草地农业生态系统的碳平衡分析方法

根据草地农业生态系统的结构,它的碳平衡为4个生产层的碳平衡之和,也是3个界面的碳平衡之和,而某一生产层或者某一界面的碳平衡则是其固定、输入、排放和输出的碳之和。草地农业生态系统4个生产层的碳平衡分析方法定量重要生产环节的碳汇与碳源过程,便于草业生产改进碳汇管理;草地农业生态系统3个界面的碳平衡分析方法显示碳源和碳汇的发生机理,及其空间和数量关系,便于调控草业生产组分以增汇减排;但是,这两个方法不易区分碳的来源和去向,难以明确其利用效率。草地农业生态系统碳平衡分析的输入/输出法定量地指示碳的来源和去向,以及碳效率,计算简单,但是较为概括,不利于牧场尺度的草业碳汇管理。以中国祁连山甘肃马鹿牧场和澳大利亚塔斯玛尼亚奶牛牧场为例,用3种方法分析了两个牧场的碳平衡,结果表明,放牧管理的草业系统的主要碳源是休闲旅游、产品加工流通环节产生的温室气体,主要碳汇是草地和土壤中贮存的碳,好的草地管理可以增汇减排。     

我国森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡的研究方法及进展

森林在全球碳循环中起着十分重要的作用。从现存生物量的角度出发,综述了我国森林生态系统碳储量和碳平衡研究采用的主要方法及手段,以及在该领域的研究现状,并从实际情况出发探讨我国未来研究的发展趋势和亟待解决的一些问题。     

我国主要森林生态系统炭贮量和碳平衡

在广泛收集资料的基础上,估算了我国主要森林生态系统的碳贮量和碳平衡通量,分析了它们的区域特征。主要结果如下：１）我国森林生态系统的平均碳密度是２５８．８３ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,基本趋势是随纬度的增加而增加;其中植被的平均碳密度是５７．０７ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,随纬度的增加而减少;土壤碳密度约是植被碳密度的３．４倍,其区域特点与植被碳密度呈相反趋势,随纬度升高而增加;凋落物层平均碳密度是８．２１ｔ．ｈｍ＾－２,     

锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量特征及源区分布

为探究草原生态系统固碳能力,利用锡林浩特国家气候观象台2018—2021年的涡动相关资料分析了锡林浩特草原生态系统CO₂通量的变化特征以及环境因子对CO₂通量的影响,并对通量源区分布进行了探讨。结果表明：研究区全年盛行西南风,生长季的源区面积大于非生长季,大气稳定条件下的源区面积大于不稳定条件;90%贡献率的源区最大长度接近400 m,与经典法则估算的长度一致。锡林浩特草原净生态系统碳交换量(NEE)具有明显的日变化和季节变化,生长季白天为碳汇,夜间为碳源,非生长季白天和夜间均为弱碳源。2018—2021年,年总NEE分别为-15.59、-46.28、-41.94和-78.14 g C·m^-2·a^-1,平均值为-45.49 g C·m^-2·a^-1,表明锡林浩特草原有较强的固碳能力。饱和水汽压差和光合有效辐射有助于草原生态系统吸收大气中CO₂;夜间,当温度高于0℃时,气温和土壤温度升高会促进植被呼吸作用释放CO₂。     

辽西樟子松人工林净生态系统碳交换

樟子松是三北地区造林的主要树种之一,研究樟子松人工林净生态系统碳交换(NEE)及其影响要素对理解我国人工林碳平衡有重要意义。本研究以辽西樟子松人工林为对象,采用涡度相关系统及其配套设备于2020年对樟子松人工林NEE和环境要素进行了原位连续观测。结果表明: 在0.5 h尺度上,1—12月夜间为碳源,白天为碳汇,且受干旱影响5—8月下午碳吸收受到明显抑制。在日尺度上,受干旱影响,控制夜间NEE季节动态的主要要素为土壤温度和土壤湿度,控制白天NEE季节动态的主要要素为土壤湿度和饱和水汽压差;土壤干旱时降水可促进夜间和白天NEE,并导致光合呼吸参数升高。在月尺度上,白天NEE与表观量子利用效率和最大光合速率均呈显著负相关,当空气温度小于5 ℃时,10 ℃生态系统呼吸和生态系统呼吸温度敏感性随空气温度降低而呈线性增加。2020年辽西樟子松人工林NEE积累量为-145.17 g C·m^-2,表现为弱碳汇。     

地膜覆盖和施氮量对旱作春玉米农田净温室效应的影响

以旱作雨养条件下的春玉米为试验对象,在长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行田间试验,研究了地膜覆盖和施氮量对农田净温室效应和温室气体排放强度的影响.结果表明:采用地膜覆盖与增加施氮量都会影响净温室效应与温室气体排放强度,地膜覆盖条件下(FM),不同施氮量的春玉米产量为1643~16699 kg·hm-2,净温室效应(CO_2当量,下同)为595~4376 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,温室气体排放强度为213~358 kg·t^-1;无覆膜条件下(UM),不同施氮量的春玉米产量为956~8821 kg·hm-2,净温室效应为342~4004 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,温室气体排放强度为204~520 kg·t^-1.研究表明,对于旱作春玉米农田系统,地膜覆盖可以有效降低温室气体排放强度,增加作物产量,地膜覆盖下施氮250 kg·hm-2可以实现高产与降低环境代价的双赢.     

宁夏陆地生态系统水分利用效率特征及其影响因子

生态系统水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency, WUE)是表征生态系统碳水耦合程度的重要指标,能反映生态系统碳水循环规律及其相互作用关系。基于MODIS数据以及宁夏生态系统类型数据,分析2000—2017年宁夏不同生态系统WUE的变化特征,探讨了NPP和ET两种因子对WUE年际与年内变化的影响。结果表明:(1)全区陆地生态系统的年均WUE为1.03 g·C/kg·H_2O,值域在0.55—2.98 g·C/kg·H_2O之间,总体上呈现南北高、中部低的特征。(2)不同生态系统的WUE差异较大,由高到低为水体及湿地、森林、农田、草地、聚落、荒漠和其他生态系统,在同类生态系统中,植被生物量和盖度越高的亚类生态系统,其WUE也越高。(3)宁夏陆地生态系统WUE存在着每年0.0141 g·C/kg·H_2O的下降趋势,年内WUE呈典型的单峰形态,变化范围在0.02—2.16 g·C/kg·H_2O之间。(4)年际尺度上,宁夏陆地生态系统WUE与年蒸散(Evapotranspiration,ET)有极显著负相关性(P0.01),而与净初级生产力(Net Primary Production,NPP)没有相关性;年内尺度上,WUE变化与ET呈显著正相关(P0.05),与NPP呈极显著正相关(P0.01),这与植被的年内季节性生长过程有关。(5)根据ET强弱和WUE高低,可将宁夏陆地生态系统水分利用效率特征划分为4类,即低ET低WUE区、低ET高WUE区、高ET低WUE区和高ET高WUE区。宁夏的生态恢复工程在增强植被生产力的同时,也增强了区域水分消耗,致使陆地生态系统整体水分利用效率下降,这为宁夏未来水资源调控和生态重建提供了科学依据。     

保护性耕作对农田生态系统净碳释放量的影响

以华北平原小麦-玉米两熟地区保护性耕作5年田间定位试验为基础,利用West提出的净碳释放方程对翻耕、少耕和免耕3种耕作方式下农田各项投入造成的碳释放和土壤碳累积进行比较。结果表明:在翻耕、少耕、免耕3个处理下,5年间各项农田投入造成的碳释放分别为312.60、295.4和280.52kg.km-2.a-1,表层30cm土壤的碳储量分别为30.59、32.76和31.61Mg.km-2,农田净碳释放量分别为312.60、-138.59和-76.52kg.km-2.a-1;与翻耕地比较,免耕和少耕地的相对净碳释放量为-236.08和-451.19kg.km-2.a-1;免耕地农田投入的碳减排量(32.08kg.km-2.a-1)为土壤碳增汇量(204.00kg.km-2.a-1)的15.73%,少耕地农田投入的碳减排量(17.19kg.km-2.a-1)为土壤碳增汇量(434.00kg.km-2.a-1)的3.96%。少耕地对减少大气CO2的贡献大于免耕地。     

我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量和碳平衡

在广泛收集资料的基础上,估算了我国主要森林生态系统的碳贮量和碳平衡通量,分析了它们的区域特征。主要结果如下：1)我国森林生态系统的平均碳密度是258.83t·hm^-2,基本趋势是随纬度的增加而增加;其中植被的平均碳密度是57.07t·hm^-2,随纬度的增加而减小;土壤碳密度约是植被碳密度的3．4倍,其区域特点与植被碳密度呈相反趋势,随纬度升高而增加;凋落物层平均碳密度是8.21t·hm^-2,随水热因子的改善而减小。2)森林生态系统有机碳库包括植被、土壤和凋落物层3个部分,采用林业部调查规划设计院1989～1993年最新统计的我国森林资源清查资料,估算我国主要森林生态系统碳贮量为281.16×10⁸t,其中植被碳库、土壤碳库、凋落物层碳库分别为62.00×10⁸t、210.23×10⁸t、8.92×10⁸t。落叶阔叶林、暖性针叶林、常绿落叶阔叶林、云冷杉(Picea-Abies)林、落叶松(Larix)林占森林总碳贮量的87％,是我国森林主要的碳库。3)我国森林生态系统在与大气的气体交换中表现为碳汇,年通量为4.80×10⁸t·a^-1,基本规律是从热带向寒带,碳汇功能下降,这取决于系统碳收支的各个通量之间的动态平衡;阔叶林的固碳能力大于针叶林。我国森林生态系统可以吸收生物物质、化石燃料燃烧和人口呼吸释放总碳量(9.87×10⁸t·a^-1)的48.7％。     

陆地生态系统碳平衡主要研究方法评述

陆地生态系统碳平衡是全球变化科学中的核心问题之一,目前也是生态科学中的前沿与热点问题,而陆地生态系统的复杂性与不确定性决定了对陆地生态系统碳平衡估测的复杂性和不确定性。为研究这一复杂性问题,已发展了许多研究方法。可分为“自下而上”与“自上而下”两种,各种方法都有其自身的优势和劣势。相关方向也已经有了大量的研究报道,但是,不同的研究由于在方法、时间与空间尺度等存在的差异,使得许多研究结果和预测很难被有效的整合或适用于大范围甚至全球水平。综述了陆地碳平衡的主要研究方法,分析和比较了各方法的特点,指出在研究中对不同方法的结果进行分析和比较,以及采用综合方法的必要性。     

Dynamics and regulations of ecosystem light use efficiency in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest,Changbai Mountain

Aims Ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE) reflects the ability of CO₂ uptake and light utilization via photosynthesis, which is a key parameter in ecosystem models to evaluate ecosystem productivity. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare the differences of LUE derived from different methods; (2) elucidate the seasonal dynamics of LUE and its regulatory factors; and (3) evaluate the maximum LUE (LUE_max) and its variability based on eddy-covariance (EC) flux.Methods Using the flux data from an EC tower during 2003-2005 at a broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest, Changbai Mountain, two types of LUE indicators were generated from: 1) the apparent quantum yield (ε) estimated with rectangular hyperbolic curve, and 2) the ecological light use efficiency (LUE_eco) calculated as the ratio between gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and photosynthetically-active radiation (Q).Important findings The seasonal variation of ε and LUE_eco appeared a unimodal pattern within a year, with the variations significantly dominated by soil surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A positive correlation between GEP and LUE was found for both ε and LUE_eco, with the effect of Q on LUE relatively weak. The increase in diffusion radiation appeared favorable for enhanced LUE. Generally, there was a significant positive relationship between ε and LUE_eco, while ε was higher than LUE_eco, especially during the mid-season. The annual maximum value of ε and LUE_eco was (0.087 ± 0.003) and (0.040 ± 0.002) μmol CO₂·μmol photon^-1 over the three years, respectively. The interannual variability of LUE_max for ε and LUE_eco was 4.17% and 4.25%, respectively, with a maximum difference of >8%, likely resulted from considerable uncertainty in model simulations. Our results indicated that the inversion and optimization of maximum LUE should be taken seriously in the application of LUE models.     

长白山阔叶红松林生态系统光能利用率的动态变化及其主控因子

生态系统光能利用率(LUE)反映了植被通过光合作用利用光能吸收和固定大气中CO₂的能力, 是表征生态系统生产力的重要指标。选取长白山温带阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林生态系统为研究对象, 利用涡度相关通量观测数据, 采用直角双曲线方程获取了生态系统光合作用的表观量子效率(ε); 基于总生态系统初级生产力(GEP)与下垫面入射光合有效辐射(Q)的比值得到生态光能利用率(LUE_eco)。研究表明: 在季节尺度上, ε与LUE_eco均表现出显著的单峰变化特征, 并主要受到土壤温度和归一化植被指数(NDVI)的调控, 同时, ε和LUE_eco都受到GEP的显著影响, 而与Q的相关性较弱或无显著相关关系, 但散射辐射的增加在一定程度上有助于提高生态系统的LUE。ε与LUE_eco存在显著的线性正相关关系, 但ε明显高于LUE_eco。2003-2005年, ε与LUE_eco每年最大值的平均值分别为(0.087 ± 0.003)和(0.040 ± 0.002) μmol CO₂·μmol photon^-1, 年际间变异度分别为4.17%和4.25%, 而不同年份之间最大差异均达到8%或8%以上, 从而对模型模拟结果产生明显影响。因此, 在基于光能利用率模型的模拟研究中, 最大LUE的年际变异需要在参数反演和优化中给予重要考虑。     

中国天然林资源保护工程温室气体排放及净固碳能力

基于天然林资源保护工程(简称天保工程)一期(2000—2010年)营造林过程工程边界内碳排放和边界外碳泄漏的计算,分析了天保工程及各区域碳排放和碳泄漏年际变化及影响因素,对比了天保工程及各区域碳排放和碳泄漏的组成特征,研究了天保工程及各区域净固碳量的变化特征。结果表明:天保工程一期西北、中西部地区、南部地区、东北地区和天保工程的碳排放分别为0.89、1.47、0.09、2.45 Tg C;碳泄漏分别为3.17、3.11、6.50、12.78 Tg C。工程措施和碳排放强度的区域性差异导致各区域碳排放组成特征不同。造林及配套森林基础设施建设是西北、中西部地区和南部地区最大的工程措施碳排放;新造林及森林管护是东北地区最大的工程措施碳排放。相应地,各种物资消耗中,建材是西北、中西部地区和南部地区最大的物资碳排放;燃油是东北地区最大的物资碳排放。天保工程在工程边界内外引起的额外温室气体排放量达到15.23 Tg C,抵消了工程固碳效益的9.82%;在西北、中西部地区、南部地区和东北地区的抵消作用分别为10.08%、8.16%和11.24%。天保工程一期净固碳量为139.77 Tg C,年均净固碳量为12.71 Tg C/a。因此,碳排放和碳泄漏对天保工程固碳的抵消较小,工程一期在我国温室气体减排和减缓全球气候变暖上做出了巨大贡献。避免工程基础设施的盲目建设和对工程进行合理规划是减少温室气体排放的可能途径。     

Uncertainties in the 20th century carbon budget associated with land use change

Uncertainties in the 20th century carbon budget associated with the treatment of land use change (LUC) are assessed using the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) first‐generation Earth System Model (CanESM1). Eight coupled climate carbon cycle simulations are performed using different reconstructions of 1850–2000 land cover derived from historical information on changes in cropland and pasture area. The simulations provide estimates of the emissions associated with LUC, the relative contribution of changes in cropland and pasture to LUC emissions and the uncertainty associated with differences among historical data sets of crop area as well as in the manner in which the historical land cover data are constructed. The resulting estimates of the amount of biomass deforested over the 1850–2000 period range from 63 to 145 Pg C with cumulative implied LUC emissions ranging from 40 to 77 Pg C. These values of LUC emissions are considerably lower than Houghton's estimate of 156 Pg C. The year 2000 atmospheric CO₂ concentration ranges between 371.1 ± 3.7 ppm depending on the data set used and the manner in which historical land cover is constructed. This compares to the observed value of 369.6 ppm at Mauna Loa and is 17.3 ± 6.3 ppm larger than for simulations without LUC. Although increases in cropland result in the expected increase in LUC emissions, changes in pasture area decrease these emissions because of carbon sequestration in soils.     

Biogenic vs. geologic carbon emissions and forest biomass energy production

In the current debate over the CO₂ emissions implications of switching from fossil fuel energy sources to include a substantial amount of woody biomass energy, many scientists and policy makers hold the view that emissions from the two sources should not be equated. Their rationale is that the combustion or decay of woody biomass is simply part of the global cycle of biogenic carbon and does not increase the amount of carbon in circulation. This view is frequently presented as justification to implement policies that encourage the substitution of fossil fuel energy sources with biomass. We present the opinion that this is an inappropriate conceptual basis to assess the atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG) accounting of woody biomass energy generation. While there are many other environmental, social, and economic reasons to move to woody biomass energy, we argue that the inferred benefits of biogenic emissions over fossil fuel emissions should be reconsidered.     

中国航空碳排放及其效率时空演化特征分析

航空碳排放不仅影响空气质量且可造成温室效应。中国正处于从民航大国向民航强国迈进的关键时期,提高航空碳排放效率是行之有效的航空碳减排手段。运用可拓展随机性环境影响评估模型(STIRPAT)对中国2004—2019年航空碳排放总量的时空演变特征进行分析,以探明不同尺度区域航空碳排放的空间差异与空间关联表现;运用基于非期望产出的超效率松弛变量模型(SBM)和标准差椭圆分析法(SDE)对中国航空碳排放效率的时空分布与格局演化过程进行判定,以分析各省域航空碳排放效率的差异,并给出有效的航空碳减排方略。研究发现：2004—2019年,中国航空碳排放总量持续增长,航空碳排放增长率和航空碳排放强度均呈波动下降趋势;四大经济区航空碳排放总量分布总体表现为“东部>西部>中部>东北”的格局,东部仍是中国航空碳排放的主要区域;高碳排放区较分散,还未形成省域之间连片的碳排放高值区。2004—2019年,中国航空碳排放效率总体呈现“M”型波动上升趋势,各省域航空碳排放效率均不同程度的提高,但主要以低效率区、中效率区为主;各省域之间的航空碳排放效率差异性经历了逐渐减小到逐步增大的过程,但总体航空碳...     

Net primary production and net ecosystem production of a boreal black spruce wildfire chronosequence

Net primary production (NPP) was measured in seven black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP)‐dominated sites comprising a boreal forest chronosequence near Thompson, Man., Canada. The sites burned between 1998 and 1850, and each contained separate well‐ and poorly drained stands. All components of NPP were measured, most for 3 consecutive years. Total NPP was low (50–100 g C m^?2 yr^?1) immediately after fire, highest 12–20 years after fire (332 and 521 g C m^?2 yr^?1 in the dry and wet stands, respectively) but 50% lower than this in the oldest stands. Tree NPP was highest 37 years after fire but 16–39% lower in older stands, and was dominated by deciduous seedlings in the young stands and by black spruce trees (>85%) in the older stands. The chronosequence was unreplicated but these results were consistent with 14 secondary sites sampled across the landscape. Bryophytes comprised a large percentage of aboveground NPP in the poorly drained stands, while belowground NPP was 0–40% of total NPP. Interannual NPP variability was greater in the youngest stands, the poorly drained stands, and for understory and detritus production. Net ecosystem production (NEP), calculated using heterotrophic soil and woody debris respiration data from previous studies in this chronosequence, implied that the youngest stands were moderate C sources (roughly, 100 g C m^?2 yr^?1), the middle‐aged stands relatively strong sinks (100–300 g C m^?2 yr^?1), and the oldest stands about neutral with respect to the atmosphere. The ecosystem approach employed in this study provided realistic estimates of chronosequence NPP and NEP, demonstrated the profound impact of wildfire on forest–atmosphere C exchange, and emphasized the need to account for soil drainage, bryophyte production, and species succession when modeling boreal forest C fluxes.     

Distinct patterns of changes in surface energy budget associated with forestation in the semiarid region

Land use and land cover changes greatly influence surface energy balance and consequently climate, and are likely to be associated with the persistent predictions of warming and drying throughout the Mediterranean and other regions. We specifically address the question of how the high radiation load and suppressed latent heat flux, intrinsic to dry regions, interact with land use changes and climate in these environments. We use for this purpose a detailed 6‐year (2003–2008) study of the redistribution of the radiation load in an open‐canopy pine forest. The results show that compared with the background shrubland, there was a 23.8 W m^?2 increase in shortwave radiation load on the forest (to a mean annual net solar radiation of 211 W m^?2) associated with a decrease in albedo of 0.1. Surface (skin) temperature in the forest was lower than in the shrubland (by ～5 °C on average) due to an efficient ‘convector effect’ and the production of a large sensible heat flux (up to 926 W m^?2 in summer), which effectively shifted heat from the canopy to the overlying boundary layer. The cooler forest skin temperature resulted in suppression of upwelling longwave radiation (by 25 W m^?2, annual average), further increasing the forest radiation load (mean annual net radiation of 116 and 67 W m^?2 for forest and shrubland, respectively). This suppression also resulted in a local ‘canopy greenhouse effect’, where upwelling longwave radiation from the ground to the canopy was larger than from the canopy to the atmosphere (by up to 150 W m^?2 in summer) and was associated with ～3 °C warming below the canopy. The ability of the dry productive forest to deal with the high radiation load indicates the potential for afforestation in dry areas.     

Nitrogen effects on net ecosystem carbon exchange in a temperate steppe

It has widely been documented that nitrogen (N) enrichment stimulates plant growth and net primary production. However, there is still dispute on how N addition affects net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE), which represents the balance between ecosystem carbon (C) uptake and release. We conducted an experimental study to examine effects of N addition on NEE in a temperate steppe in northern China from 2005 to 2008. N was added at a rate of 10 g N m⁻² yr⁻¹ with NH₄NO₃ alone or in combination with phosphorous (P, 5 g P₂O₅ m⁻² yr⁻¹) in both clipped and unclipped plots. Over the 4 years, N addition significantly stimulated growing-season NEE, on average, by 27%. Neither the main effects of P addition or clipping nor their interactions with N addition were statistically significant on NEE in any of the 4 years. However, the magnitude of N stimulation on NEE declined over time. N addition significantly increased NEE by 60% in 2005 and 21% in 2006, but its effect was not significant in 2007 and 2008. N-induced shift in species composition was primarily responsible for the declined N stimulation over time. The gradually increasing coverage of the upper canopy species ( Stipa krylovii ) and standing litter accumulation induced light limitation on the lower canopy species ( Artemisia frigida ). Thus, N-induced shifts in plant species composition strongly regulated the direct effects of N addition on C sequestration in the temperate steppe.     

辐射变化对中亚热带杉木人工林净CO2交换的影响

太阳总辐射是影响森林生态系统碳交换的重要因子.为认识辐射变化对杉木人工林碳交换的影响,本研究利用开路式涡度相关系统和气象梯度观测系统测得的CO2通量和气象因子长期定位监测数据,用晴空指数(kt)表示太阳辐射情况,分析了kt对中亚热带杉木人工林生长季(4-10月)净C02交换(NEE)的影响.结果 表明:晴天时的太阳总辐...