中国东南沿海裸鞘花水母一新属及三新种记述

记述了采自中国东南沿海台湾海峡南部、福建南部东山湾和福建东部宁德三都湾裸鞘花水母1新属——拟长管水母属Dipurenella gen.nov.和3新种,即刺胞海帽水母Halitiara knides sp.nov.,东山拟长管水母Dipurenella dongshanensis sp.nov.和粗管外肋水母Ectopleura crassocanalis sp.nov.。详细描述其形态特征,并与近似种进行比较。模式标本保存于厦门大学海洋与环境学院。     

ECOLOGY OF THE GABAR GOSHAWK IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Kemp, A. C. & Snelling, J. C. 1973. Ecology of the Gabar Goshawk in southern Africa. Ostrich 44:154-162.

Observations on the plumage types, moult and general ecology of the Gabar Goshawk Melierax gabar are considered, and special attention is given to the hunting behaviour and prey of this species. The habit of nest-robbing is particularly important.     

PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS ROSTANGA (NUDIBRANCHIA), WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES FROM SOUTH AFRICA

Rostanga elandsia sp. nov., Rostanga aureamala sp. nov. andRostanga phepha sp. nov. are characterized by having the radulawith slender innermost lateral teeth, which lack denticles onthe inner side of the cusp and have a single denticle on theouter side. The outermost lateral teeth of these three speciesare elongate, but shorter than in other species of the genus.In addition, R. aureamala is the only species of the genus withrachidian teeth and R. phepha is unique within the genus Rostanga byvirtue of its white coloration with dark spots. A phylogenetic analysis shows that the three new species fromSouth Africa and Rostanga setidens (Odhner, 1939) are the sistergroup of the rest of the genus. The species from Japan and MarshallIslands (North Pacific Ocean) are basal in the sister cladecontaining the other species of Rostanga Bergh, 1879. The tropicalIndo-Pacific species of Rostanga are not monophyletic. The Atlanticand Eastern Pacific species form a monophyletic, derived clade,being the sister group of Rostanga australis Rudman & Avern,1989, which has a narrow range restricted to south eastern Australia.The widespread Indo-Pacific species Rostanga bifurcata Rudman& Avern, 1989, is the sister group of Rostanga dentacus Rudman& Avern, 1989, also widesprad in the tropical western Pacific. This phylogeny suggest s a viariant origin of the Sourth African, Atlantic-EasternPacific, and probably North Pacific species, whereas in thetropical Indo-Pacific most sister speceis are sympatric. (Received 16 May 1999; accepted 31 July 2000)     

THE JOURNAL OF THE LIMNOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN AFRICA: APPRAISAL,ANALYSIS, APPROACH AND APPLICATION

SUMMARY

In accordance with the Silver Jubilee theme of ‘reminisce and assess’, the editorial takes a critical look at the Journal of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa with the objective of examining its raison d'etre. After briefly examining the need for a journal in the context of southern African limnology and oceanography, an analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats facing the Journal is conducted. As a result of this analysis, a mission statement and action plan for the continued development of a useful and relevant publication, reflecting the needs and concerns of the total membership of the Limnological Society of Southern Africa, are presented. This approach places the Journal on a sound strategic footing and gives substance to the extended scope of the Journal which, since 1986, has included contributions from freshwater, estuarine and coastal marine scientists. A change in title to the Southern African Journal of Aquatic Sciences is announced - the change will take effect in 1989 with volume 15.     

COMPARATIVE SPERMATOLOGY OF THREE SPECIES OF DONAX (BIVALVIA) FROM SOUTH AFRICA

The fine structure of the sperm and spermatogenesis in threespecies of Donax (D. madagascariensis, D. sordidus and D. serra)are described. Although the morphology of the sperm of all speciesis very similar, each has unique features. Donax madagascariensisand D. sordidus reportedly hybridize in regions of sympatryand their spermatozoa are morphologically closer to one anotherthan to D. serra. All sperm are of the primitive type with ahead(about 2 µmu; long), mid-piece of four mitochondria andtail. The head comprises a barrel-shaped nucleus which is cappedby a small, complex acrosome. The structure of the acrosomeis typical of heterodont bivalves. During spermatogenesis thepattern of nuclear chromatin condensation is granular. Glycogenfirst appears in the cytoplasm of spermatids, and in the maturesperm is sited in the mid-piece and base of the acrosome. (Received 15 May 1989; accepted 25 June 1989)     

THE INFLUENCE OF PHOTOPERIOD AND EXOGENOUS NITROGEN-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES OF THE LIVERWORT CEPHALOZIA MEDIA

The effects of photoperiod and a number of metabolites (inorganic nitrogenous compounds, amino acids, and growth substances) on reproductive differentiation in the leafy liverwort Cephalozia media Lindb. were studied under axenic conditions. The increase or decrease in the number of branches bearing localized reproductive structures was used to determine the influence of the experimental variables on the regulation of both asexual and sexual phases of reproductivity (production of gemmae and gametangia). Within the context of photoperiodic control, the magnitude of the normal reproductive response was significantly stimulated or inhibited by low concentrations of certain amino acids or kinetin. Certain metabolites (10^-6M concentrations of arginine, cysteine, tryptophan plus kinetin) were able to overcome photoperiodic control of the reproductive response. Generally, organic compounds which stimulated asexual reproductivity under short photoperiod inhibited sexual reproductivity under long photoperiod. Exogenous inorganic nitrogen did not significantly affect the asexual or sexual reproductive response.     

NEW ARRENURUS SPECIES (ACARI,HYDRACHNELLAE, ARRENURIDAE) FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA

SUMMARY

Five new Arrenurus spp, from Southern Africa are described: A. amoenus sp. nov. from Natal, A. agnewi sp. nov., A. curtipalpus sp. nov., A. pedatus sp. nov. and A. cavatus sp. nov. from Botswana. The species from Natal came from an older collection belonging to the National Institute for Water Research. The species from Botswana were collected recently by Dr J.D. Agnew¹

The water mite fauna of South Africa is only partly known. Therefore it is important that collectors should know that alcohol and formalin are not suitable fixatives. Fixing and storing is most successful in the following mixture: 5 parts glycerin, 2 parts glacial acetic acid and 3 parts water.     

SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE BOOTED EAGLE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Steyn, P. & Grobler, J. H. 1985. Supplementary observations on the breeding biology of the Booted Eagle in Southern Africa. Ostrich 56:151-156

Further observations on the biology of the Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus in southern Africa are presented. Several nest sites in trees are described, and details of behaviour during the incubation and early nestling period are given. The down colour of nestlings is discussed. One juvenile returned to its natal area the following breeding season. In ninepair-years the replacement rate was 1,0 young/pair/year. Prey records confirm that birds predominate. The implications of the recent discovery of breeding in mid-winter in Namibia are discussed; there may be three Booted Eagle populations in southern Africa.     

BREEDING BIOLOGY OF THE BEARDED VULTURE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA,PART III: THE POST-NESTLING DEPENDENCE PERIOD

Brown, C. J. 1990. Breeding biology of the Bearded Vulture in southern Africa, Part III: The post-nestling dependence period. Ostrich 6l: 43–49.

The post-nestling dependence period of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus in southern Africa begins with the first flight of the young bird at 126 ± 2 days after latching (November-January) and ends during the pre-laying nod or the parent birds' next breeding attempt (April-June), a nod of about five months. For the first two weeks after first flit young bid remaine6 within about 200m of the nest, moving up to 800 m by the third week. By a month out of the nest young birds spent about 40% of the day in flight, moved up to 3 km from the nest, began bone-dropping and interacting with young birds from neighbouring nests. At six weeks they began to accompany their parents for part of some of their foraging trips, but returned to the nest alone, and by eight weeks they completed foraging forays with parents Pasting up to 3 h. At 2–3 months out of the nest young birds covered an area of about 42 km², excluding the foraging trips with parents, by 3–4 months, 78km² and 4–6 months, 168 km². Parent birds delivered food for at least five months after the young bird's first flight. Young birds left their natal areas of their own accord, usually during the first month of their parents' next breeding attempt.     

DISTRIBUTION,POPULATION SIZE AND CONSERVATION OF THE CASPIAN TERN STERNA CASPIA IN SOUTHERN AFRICA

Cooper, J., Brooke, R.K., Cyrus, D.P., Martin, A.P., Taylor, R.H. & Williams, A.J. 1992. Distribution, population size and conservation of the Caspian Tern Sterna caspia in southern Africa. Ostrich 63: 58–67.

The Caspian Tern Sterna caspia occurs along the whole southern African coastline and on large river systems and water bodies away from the coast. A total of 28 definite breeding localities has been recorded in southern Africa. Breeding has occurred recently at at least 14 coastal localities between Swakopmund, Namibia, and Lake St Lucia, Natal, South Africa. Inland breeding has been recorded in recent years at Sua Pan, Botswana and Kalkfonteindam, Orange Free State, South Africa. Based on censuses conducted between 1980 and 1991, the southern African breeding population is estimated to be of the order of 500 pairs, 91% of which breed coastally and 89% breed on islands. Up to 290 pairs (58%) bred at Lake St Lucia. Seventyone per cent of the 1980–1991 breeding population falls within eight nature reserves. Conservation of the Caspian Tern in southern Africa requires protection at breeding localities, including commercial salt and soda ash extraction works, against the effects of changing water levels, human disturbance and predation. Pesticide levels of addled and abandoned eggs should be measured at selected breeding localities.     

SHAPE DIFFERENCES AMONG BOREHOLES DRILLED BY THREE SPECIES OF NATICID GASTROPODS

Naticid gastropods leave a record of predation in the form ofcharacteristic countersunk circular boreholes. We fed bivalveprey to naticids to test whether the ratio between the innerand outer borehole diameter differed among three Recent naticidspecies: Euspira heros, E. lewisii and Neverita duplicata. Fossilshells from a Miocene-aged assemblage, containing naticids previouslyidentified as E. heros and N. duplicata, were also includedin our analyses. Ratios of the inner to outer diameters of naticidboreholes in bivalve shells showed that there were significantdifferences in borehole shape between E. heros and the two otherRecent species. We found no significant differences betweenthe ratios of E. lewisii and N. duplicata; however, a principalcomponent analysis showed that boreholes distinctly clusteraccording to species. The Miocene boreholes were also distinctfrom the Recent, indicating that the Miocene naticids may bea separate species from E. heros and N. duplicata. We have shownthat there is a species-specific component to borehole geometry.This may have important implications for palaeobiological studies,because the index of borehole functionality, previously describedas an inner to outer borehole ratio of 0.5 for all naticids,may differ between species. (Received 23 March 2004; accepted 10 January 2005)     

REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY IN THE SEAGRASS,SYRINGODIUM FILIFORME,FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO AND THE CARIBBEAN

Reproductive physiology in Syringodium filiforme Kütz. is controlled primarily by temperature under day lengths ranging from 12 hr to continuous light. Texas plants can be induced to flower at temperatures ranging from 20 to 24 C, but southern Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean plants are most readily induced at 23–24 C. Texas plants proceed to anthesis at temperatures above 22 C, but St. Croix plants require higher temperatures, above 25 C, for emergence of flowers from the bracts. Flowers induced under continuous light proceed to anthesis under day lengths shortened to 11 hr, but further floral induction is inhibited even under inductive temperatures. In natural seagrass beds, flowering occurs primarily under lengthening day lengths and warming temperatures that follow winter minima, but inflorescences may occur at other times of the year if temperatures permit.     

PATTERNS OF INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTIONS IN THE ULVA-DOMINATED INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY IN A SOUTHERN COAST OF KOREA

The reproductive success of marine species with external fertilization depends on environmental conditions during gamete release. There is special interest presently in whether water motion causes sperm limitation under natural conditions. We investigated gamete release of Fucus vesiculosus from an exposed shore to ascertain: 1) when gametes are released during the tidal cycle, 2) when fertilization occurs, and 3) what the natural sperm:egg ratios are. Water samples were collected and concentrated over five minutes every half hour off Pemaquid Point, ME from three replicate sites within each of two locations using a pump-filter device. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that gamete release occurred only on the two calmest spring tides. Sperm became present in the water column at the same time as oogonia (30 min⁻¹ h prior to high tide [HT]) and reached peak concentration at exactly HT. The sperm:egg ratio was 76:1 on 8 Oct 1999 and 21:1 on 8 Nov 1999 at exactly 30 min prior to HT and dropped sharply after HT. Gametes continued to be collected for several hours after HT but analysis of pronuclear position in aceto-iron-hematoxylin stained eggs revealed that all fertilization occurred at approximately HT. We modelled the total number of days when reproduction was possible using these results and wind and wave data from the National Data Buoy Center. Our research provides evidence that gamete release by F. vesiculosus occurs at slack HT on calm days and that sperm are not a limiting factor in fertilization for this species.