Rat carotid artery dilation by PTCA balloon catheter induces neointima formation in presence of IEL rupture

The best animal angioplasty model is the porcine model, which is expensive and not available in all laboratories. The aim of this study was to describe a new rat model of angioplasty. An injury was induced with the use of a standard percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 1.5-mm balloon catheter. The neointimal tissue, arterial dimensions, and the injury index were assessed following angioplasty. Ki-67 expression was detected to evaluate cell turnover after balloon angioplasty. In contrast with the standard Clowes model, a significant neointimal formation was detected only in the presence of ruptured internal elastic lamina (IEL). A positive correlation between the percentage of ruptured IEL and the amount of neointimal tissue was also demonstrated. The percentage of IEL fracture correlates with the proliferation index by anti-Ki-67 immunolabeling 7 and 14 days after the angioplasty. Significant arterial negative remodeling was observed following PTCA balloon dilation. In conclusion, our inexpensive animal model of restenosis after angioplasty may have great relevance toward a better understanding of the mechanisms and toward assessment of new therapeutical strategies for this phenomenon.     

Provisional stenting in the real world: results in 1058 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty

OBJECTIVE: To study a strategy of aggressive coronary balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting in allcomers. In randomized trials, stenting has improved the outcome of patients undergoing coronary intervention. However, whether these results hold up in clinical practice is largely unknown. Furthermore, the results of balloon angioplasty have also improved dramatically. It is therefore essential to evaluate the current results of balloon angioplasty and to assess whether stents are required in all patients. METHODS: The authors prospectively studied the occurrence of death, myocardial infarction (MI) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) of a large consecutive group of patients undergoing aggressive balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting. None of the patients received a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker. The results were compared with the outcome of routine stenting in recent randomized trials. RESULTS: Angioplasty was performed in 1058 patients of whom 369 (34.9%) received a stent. The angiographic success rate was 98.9%. During hospital stay, 4.8% of the patients suffered any cardiac event. At one-year follow-up, death occurred in 1.1%, MI in 3.3%, TLR in 12.4% and any event in 16.7% of the patients. Event-free survival at one-year was 82.3%. These results compare favorably with routine stenting in recent trials. CONCLUSIONS: Aggressive balloon angioplasty with provisional stenting yields excellent results in a general patient population.     

Risk of Premotor Symptoms in Patients with Newly Diagnosed PD: A Nationwide,Population-Based,Case-Control Study in Taiwan

Background

To evaluate the risk of premotor symptoms, namely rapid eye movement behavior disorder (RBD), constipation, and depression among patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease (PD).

Methods

A total of 705 PD patients and 2,820 control subjects were selected from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients were traced back for a maximum of 14 years to determine the diagnoses of RBD, depression, and constipation. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk of premotor symptoms for PD. Moreover, subgroup analyses were performed by dividing the patients into a middle-age onset group (≤ 64 years) and an old-age onset group (≥ 65 years). The associations between these premotor symptoms and age of PD onset were further examined.

Results

An association was found between a history of premotor symptoms and newly diagnosed PD in which a high occurrence of premotor symptoms was identified in PD patients as compared to selected controls (4.3% vs. 1.2% for RBD, 40.4% vs. 24.0% for constipation, and 13.0% vs. 5.1% for depression). The strength of this association remained statistically significant after adjustment for potential confounders (3.69 fold risk for RBD, 2.36 for constipation, and 2.82 for depression, all p < 0.0001). The average interval between premotor symptoms and PD ranged from 4.5 to 6.2 years. RBD and depression carried higher risks for PD in the middle-age onset group than in the old-age onset group (7.20- vs. 2.24-fold risk for RBD, 6.06 vs. 1.40 for depression).

Conclusion

The prevalence of premotor symptoms was higher among the PD patients than in the controls. Premotor symptoms appeared to be associated with a higher risk for PD in subjects with an earlier age of onset.     

护理干预对急性心肌梗死患者心绞痛发生率与不良情绪的影响

目的:探讨护理干预对急性心肌梗死患者心绞痛发生率与不良情绪的影响。方法:选取我院2011年6月-2013年6月间收治的急性心肌梗死患者96例,随机分为实验组与对照组。对照组48例患者给予常规护理措施,实验组48例患者均给予个体化护理干预。分别于干预前后采用焦虑自评量表(SAS)、抑郁自评量表(SDS)对患者评分,对比两组患者的心绞痛发生率。结果:两组患者干预后SAS、SDS评分均显著低于干预前评分,干预前后比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),实验组干预后SAS、SDS评分显著高于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);实验组患者发生心绞痛14例(29.17%),对照组29例(60.42%),实验组心绞痛发生率显著低于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:个性化的护理干预可有效缓解急性心肌梗死患者焦虑及抑郁情绪,大幅度地降低心绞痛的发生率,对提高患者的的生活质量起积极作用。     

Prevalence of Clinical Anxiety,Clinical Depression and Associated Risk Factors in Chinese Young and Middle-Aged Patients with Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of clinical anxiety and clinical depression in Chinese young and mid-aged patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) and to analyze their potential risk factors.

Methods

Two hundred and sixteen Chinese patients with ONFH were consecutively enrolled in this cross-sectional study from January 2010 to December 2010. The Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS) and the Zung self-rating depression scale (SDS) were used to assess the prevalence of clinical anxiety and clinical depression. An additional questionnaire containing seventeen items of potential risk factors was completed by all patients. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to reveal potential risk factors of anxiety and depression.

Results

The prevalence of clinical anxiety and clinical depression was 20.4% and 21.8% in Chinese young and middle-aged patients with ONFH, respectively. Binary regression analysis showed that independent risk factors correlated with high incidence of clinical anxiety included involved femoral head (OR = 3.168, 95% CI: 1.496 - 6.708) and stages of ONFH (OR_{IV-V / II} = 5.383, 95% CI: 1.664-17.416). Independent risk factors correlated with high incidence of depression included gender (OR = 2.853, 95% CI: 1.467-5.778), comorbid diseases (OR = 4.243, 95% CI: 1.940-9.278) and stages of the disease (OR _IV-V/II = 16.963, 95% CI: 4.404-65.331).

Conclusions

Patients with bilateral ONFH are inclined to have clinical anxiety, while female patients and patients with comorbid diseases might tend to get clinical depression. Advanced stages of ONFH are independent risk factors for both clinical anxiety and clinical depression.     

Rapid clinical effectiveness of MIF-I in the treatment of major depressive illness

A double-blind 28 day study was conducted to compare the anti-depressant efficacy of MIF-I with that of imipramine. Twenty patients hospitalized with major depressive illness participated. Clinical responses were measured by using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Global Severity of Illness Scale, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale as well as the 100 mm line self-rating for depression. The results indicate that MIF-I was at least as effective as imipramine in this study, and that its anti-depressive effect was a rapid and often dramatic one.     

Endothelial function in patients with peripheral vascular disease: influence of prostaglandin E1

Peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD) is characterized by atherosclerotic lesions in large vessels and disturbances on the microcirculatory level. In the local regulation of vascular tone and microvascular perfusion, vascular endothelium plays a key role. For many years prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) has been used for the treatment of PAOD. Because PGE1 has only moderate effects on blood flow other mechanisms may be relevant for the therapeutical efficacy. The aim of our pilot study was to evaluate endothelial function in patients with PAOD and to investigate the impact of PGE1 on endothelial-dependent vasodilation in peripheral vesselsIn 8 controls and in 8 patients with PAOD stage II, endothelial-dependent vascular responses of the femoral vessels to increasing doses of acetylcholine (30,60,90 microg/min) were determined by Doppler flow velocity measurements in the common femoral artery. Furthermore, vascular reactivity was evaluated before and immediately after intravenous infusion of 30 microg PGE1/30 min in patients. Endothelial-dependent vasodilation was significantly reduced in patients with PAOD compared to control subjects. Infusion of PGE1 neither increased blood flow in the common femoral artery nor endothelium-dependent vasodilation of peripheral resistance vessels as indicated by unchanged reaction to acetylcholine.In conclusion, endothelial function is impaired in patients with PAOD. Administration of PGE1 did not increase femoral artery blood flow or improve endothelial-dependent reactivity of peripheral resistance vessels in patients with PAOD. Therefore, beneficial effects of PGE1 in peripheral vascular disease cannot be attributed to an increase in blood supply or an improvement of endothelial-dependent vasodilation.     

Comparison of escitalopram alone and combined with zolpidem in treating major depression and related sleep impairments

Escitalopram has been shown to be effective for treating major depression (MDD); however, research is lacking regarding its effect on treating MDD-related sleep impairments. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of escitalopram monotherapy and investigate changes in insomnia, depressive symptoms, and quality of life (QOL). Participants were 14 patients with MDD who enrolled in a clinical trial at Jikei University Katsushika Medical Center. Escitalopram monotherapy was used, and hypnotics were administered three times per week for individuals suffering from sleep impairments. The following variables were assessed: (1) sleep quality [Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)], (2) depression [Zung self-rating depression scale (ZSRDS)], and (3) quality of life (QOL) as determined by the Sheehan disability scale (SDISS) and short form (36) health survey (SF-36). These assessments were conducted prior to any treatment (pre-test) and again 8–12 weeks after treatment (post-test). Monotherapy (E = escitalopram alone; n = 6) and combination therapy (E+ = escitalopram + zolpidem; n = 8) groups were compared. All participants completed the full protocol (average 9.4 ± 1.8 weeks). Regardless of treatment group, participants improved on all assessments (including sleep impairment). However, groups did not differ in their level of improvement. A two-factor ANOVA revealed that the E+ group showed particular improvements in QOL. In treating MDD and associated sleep impairments, zolpidem did not confer additional benefits. Thus, clinicians should consider E monotherapy for patients with MDD-related sleep impairments before prescribing combination therapies.

     

Whole-Brain Functional Connectivity Identification of Functional Dyspepsia

Recent neuroimaging studies have shown local brain aberrations in functional dyspepsia (FD) patients, yet little attention has been paid to the whole-brain resting-state functional network abnormalities. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether FD disrupts the patterns of whole-brain networks and the abnormal functional connectivity could reflect the severity of the disease. The dysfunctional interactions between brain regions at rest were investigated in FD patients as compared with 40 age- and gender- matched healthy controls. Multivariate pattern analysis was used to evaluate the discriminative power of our results for classifying patients from controls. In our findings, the abnormal brain functional connections were mainly situated within or across the limbic/paralimbic system, the prefrontal cortex, the tempo-parietal areas and the visual cortex. About 96% of the subjects among the original dataset were correctly classified by a leave one-out cross-validation approach, and 88% accuracy was also validated in a replication dataset. The classification features were significantly associated with the patients’ dyspepsia symptoms, the self-rating depression scale and self-rating anxiety scale, but it was not correlated with duration of FD patients (p>0.05). Our results may indicate the effectiveness of the altered brain functional connections reflecting the disease pathophysiology underling FD. These dysfunctional connections may be the epiphenomena or causative agents of FD, which may be affected by clinical severity and its related emotional dimension of the disease rather than the clinical course.     

Relationship of stressful life events, anxiety and depression to hyperthyroidism in an asian population

BACKGROUND: Psychological disturbances are well-known disorders in patients with hyperthyroidism, with anxiety and depression being the most commonly described. Stressful life events may play an important role in the relationship of anxiety, depression and hyperthyroidism. We assessed the associations of these disorders by three-part rating scales, including the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) indicating anxiety, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung Scale) indicating depression and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) indicating external stress from life events in this study. METHODS: Eighty-six outpatients who visited an endocrine clinic with suspicion of thyroid disease and 18 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. In all of these individuals, thyroid functions were assessed and questionnaires were completed during an interview. RESULTS: The outpatients with hyperthyroidism (n = 39) had higher scores of HAM-A (15.7 +/- 1.1 vs. 8.0 +/- 0.8, p < 0.001), Zung scale (46.2 +/- 1.5 vs. 37.5 +/- 1.4, p < 0.001) and SRRS (92.9 +/- 13.5 vs. 56.9 +/- 8.4, p = 0.015) than those with euthyroidism (n = 47). The scores of the three-part rating scales were also higher in the outpatients with hyperthyroidism than in healthy volunteers (n = 18), with no significant differences between the outpatients with euthyroidism and healthy volunteers. CONCLUSION: In patients with hyperthyroidism, anxiety, depression and stressful life events were more severe than in those with normal thyroid function. There were no correlations between these psychological disorders and thyroid function tests of the subjects with hyperthyroidism. The role of psychotherapy in the development of hyperthyroidism deserves further investigations.     

Plasma adrenomedullin concentration is increased in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease associated with vascular inflammation

Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodepressor, is known to have anti-atherosclerotic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, there is no information about its level in severe atherosclerotic diseases, such as peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAOD). The present study investigated the plasma concentration of AM and several inflammatory parameters in 72 patients with and without PAOD. The plasma AM concentration in patients with PAOD was significantly higher than in those without PAOD. Its concentration had significant correlations with ankle-brachial index and Fontaine's stage. The plasma AM level also correlated with high sensitive C-reactive protein and interleukin-6. As an additional study, plasma levels of two forms of AM drawn from the femoral artery and saphenous vein were measured in 27 other subjects. Both mature and intermediate forms of plasma AM in the femoral artery and saphenous vein were higher in patients with PAOD than in those without PAOD. A significant step-up of the mature form of AM from the femoral artery to the saphenous vein was observed. Our findings indicate that the plasma AM concentration was elevated in patients with PAOD in proportion to the severity of the disease and associated with vascular inflammation. An increased production of AM in PAOD may play a protective role against advanced atherosclerosis with an inflammatory signature.     

Platelet serotonin concentration in dialysis patients with somatic symptoms of depression

Platelet serotonin (5-HT) concentration was measured in 65 male and 45 female chronic renal patients on hemodialysis (HD) with different somatic symptoms of depression (crying spells, irritability, sleep disturbance, fatigability, loss of appetite, weight loss, somatic preoccupation and loss of libido), to find out the relationship between the severity of symptoms and platelet 5-HT concentration. Male and female patients had significantly lower platelet 5-HT concentration than 62 male and 38 female healthy subjects. Gender-differences in platelet 5-HT values observed in healthy subjects were not found in patients. Platelet 5-HT concentration differed in the groups of patients with the different scores of particular somatic symptoms (loss of appetite and loss of libido), but was similar in patients with other somatic symptoms. There was no relationship between platelet 5-HT concentration and the severity of somatic symptoms, or between platelet 5-HT concentration and age of the patients. Gender-related differences in the occurrence of somatic symptoms were detected in patients with the different degrees of weight loss, somatic preoccupation and loss of libido. Our results suggest that platelet 5-HT concentration could not be used as a biological marker for the severity of somatic symptoms in chronic renal patients on HD.     

Ultrasound guidance: technique and results of aggressive ultrasound-guided PTCA. The UPSIZE Pilot Trial

Stenting results in a larger lumen than conventional balloon angioplasty. This is the major determinant of a good acute and long-term result. In this non-randomised, single centre trial, intravascular ultrasound was used preinterventionally to guide the choice of the balloon size. The aim was to achieve a maximum lumen area with balloon angioplasty only. We included 346 patients with 360 lesions. The diameter of the external elastic lamina by intravascular ultrasound was 4.67 mm. A mean balloon size of 4.0 mm was chosen. The initial luminal gain was 1.82 mm, the lumen area post intervention was 6.6 mm(2). Dissections occurred frequently but the incidence of major adverse events was not increased. At one year follow-up, the overall event free survival was 81%. Target lesion revascularisation was performed in 34 patients (10%). An angiographic follow-up was available for 261 patients (76%). Restenosis (> 50% diameter Stenosis) was found in 21%. The results show, that ultrasound guidance of balloon angioplasty provides a means to achieve a large initial luminal gain without the routine use of stents. The acute and long-term results suggest that the approach is safe and efficient. The data compare favorably with similar studies using advanced intravascular diagnostic tools to guide the angioplasty procedure.     

外伤性肝破裂患者腹腔镜下修补术后发生焦虑抑郁的危险因素分析

目的:探讨外伤性肝破裂患者腹腔镜下修补术后发生焦虑抑郁的危险因素。方法:应用前瞻性研究方法,采用一般资料问卷调查表、焦虑自评量表、抑郁自评量表对本院收治的150例外伤性肝破裂患者进行心理测评,分析术后焦虑和抑郁状态的发生情况。根据术后的状态分为三组,术后存在焦虑的患者为焦虑状态组(n=53),存在抑郁状态的患者为抑郁状态组(n=57),术后无焦虑抑郁状态的为对照组(n=40)。对焦虑和抑郁形成的危险因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果:焦虑状态组(n=53)、抑郁状态组(n=57)及对照组(n=40)平均年龄、平均受教育年限比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);而经济月收入、居住地、负面情绪、术前并发症、医保报销、家庭和睦、术前住院时间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。手术过程的手术时间、外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、外循环百分比比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);而麻醉苏醒时间、ICU停留时间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后担忧的问题及需求(治疗需求和心理需求)比较差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示文化程度(OR=1.254)、负面情绪(OR=1.245)、家庭收入(OR=2.324)、手术疗效(OR=2.258)均为焦虑发生的危险因素;文化程度(OR=4.230)、负面情绪(OR=1.254)、家庭收入(OR=1.236)、手术疗效(OR=2.120)均为抑郁发生的危险因素。结论:外伤性肝破裂患者腹腔镜下修补术后焦虑抑郁的形成可能与患者的文化高低、负面情绪、手术疗效、家庭收入和术前并发症有关。     

首荟通便胶囊联合乳果糖口服液对老年功能性便秘患者焦虑抑郁和血清胃肠激素的影响

摘要 目的：探讨首荟通便胶囊联合乳果糖口服液治疗老年功能性便秘的疗效及对患者焦虑抑郁情绪和血清胃肠激素的影响。方法：选取2017年12月~2019年12月期间来我院就诊的老年功能性便秘患者150例,根据随机数字表法分为A组（n=75,乳果糖口服液治疗）和B组（n=75,首荟通便胶囊联合乳果糖口服液治疗）,记录两组治疗2周后的疗效及治疗期间不良反应发生情况。比较治疗前、治疗2周后患者的血清胃动素（MTL）、P物质（SP）以及Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分、Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）评分、临床症状评分。结果：两组治疗2周后粪便性状、排便困难、排便不尽感、排便间隔等症状评分均下降,且B组低于A组（P<0.05）。B组治疗2周后的总有效率为85.33%（64/75）,A组治疗2周后的总有效率为69.33%（52/75）,B组总有效率高于A组（P<0.05）。两组治疗2周后SAS、SDS评分均下降,且B组低于A组（P<0.05）。两组治疗2周后血清MTL、SP升高,且B组高于A组（P<0.05）。两组不良反应发生率比较无差异（P>0.05）。结论：首荟通便胶囊联合乳果糖口服液治疗老年功能性便秘,可有效改善临床症状,调节焦虑抑郁情绪,改善患者血清胃肠激素水平,疗效较好。     

Trigeminal Neurosensory Deficit and Patient Reported Outcome Measures: The Effect on Life Satisfaction and Depression Symptoms

Objectives

To investigate the effect of persistent neurosensory disturbance of the lingual nerve (LN) or inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) on life satisfaction and depression symptoms.

Methods

This study recruited patients with persistent LN or IAN deficit as a consequence of lower third molar surgery for 12 months or more to form the study group. A control group was formed by matching age and gender of recruited subjects in the study group with patients without the neurosensory complications. Life satisfaction was assessed with Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and depression symptoms were assessed with 20-item Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CESD-20).

Results

Fourty-eight participants (24 cases and 24 controls) were recruited. Patients with LN or IAN deficits after lower third molar surgery were less satisfied with their lives when compared to the control group (p<0.001). They were presenting with more depression symptoms (p = 0.001). 45.8% of the study group subjects had a CESD-20 score of 16 or above. Older patients presented with more depression symptoms among the subjects with neurosensory disturbance after lower third molar surgery (p = 0.02).

Conclusions

Individuals with permanent trigeminal neurosensory deficit after lower third molar surgery have worse life satisfaction and more depressive symptoms when compared to those who did not suffer from the surgical complication.     

Acute coronary syndrome during pregnancy

Two cases of myocardial infarction during the second trimester of pregnancy are presented. Both patients were treated with thrombolytic therapy. In the first case the treatment was successful, in the other patient thrombolysis only temporarily relieved the symptoms. Therefore, angiography was performed and a significant stenosis in the left anterior descending coronary artery was successfully treated with balloon angioplasty. Both women delivered a healthy child, the first child was born at term, the second at a gestational age of 33 weeks. Percutaneous intervention versus thrombolytic therapy in pregnancy is discussed.     

多元化教育对老年2 型糖尿病合并抑郁患者的影响

目的:探讨多元化教育对老年2型糖尿病合并抑郁患者的影响。方法:根据Zung氏抑郁自评量表(SDS),入选100名老年2型糖尿病合并抑郁患者,匹配一般资料后随机分为常规组及多元化组,对常规组进行多媒体讲课,对多元化组除了多媒体讲课,还进行户外活动、有奖竞赛、个体化辅导等多形式教育,均为期3月,对比治疗前后血糖的控制及抑郁状态的改善情况。结果:治疗后2组的血糖控制及抑郁状态均有改善,但多元化组较常规组效果更好,且多元化组在治疗后抑郁严重度也有改善(P<0.05)。结论:在老年2型糖尿病合并抑郁患者中,多元化教育更有利于血糖的控制及抑郁状态的改善。     

心理干预对老年前列腺癌去势患者术后心理状态的影响

目的:探讨围术期心理干预对老年前列腺癌去势患者心理状况及生活质量的影响。方法:选取2012年6月-2015年1月在我院接受手术治疗的老年前列腺癌患者150例,根据围术期干预方法的不同将所选患者分为研究组和对照组,每组75例。对照组患者给予常规护理干预,研究组在对照组基础上给予心理干预。分别于干预前后应用生活质量核心问卷(QLQ-C30)评价患者生活质量,应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)评价患者焦虑情况,应用抑郁自评量表(SDS)评价患者抑郁情况。结果:干预前,两组患者QLQ-C30、SAS和SDS评分比较均无统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,两组患者QLQ-C30、SAS和SDS评分均显著优于干预前,组内比较,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);干预后,研究组QLQ-C30、SAS和SDS评分优于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:围术期心理干预对老年前列腺癌去势患者具有较好的干预效果,能够显著改善患者的心理状态,提高术后生活质量。     

2-Cyclopenten-1-one and prostaglandin J2 reduce restenosis after balloon angioplasty in rats: role of NF-kappaB

The aim of this study was to evaluate, using a rat model of balloon angioplasty, whether prostaglandin (PG) J(2) and 2-cyclopenten-1-one are able to reduce restenosis. We found that both PGJ(2) and 2-cyclopenten-1-one, administered by local application on carotid arteries, caused a dose-dependent inhibition of neointimal formation. Furthermore, both agents prevented vascular negative remodeling. The effect of these compounds on restenosis was correlated with an inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation as well as of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression in injured carotid arteries of control animals. Our results show that cyclopentenone PGs and their derivatives reduce restenosis and may have therapeutic relevance for the prevention of human restenosis.