Many studies have been carried out on the biosorption capacity of different kinds of biomass. However, reports on the kinetic and equilibrium study of the biosorption process are limited. In our experiments, the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution was investigated in a batch system by sorption on the dead cells of Bacillus licheniformis isolated from metal-polluted soils. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments were performed at various initial metal concentrations, pH, contact time, and temperatures. The biomass exhibited the highest Cr(VI) uptake capacity at 50°C, pH 2.5 and with the initial Cr(VI) concentration of 300 mg/g. The Langmuir and Freundlich models were considered to identify the isotherm that could better describe the equilibrium adsorption of Cr(VI) onto biomass. The Langmuir model fitted our experimental data better than the Freundlich model. The suitability of the pseudo first-order and pseudo second-order kinetic models for the sorption of Cr(VI) onto Bacillus licheniformis was also discussed. It is better to apply the pseudo second-kinetic model to describe the sorption system.