一种新的测定蛋白激酶活性的方法：毛细管电泳测定蛋…

建立了以毛细管电泳为基础的测定蛋白激酶Ａ活性的新方法,可作为激酶测活的通用方法。此法基于底物及其磷酸化产物很容易在毛细管电泳中分开,且酶活力可用积分值计算。同时又发发展了连续井样技术,能在一次电泳中同时进行１０个以上的酶活性测定。新方法操作简单,灵敏度和精确性均优于常规的同位素法。     

一种新的测定蛋白激酶活性的方法──毛细管电泳测定蛋白激酶A的活性

建立了以毛细管电泳为基础的测定蛋白激酶A活性的新方法,可作为激酶测活的通用方法．此法基于底物及其磷酸化产物很容易在毛细管电泳中分开,且酶活力可用积分值计算,同时又发展了连续进样技术,能在一次电泳中同时进行10个以上的酶活性测定,新方法操作简单,灵敏度和精确性均优于常规的同位素法．     

定量毛细管电泳法测定虫草类保健品中的核苷及碱基类物质

目的：定量毛细管电泳法因采用了定量阀进样的方式,其进样量为固定值,定量结果更加可靠,且重复性好。本文探讨了采用定量毛细管电泳方法测定市售虫草类保健品中虫草素、腺嘌呤、尿嘧啶、腺苷、尿苷含量的可行性,优化了分析条件,并对其进行含量测定。方法：以浓度为40mM、pH9．5的硼砂为缓冲液,工作电压为-15kV,采用定量毛细管电泳的方测定了虫草类制品中的核苷及碱基类物质的含量。结果：五种核苷及碱基类物质在优化的定量毛细管电泳条件下得到了良好的分离和定量结果．峰面积RSD值小于1．4％,测定了其在虫草菌丝体粉末及虫草王胶囊中的含量。结论：首次利用定量毛细管电泳法对虫草类保健品中的虫草素、腺嘌呤、尿嘧啶、腺苷、尿苷的含量进行了定量测定,不同形式虫草类保健品中核苷、碱基的种类和含量有差异。该方法快速、准确,对虫草类保健品的质量控制有重要意义。     

定量毛细管电泳法测定虫草类保健品中的核苷及碱基类物质

目的:定量毛细管电泳法因采用了定量阀进样的方式,其进样量为固定值,定量结果更加可靠,且重复性好。本文探讨了采用定量毛细管电泳方法测定市售虫草类保健品中虫草素、腺嘌呤、尿嘧啶、腺苷、尿苷含量的可行性,优化了分析条件,并对其进行含量测定。方法:以浓度为40 mM、pH 9.5的硼砂为缓冲液,工作电压为-15 kv,采用定量毛细管电泳的方测定了虫草类制品中的核苷及碱基类物质的含量。结果:五种核苷及碱基类物质在优化的定量毛细管电泳条件下得到了良好的分离和定量结果,峰面积RSD值小于1.4%,测定了其在虫草菌丝体粉末及虫草王胶囊中的含量。结论:首次利用定量毛细管电泳法对虫草类保健品中的虫草素、腺嘌呤、尿嘧啶、腺苷、尿苷的含量进行了定量测定,不同形式虫草类保健品中核苷、碱基的种类和含量有差异。该方法快速、准确,对虫草类保健品的质量控制有重要意义。     

毛细管电泳技术在微生物学研究中的应用

毛细管电泳(capillary electrophoresis,CE)又称高效毛细管电泳(HPCE),是当前发展最快的分析技术之一.近年来,CE已被广泛应用于核酸、蛋白质、多肽、药物等大分子物质的分析,核酸序列测定等生命科学的各个领域.目前,在微生物学领域,CE除了在微生物基因测序等方面得到广泛应用外,在微生物学检测方面,CE也得到了广泛的应用.本文对近年来CE在细菌、真菌、病毒等微生物颗粒及基因检测方面的应用加以综述.     

大豆叶片质膜蛋白激酶的自身磷酸化反应

利用Ｆｅｒｒｅｌｌ和Ｍａｒｔｉｎ设计的测定印迹在ＰＶＤＦ膜上的蛋白激酶活性方法研究大豆叶片质膜蛋白激酶自身磷酸化反应活性,结果表明：与Ｍｇ－ＡＴＰ相比,Ｍｎ－ＡＴＰ是更有效的５７ｋＤ蛋白激酶自身磷酸化反应底物;钙离子可以促进该激酶的自身磷酸化反应活性,而且ＥＧＴＡ可以显著降低它在ＳＤＳ电泳中的迁移率,说明５７ｋＤ蛋白激酶为依赖于钙的蛋白激酶;     

世纪之交的蛋白质序列测定技术

对蛋白质序列测定技术的发展过程作了简要回顾，介绍了近年在该方法学领域的主要进展，其中包括Ｎ－端顺序测定的微量化、毛细管ＨＰＬＣ与毛细管电泳的应用，新的Ｃ－端化学降解测序方法，以及快原子轰击（ＦＡＢ）、电喷雾（ＥＳＩ）和基质辅助激光解吸电离－飞行时间（ＭＡＬＤＩ－ＴＯＦ）质谱在蛋白质序列测定中的应用，还对世纪之交该领域的发展趋势作了扼要的展望。     

毛细管电泳质谱联用技术及其在代谢组学研究中的应用

毛细管电泳自20世纪80年代中后期迅速发展以来,是近几年分析化学领域中发展最为迅速的分离手段之一。毛细管电泳与质谱的联用使得分析范围更广,灵敏度更高,因此被广泛应用于生物样品的分析中。介绍了毛细管电泳质谱联用常用的接口技术,质量分析器及其在生物样品中的分离模式,综述了近年来毛细管电泳质谱联用技术在代谢组学中的应用。     

北京油鸡MSAP毛细管电泳荧光检测技术的建立

采用毛细管电泳荧光检测技术, 对北京油鸡肌肉组织基因组进行甲基化敏感扩增片段多态性(Methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism, MSAP)检测。通过对基因组DNA用量、预扩产物稀释倍数、选择性引物浓度、Mg2+浓度、dNTPs浓度和电泳内标量等6个主要参数进行分析和优化, 建立了适合北京油鸡基因组DNA甲基化分析的MSAP毛细管电泳荧光检测技术。重复实验表明, 建立的毛细管电泳荧光标记的MSAP检测技术能够自动地、高通量地分析北京油鸡基因组的DNA甲基化状态, 也适用于其他动植物基因组的DNA甲基化研究。     

平板通道毛细管电泳

平板通道毛细管电泳又称微芯片毛细管电泳,是一门新兴的分析技术,具有小型化、自动化、快速、高效等优点。本文简要介绍了平板制作、进样、电泳分离、检测及其在生物方面的应用等。     

Evidence for ecto-protein kinase activity that phosphorylates Kemptide in a cyclic AMP-dependent mode

The heptapeptide Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly (Kemptide) is a synthetic construct of a substrate for cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PK). In this work we show that Kemptide has all the properties of a cytophilic substrate, i.e. it is a molecule preserving cell membrane intactness when added to cultured cells. Kemptide thus satisfies the prerequisites for employment in assays for cell surface-located ecto-PK activity. Different types of intact cells catalyze the phosphorylation of Kemptide in the presence of extracellular ATP and cAMP with Km values of 3-4 microM for Kemptide. Kemptide phosphorylation was influenced by PKI, the inhibitory protein specific for cAMP-PK. The results of comparative experiments with intact cells and with cell extracts demonstrate the ectoenzyme nature of this cAMP-PK. Further, the possibility was ruled out of a transfer of enzyme activity from damaged cells to the surface of intact cells. The anchorage of the surface cAMP-PK activity to the plasma membrane appears to be relatively stable since (i) cell supernatants, obtained after preincubation of intact cells with cAMP or Kemptide, did not show Kemptide phosphorylation, and (ii) the cAMP-dependent PK activity remained with cells even after five consecutive washes with cAMP or Kemptide. This is in contrast to the ecto-cAMP-independent phosvitin/casein type PK (Kübler, D., Pyerin, W., Burow, E., and Kinzel, V. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 4021-4025) which is released from intact cells through the addition of substrate. Data are presented which show that both ectokinase activities are exhibited independently. In conjunction with published evidence for an active export of cAMP from cells as well as for the appearance of extracellular ATP the demonstration of an ecto-cAMP-PK further supports the potential of PK for intercellular regulation. The potential of ecto-cAMP-PK is demonstrated by its ability to phosphorylate biologically active forms of atrial natriuretic peptide, the atrial natriuretic peptide, which possesses the specific sequence for a cAMP-PK-catalyzed phosphorylation.     

Purification of a novel insulin-stimulated protein kinase from rat liver

We previously described a novel insulin-stimulated protein kinase activity that phosphorylates Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) in cytosolic extracts of adipocytes (Yu, K-T., Khalaf, N., and Czech, M. P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 16677-16685). In the present experiments, cytosolic extracts of livers from insulin-treated rats also exhibited a 30-100% increase in this Kemptide kinase activity and served as an abundant source for purification. The Kemptide kinase was purified in parallel from liver extracts of insulin-treated or control rats through five chromatographic steps and one polyethylene glycol precipitation. The chromatographic behavior of the insulin-stimulated Kemptide kinase differed significantly from the control kinase on Mono Q and heparin-Sepharose resins. The purified kinase preparations retain insulin stimulations of 2-10-fold. Analysis of the purified control and insulin-stimulated kinases by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed single bands with similar silver staining intensity and apparent molecular masses of 52 kDa. The insulin-stimulated Kemptide phosphorylating activity also coincided with the major silver-stained band following isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The stimulation of kinase activity in response to administration of insulin is due to an increase in Vmax, whereas the Km for Kemptide (0.3 mM) is unchanged. The apparent molecular mass of the native kinase determined by gel filtration is approximately 50 kDa, suggesting that it exists as a monomer. Either Mg2+ or Mn2+ serve as cofactors for the kinase which phosphorylates a variety of basic substrates including a number of peptides and histones. The activity of the Kemptide kinase is not changed by several compounds that have been shown to modulate other kinases. Based on these data, we conclude 1) a novel insulin-sensitive Kemptide kinase in liver cytosol has been purified to near homogeneity, and 2) insulin administration acutely modulates the specific activity of this Kemptide kinase in livers of intact rats.     

A tandem chromatographic column method for assaying cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C with synthetic peptide substrates

A method was devised for assaying protein kinases that phosphorylate either Kemptide, such as cAMP-dependent protein kinase, or a glycogen synthase peptide, which is an excellent substrate for protein kinase C. Upon sequential processing of reaction mixtures through tandem columns of cation and anion exchange resins, radioactivity in background samples is nearly nil and the yield of phosphorylated peptides is high. This method reduces labor, radioactivity, enzyme requirements, and costs of assaying protein kinases.     

Studies on the kinetic mechanism of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase

The kinetic mechanism of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been investigated employing the heptapeptide Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) as substrate. Initial velocity measurements performed over a wide range of ATP and Kemptide concentrations indicated that the reaction follows a sequential mechanistic pathway. In line with this, the results of product and substrate inhibition studies, the patterns of dead end inhibition obtained employing the nonhydrolyzable ATP analogue, AMP X PNP (5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate), and equilibrium binding determinations, taken in conjunction with the patterns of inhibition observed with the inhibitor protein of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase that are reported in the accompanying paper (Whitehouse, S., and Walsh, D.A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 3682-3692), are best fit by a steady state Ordered Bi-Bi kinetic mechanism. Although the inhibition patterns obtained employing the synthetic peptide analogue in which the phosphorylatable serine was replaced by alanine were apparently incompatible with this mechanism, these inconsistencies appear to be due to some element of the structure of this latter peptide such that it is not an ideal dead end inhibitor substrate analogue. The data presented both here and in the accompanying paper suggest that both this substrate, analogue and the ATP analogue, AMP X PNP, do not fully mimic the binding of Kemptide and ATP, respectively, in their mechanism of interaction with the protein kinase. It is proposed that, as with some other kinase reactions, the configuration of the terminal anhydride bond of ATP assumes a conformation once the nucleotide is bound to the protein kinase that assists in the binding of either Kemptide or the inhibitor protein but not the alanine-substituted peptide and that AMP X PNP, because of its terminal phosphorylimido bond, cannot assume this conformation which favors protein (or peptide) binding.     

Study of the Affinity between the Protein Kinase PKA and Peptide Substrates Derived from Kemptide Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations and MM/GBSA

We have carried out a protocol in computational biochemistry including molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and MM/GBSA free energy calculations on the complex between the protein kinase A (PKA) and the specific peptide substrate Kemptide (LRRASLG). We made the same calculations on other PKA complexes that contain Kemptide derivatives (with mutations of the arginines, and with deletions of N and C-terminal amino acids). We predicted shifts in the free energy changes from the free PKA to PKA-substrate complex (ΔΔG_E→ES) when Kemptide structure is modified (we consider that the calculated shifts correlate with the experimental shifts of the free energy changes from the free PKA to the transition states (ΔΔG_E→TS) determined by the catalytic efficiency (k_cat/K_M) changes). Our results demonstrate that it is possible to predict the kinetic properties of protein kinases using simple computational biochemistry methods. As an additional benefit, these methods give detailed molecular information that permit the analysis of the atomic forces that contribute to the affinity between protein kinases and their substrates.     

Isolation and elucidation of some functional properties of the "mute" catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

A mute isoenzyme of type II cAMP-dependent protein kinase from rat muscle has been reported that is released from the regulatory subunit by cAMP but remains inactive until combination with heat- and acid-stable modulator has occurred. This enzyme has now been obtained in isolation free of the normal catalytic subunit using affinity chromatography with both an ATP analog (Blue Dextran/Sepharose) and a protein substrate analog (Kemptide/CH-Sepharose). Separation can be effected in both cases before activation of the mute enzyme. Affinity of the mute enzyme for Blue Dextran--a ligand specific for the dinucleotide fold in this kinase--is somewhat higher than that of the normal enzyme. Conversely, before reaction with the modulatory protein the mute enzyme will not bind at all to Kemptide/CH-Sepharose, where the normal enzyme elutes at 50 mM KCl. When pretreated with the modulatory protein and so activated, mute enzyme binds to Kemptide with a very high affinity and can only be eluted using a natural substrate (phosphorylase kinase), up to 500 mM salt being ineffective. The modulator thus appears to act through alteration of the protein substrate binding site on the enzyme.     

A potent fluorescent ATP-like inhibitor of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

The fluorescent ATP analogue 8-azido-2'-O-[14C]dansyl-ATP ([ 14C]AD-ATP) was used to probe the ATP-binding site in the catalytic (C) subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. AD-ATP was found to inhibit the phosphotransferase activity of C subunit with extremely high specificity. Complete inhibition was observed when each mol of C subunit was covalently labeled with 1 mol of this fluorescent ATP analogue. The labeling can be accelerated by the presence of Mg2+ or Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly), whereas high concentrations of ATP can almost completely protect the enzyme from AD-ATP. Detailed studies indicated that AD-ATP competes with ATP for binding to C subunit. Analysis of the kinetic data gave dissociation constants of 2.9 and 13 microM for AD-ATP and ATP bound to C subunit, respectively. AD-ATP has a fluorescence emission peak at 510 nm in pH 7.0 aqueous buffer containing 25% glycerol. After covalent binding to C subunit this emission peak shifts to 455 nm, which suggests that the label at ATP site is in an endogenous hydrophobic environment. Upon the binding of Mg2+ or Kemptide, the fluorescence of AD-ATP-labeled C subunit can be enhanced by 50 and 45%, respectively. This enhancement suggests that the binding of either the peptide substrate or Mg2+ induces conformational change at the active site of C subunit. Analysis of the fluorescence data shows that the values of Kd for Mg2+ and Kemptide bound to AD-ATP-labeled C subunit are 0.2 mM and 2.1 microM, respectively. The normal procedure for the preparation of the C subunit from the bovine heart muscle has been simplified to require only one-fifth of the usual working time to obtain the homogeneous enzyme with 70% yield from the crude extract.     

Insulin stimulates a novel Mn2+-dependent cytosolic serine kinase in rat adipocytes

The cytosolic fraction of insulin-treated adipocytes exhibits a 2-fold increase in protein kinase activity when Kemptide is used as a substrate. The detection of insulin-stimulated kinase activity is critically dependent on the presence of phosphatase inhibitors such as fluoride and vanadate in the cell homogenization buffer. The cytosolic protein kinase activity exhibits high sensitivity (ED50 = 2 X 10(-10) M) and a rapid response (maximal after 2 min) to insulin. Kinetic analyses of the cytosolic kinase indicate that insulin increases the Vmax of Kemptide phosphorylation and ATP utilization without affecting the affinities of this enzyme toward the substrate or nucleotide. Upon chromatography on anion-exchange and gel filtration columns, the insulin-stimulated cytosolic kinase activity is resolved from the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and migrates as a single peak with an apparent Mr = 50,000-60,000. The partially purified kinase preferentially utilizes histones, Kemptide, multifunctional calmodulin-dependent protein kinase substrate peptide, ATP citrate-lyase, and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase as substrates but does not catalyze phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, casein, phosvitin, phosphorylase b, glycogen synthase, inhibitor II, and substrate peptides for casein kinase II, protein kinase C, and cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Phosphoamino acid analyses of the 32P-labeled substrates reveal that the insulin-stimulated cytosolic kinase is primarily serine-specific. The insulin-activated cytosolic kinase prefers Mn2+ to Mg2+ and is independent of Ca2+. Unlike ribosomal protein S6 kinase and protease-activated kinase II, the insulin-sensitive cytosolic kinase is fluoride-insensitive. Taken together, these results indicate that a novel cytosolic protein kinase activity is activated by insulin.     

Preferential ADP-ribosylation of arginine-3 in synthetic heptapeptide Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly.

Hen liver nuclear ADP-ribosyltransferase modified the synthetic heptapeptide Kemptide (Leu-Arg-Arg-Ala-Ser-Leu-Gly) at arginine-2 and/or arginine-3. Trypsin treatment of ADP-ribosyl-Kemptide revealed that the ADP-ribosylation of arginine-3 was constantly more abundant than that of arginine-2. ADP-ribosylation of Kemptide suppressed the subsequent phosphorylation by cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase.     

An ATP-linked structural change in protein kinase A precedes phosphoryl transfer under physiological magnesium concentrations

The kinetic mechanism for the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A was evaluated using physiological concentrations of free magnesium (0.5 mM) and a rapid quench flow technique. When the enzyme is pre-equilibrated with ATP, the peptide substrate, LRRASLG (Kemptide), is phosphorylated in a biphasic manner with a rapid, exponential "burst" phase (kb) followed by a slower, linear phase (kL) that corresponds to the steady-state kinetic rate. Both the amplitude and the substrate-rate dependence of the initial, burst phase indicate that the rate of phosphoryl transfer is fast (approximately 500 s-1) and does not limit turnover (45 s-1). Viscosity studies indicate that, while Kemptide is in rapid equilibrium, ATP does not exchange rapidly with the active site and kcat/KATP is limited by the rate constant for nucleotide encounter. When the pre-steady-state kinetic experiments are initiated with ATP, a lag phase is observed at low ATP concentrations consistent with rate-limiting association. At high ATP concentrations (>1 mM), a burst phase is observed but the rate and amplitude are low on the basis of the bimolecular rate constant for ATP association and the rate constant for phosphoryl transfer. The kinetic data indicate that the phosphoryl transfer step is fast at physiological magnesium concentrations, but an ATP-linked conformational change precedes this step, limiting the burst phase rate constant. Simulations of the pre-steady-state kinetic transients indicate that turnover (45 s-1) is limited both by net product release (70 s-1) and by this structural change (170 s-1). This structural change may also occur at high free magnesium concentrations, but it must be significantly faster than 170 s-1 and, consequently, not rate-limiting for turnover (kcat = 20 s-1 at 10 mM free Mg2+). We propose that this conformational event is an obligatory component of the kinetic pathway and includes a movement of the catalytic residues necessary for supporting phosphoryl group donation.