辽宁省豆科结瘤植物及其根瘤菌资源调查

豆科植物作为一种共生固氮植物 ,能与根瘤菌共生结瘤固定大气中的氮素 ,因此受到科学家的广泛关注 ,并对其开展了多方面的研究工作。在固氮机理 ,共生代谢及固氮菌遗传学方面都取得了重要的进展。但是 ,已经被研究的与根瘤菌具有共生关系的豆科植物还不足自然界中已知豆科植物种类的 0 5% [1 ] ,因此 ,豆科结瘤植物及其根瘤菌资源的调查研究工作更显得尤为重要。辽宁省是我国豆科植物种类较为丰富地区之一[2～6] ,而且均为我国主要的经济作物 ,如大豆、菜豆、豇豆、落花生等。多年来人们在不断地利用这些豆科植物资源造福于人类。但是 ,对…     

新疆地区结瘤固氮的豆科植物调查

世界上有豆科植物748属19700种,据报告在研究过的365属3108种豆科植物中,实际结瘤的豆科植物为2839种。新疆为典型的内陆干旱地区,分布着47属400种豆科植物,是新疆植被中主要类群之一,为干旱区生态体系中有效氮的主要     

固氮植物的菌根研究

综述了固氮植物菌根研究的概况,并对固氮植物形成菌根的普遍性,固氮植物联合共生的增效作用及逆境条件下菌根技术在固氮植物上的应用前景进行了总结和评述,初步探讨了联合共生体中菌根菌促进固氮植物结瘤固氮的机理。     

豆科茎瘤植物的结瘤,固氮和应用（综述）

本文概述了豆科茎瘤植物的某些特性，其结瘤数量殉，固氮能力强，抗涝，耐酸碱，耐铵，可用于改土培肥，文中学论述了毛萼田菁等绿肥植物在水稻田中的应用。     

几种豆科树木结瘤固氮的初步研究

 作者通过野外调查和盆栽试验,探讨了几种豆科树种的结瘤固氮特征,土壤条件的影响和植株生长。木豆、山毛豆、刺槐在南亚热带褐红土种植,山合欢、刺槐在中亚热带紫色土种植,对绿化荒山荒地、改良土壤和促进生态平衡具有重要意义。     

豆科茎瘤植物的结瘤、固氮和应用(综述)

本文概述了豆科茎瘤植物的某些特性,其结瘤数量多,固氮能力强,抗涝,耐酸碱,耐铵,可用于改土培肥。文中还论述了毛萼田菁等绿肥植物在水稻田中的应用。     

河西走廊豆科植物结瘤固氮特性初步研究

对甘肃河西走产野生豆科植物结瘤及固氮状况进行了调查。栽培豆科植物均能自然结瘤,野生豆科植物结瘤率仅５０％。该地区豆科植物根瘤大多数圆形、棒状或指状,形状较为规则。栽培植物根瘤多为粉红色,而野生揿为白色、黄色或棕色。ＡＲＡ测定表明,２５．６％根瘤为无效根瘤。不同种不同地区根瘤固氮活性相差较大,一般活力都较低,乙炔还原活性小１μｍｏｌＣ２Ｈ４／ｇＦＷ．ｈ的占检测样品数的２９．９％,最高者信为２８．１９     

豆科黄华族植物地理学的初步研究

在系统学业伦和地理分布及古植物学资源的基础上,利用形态－地理学的原理和方法,对豆科Papilionaceae黄华族和Tribe Thermopsideae进行了植物地理学的初步研究。结果表明,（１）黄华族可能是古地中海起源的,它的起源地在古北大陆的南岸,大约相当于现在的中纬度地区;（２）起源时间能早于第三纪,大约处白垩纪末和始新世之间。当时有一个所谓的“北热带植物群”Ｂoreotropical Flora发生;（３）本族６个属基本上构成一个比较自然的单元。它们是由原始槐族类祖先演化而来的;（４）木本类是本族原始的,早出的类群,它们基本上处于遗状态;草本类是本族进化的、晚出的类群,们种类多,分布区有扩大的趋势;（５）Ｔhermopsis间断分布于亚洲（包括中亚和东亚）、北美（包括北美东部和北美西部。东亚太平洋沿岸和北美大西洋沿岩最有可能是它的原始保存地,而不是起源地,它们主要是通过古地中海海道而发生联系的,造成原始类群星散分布的格局不是由一次,而是多次地史和气候变化的结果;（６）晚第三纪亚洲腹地造山运动引起的喜马拉雅山的降起和青藏高原的抬升,以及北美落基山山体抬升引起的水温条件的急剧变化是某些类群（包括Piptanthus和Thermopsis)物种局部分化的主要动力。     

Large Loss of Dissolved Organic Nitrogen from Nitrogen-Saturated Forests in Subtropical China

Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has recently been recognized as an important component of terrestrial N cycling, especially under N-limited conditions; however, the effect of increased atmospheric N deposition on DON production and loss from forest soils remains controversial. Here we report DON and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) losses from forest soils receiving very high long-term ambient atmospheric N deposition with or without additional experimental N inputs, to investigate DON biogeochemistry under N-saturated conditions. We studied an old-growth forest, a young pine forest, and a young mixed pine/broadleaf forest in subtropical southern China. All three forests have previously been shown to have high nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching losses, with the highest loss found in the old-growth forest. We hypothesized that DON leaching loss would be forest specific and that the strongest response to experimental N input would be in the N-saturated old-growth forest. Our results showed that under ambient deposition (35–50 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ as throughfall input), DON leaching below the major rooting zone in all three forests was high (6.5–16.9 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). DON leaching increased 35–162% following 2.5 years of experimental input of 50–150 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. The fertilizer-driven increase of DON leaching comprised 4–17% of the added N. A concurrent increase in DOC loss was observed only in the pine forest, even though DOC:DON ratios declined in all three forests. Our data showed that DON accounted for 23–38% of total dissolved N in leaching, highlighting that DON could be a significant pathway of N loss from forests moving toward N saturation. The most pronounced N treatment effect on DON fluxes was not found in the old-growth forest that had the highest DON loss under ambient conditions. DON leaching was highly correlated with NO₃⁻ leaching in all three forests. We hypothesize that abiotic incorporation of excess NO₃⁻ (through chemically reactive NO₂⁻) into soil organic matter and the consequent production of N-enriched dissolved organic matter is a major mechanism for the consistent and large DON loss in the N-saturated subtropical forests of southern China. Dr. YT Fang performed research, analyzed data, and wrote the paper; Prof. WX Zhu participated in the initial experimental design, analyzed data, and took part in writing the paper; Prof. P Gundersen conceived the study and took part in writing; Prof. JM Mo and Prof. GY Zhou conceived study; Prof. M Yoh analyzed part of the data and contributed to the development of DON model.     

臭氧污染对亚热带森林生产力和生物量的影响——以鼎湖山为例

全球气候变化背景下,我国近地面臭氧浓度不断增加,已严重威胁到森林生态系统。但是,目前臭氧污染影响我国亚热带森林生物量的研究仍然具有较高的不确定性。本研究比较了不同模型和不同参数化方案评估的鼎湖山森林和林下草地生物量损失率的差别,比较了鼎湖山阔叶林和针叶林以及林下草地的生物量损失率与总初级生产力(GPP)损失率的一致性。2015—2016年臭氧污染造成的鼎湖山阔叶林生物量损失率为11.3%—11.69%,针叶林生物量损失率为3.97%—3.68%,草地生物量损失11.2%—14.6%;不同参数化方案估计的鼎湖山阔叶林的生物量损失率在9%—13%之间,针叶林的生物量损失率在3.68%—4.4%之间变化,草地在11.2%—14.6%之间。基于臭氧剂量响应关系模型估算的阔叶林GPP损失率为10%—12.6%,针叶林GPP损失率为1.81%—2.6%,草地GPP损失率为3.2%—3.3%。总的来看,鼎湖山阔叶林和针叶林的生物量和GPP损失具有较高的一致性,阔叶林生物量和GPP的损失率明显高于针叶林生物量和GPP的损失率。     

Phosphorus Fertilization Increases the Abundance and Nitrogenase Activity of the Cyanolichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata in Hawaiian Montane Forests

Nitrogen-fixing epiphytes (especially lichens with a cyanobacterial symbiont—cyanolichens) have the potential to contribute significant amounts of nitrogen (N) to montane tropical forests, which are typically low in N—but the factors controlling the abundance and distribution of epiphytic cyanolichens are poorly understood. In long-term fertilization experiments in montane forests on a 4.l million-yr-old Oxisol on the island of Kauà'i and on a 152-yr-old lava flow on the island of Hawai'i, the epiphytic cyanolichen Pseudocyphellaria crocata increased significantly in abundance in canopies of host trees fertilized with phosphorus (P). There was no response to fertilization with N or other essential elements. Nitrogen-fixation rates were also elevated in lichens in P-fertilized plots at both sites. Phosphorus supply to host trees may be an important factor controlling N inputs to montane tropical forests by N-fixing epiphytes.     

Analysis of the legume-rhizobia symbiosis in shrubs from central western Spain

AIMS: This work analyses the diversity of rhizobia associated with some of the predominant shrubby legumes in central-western Spain. Symbiotic promiscuity and effectiveness were studied using cross-inoculation experiments with shrubby species. MATERIAL AND RESULTS: Six new bradyrhizobia strains were isolated from nodules collected from wild plants of six leguminous species, Cytisus balansae, C. multiflorus, C. scoparius, C. striatus, Genista hystrix and Retama sphaerocarpa. These isolates were genetically characterized by 16S rDNA partial sequencing and random amplification of polymorphic DNA-PCR fingerprinting. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates could represent three new Bradyrhizobium species. Shrubby legumes and bradyrhizobia displayed a high symbiotic promiscuity both for infectivity and effectiveness. Symbioses were effective in more than 70% of the associations established by four of the six plant species. CONCLUSIONS: Native woody legumes in western Spain are nodulated by Bradyrhizobium strains. The high degree of symbiotic promiscuity and effectiveness highlights the complex dynamics of these communities in wild ecosystems under a Mediterranean-type climate. Furthermore, the results from this study suggest a potential importance of inoculation for these legume species in soil-restoration projects. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This is the first study, to our knowledge, that combines both molecular analysis and pot trials to study the rhizobia-legume symbiosis for wild legumes.     

南亚热带森林演替过程中土壤线虫群落结构变化

森林演替会通过改变植物群落组成和土壤环境影响土壤生物群落, 反过来, 土壤生物群落的变化也会对生态系统的演替产生反馈作用, 但迄今南亚热带森林演替过程中土壤生物群落的变化特征尚不清晰。本研究以广东省鼎湖山的南亚热带森林演替序列(马尾松(Pinus massoniana)林-针阔叶混交林-季风常绿阔叶林)为对象, 研究了森林演替过程中土壤线虫多样性和群落结构的动态变化及其影响因素。通过采集不同演替阶段的土壤样品, 分析和比对了不同演替阶段土壤线虫的多度、多样性、群落组成、土壤线虫生态指数以及土壤理化性质的差异。结果表明: (1)在南亚热带森林演替过程中, 针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林土壤线虫的α多样性显著高于马尾松林, 但土壤线虫总数和各营养类群多度及其相对丰度并无显著变化; (2)针阔叶混交林中土壤线虫富集指数显著高于马尾松林, 表明其土壤养分状况要好于马尾松林, 而季风常绿阔叶林土壤线虫结构指数较高, 表明其受干扰程度较低; (3)针阔叶混交林的土壤含水量和土壤理化性质(除土壤总磷含量)已达到季风常绿阔叶林的水平, 但两者的土壤pH值均显著低于马尾松林, 而土壤pH值和土壤含水量是影响土壤线虫群落动态变化的主要因素。综上所述, 南亚热带森林中土壤线虫多度、多样性和群落结构对森林演替的响应略有不同, 演替过程中土壤环境因素的趋同是导致针阔叶混交林和季风常绿阔叶林中土壤线虫多样性和群落特征相似的主要原因。     

Evolving ideas of legume evolution and diversity: a taxonomic perspective on the occurrence of nodulation

Legumes evolved about 60 million years ago (Ma), and nodulation 58 Ma. Nonnodulation remains common in Caesalpinioideae, with smaller numbers in Mimosoideae and Papilionoideae. The first type of infection by bacteria may have been at junctions where lateral roots emerged, followed by formation of infection threads to confine bacteria and convey them to some cells in the developing nodule, where they were generally released into symbiosomes. Infection threads were a prerequisite for root-hair infection, a process better controlled by the host, leading to a higher degree of specificity between symbionts. An alternative process, dating from the same time and persisting in about 25% of legumes, did not involve infection threads, bacteria entering a few host cells, surrounded by an undefined matrix. These cells divided repeatedly to give uniform infected tissue, with bacteria released into symbiosomes. Such legumes may have less stringent control of nodulation processes, and are found mainly in tropical and warm temperate areas. In each type of nodule, meristems may or may not be retained, leading to indeterminate or determinate forms. Nodule morphology and structure are host-determined, but the effectiveness of nitrogen fixation is largely controlled by the bacterial symbionts, which vary greatly in genotypic and phenotypic characters.     

基于BP人工神经网络的兴安落叶松天然林全林分生长模型的研究

以大兴安岭地区兴安落叶松天然林为研究对象,基于688块固定标准地数据,采用MATLAB中log-sigmoid型函数(logsig)和线性函数(purelin)为神经元的作用函数,依据全林分生长模型的概念,以年龄（A）、地位级指数（SCI）和林分密度指数（SDI）作为输入变量,以林分每公顷蓄积量（M）作为输出变量,构建和训练了全林分生长的BP人工神经网络模型,并与常规建模方法进行了对比研究。结果表明,BP人工神经网络模型的拟合精度高达99.6%,检验精度为98.9%,说明与其它建模方法相比人工神经网络建模具有较高的拟合精度和适应性,对林分生长具有更好的预测能力。     

黄土高原子午岭天然林与刺槐人工林地土壤干化状况对比

详细调查和对比分析了子午岭(富县)天然林地和人工林地土壤水分状况和植被状况,发现天然林地水分亏缺不严重,只在浅层形成了轻度亏缺,并在雨季后能得到及时的恢复;同时这种亏缺并没有影响到天然植被的发育与演替。人工林地土壤水分则亏缺明显,深层亏缺尤为严重,土壤含水量最低平均达到5.90%,已接近凋萎湿度,且这种水分亏缺严重影响了人工林的生存和发展,部分林地已出现了明显的衰退迹象。在此基础上,说明了天然林地土壤水分状况明显优于人工林地的原因是天然林在林分结构上形成了典型的“乔-灌-草”复层稳定的空间层片结构,具有很强的自我调节能力,使天然林在物种的组成成分上逐渐向喜干物种方向发展,以适应气候旱化的总趋势;而人工林则因其结构简单,物种单一,自我调节能力差,在连续干旱的条件下因植被对土壤水分的过度消耗,形成了严重程度不一的土壤干化层。同时,从天然植被的自然水分状况入手,提出了“林地稳定土壤持水量”的概念,来界定土壤干化现象:依据土壤水分的亏缺现状初步将干化程度分为轻度干层(8%～10%)、中度干层(6%～8%)和严重干层(<6%)3个等级;依据土壤水分的补偿深度又将其划分为临时性干层和持续性干层。研究认为,当前人工林地的土壤水分出现严重亏缺而形成土壤干化层是人为不合理经营造成人工林群落林分结构不完善的结果,如果人为干预适当,能创造出类似于天然植被的生存条件,人工植被完全有可能得到正常的生存和发展。     

子午岭天然林与人工林群落特征比较研究

采用标准样地调查法对比研究了黄土高原子午岭地区人工刺槐林、人工油松林与天然林山杨林、白桦林与辽东栎林的群落特征。结果表明,人工林与天然演替森林（山杨林与自桦林）均具有较丰富的物种组成,为62种左右,而天然顶极森林（辽东栎林）的物种数量则相对较少,为48种。人工林与天然林空间层次分化明显,而且还有一定数量的层间藤本植物。从群落结构的空间格局来看,人工油松林与天然林乔木层与灌木层发育较好,但人工刺槐林的草本层发育较好。人工林的植物多样性主要体现在草本层,而天然林乔木层与灌木层也具有相对较高的多样性。以天然辽东栎林为参照,群落物种组成相似性的比较结果表明,人工刺槐林与天然林的相似性较低,其相似性指数（IS）为19．4,而人工油松林与天然林的相似性则较高,IS值为43．4,甚至高于天然白桦林（33．3）与山杨林（42．9）。因此,相比较而言,油松比刺槐更适合作为黄土高原子午岭地区的人工造林树种。     

西双版纳自然保护区曼旦村傣族利用自然资源的传统和变化

我国广大农村都面临着人口多土地少的矛盾 ,在靠山吃山传统习惯的影响下 ,执行禁止采伐天然森林的国家政策也面临着很多困难。傣族是西双版纳较早的土著民族 ,有一套利用自然资源的传统 ,把森林看得很重要 ,人则被放在次要的位置 ,即 :森林 水 农田 粮食 人[1,7] 。位于勐腊坝子东面的山区有一个叫曼旦的傣族村寨 ,由于 1980年兴建大型水库淹没水田和建立自然保护区给村民生产和生活带来了不少困难。但是 ,该村没有因此而贫困下来 ,反而在附近村寨中经济发展得最好。通过调查 ,发现了曼旦村利用自然资源的优良 ,发表此文 ,以期为村寨资源利…