医学研究中的实验动物

本文概述了实验动物的分类、特点及其在医学生物学中的应用。在医学生物学的发展过程中,实验动物的重要性已愈来愈被人们所认识。合理地选用实验动物对达到预定的实验目的起着至关重要的作用。     

斑马鱼的质量标准化

斑马鱼在人类发育学研究、疾病动物模型以及生命科学多领域中扮演着越来越重要的角色。作为新兴的实验动物资源,标准化已经成为斑马鱼使用中亟待解决的技术瓶颈和研究发展的必然趋势。本文综述了斑马鱼的研究历史,生物学特性以及质量标准化的研究现状,并对斑马鱼作为实验动物在标准化研究过程中面临的主要问题做了探讨,以期为斑马鱼实验动物资源标准化研究提供有益的参考。     

中国鹅绒藤属(萝藦科)植物研究进展

从分类历史、地理分布、实验生物学研究等方面综述了中国鹅绒藤属(萝藦科)植物的研究进展,并就该属植物分类、实验生物学、种质资源保护与开发利用等未来研究方向和重点提出了建议。     

国家动物模型资源共享信息平台的建立

目的 为推动我国实验动物领域资源共享,满足不同层次、不同研究目的的需求,建立国家动物模型资源共享信息平台。方法 发布实验动物及动物模型资源征集函,广泛收集实验动物及动物模型资源,并从文献与公共数据库补充相关资源信息。结果 国家动物模型资源共享信息平台对实验动物资源、动物模型及相关产品资源信息进行系统采集和整理,涵盖实验动物资源、动物模型资源的研发、鉴定、评价和应用,以及实验动物专属试剂和仪器设备、基于实验动物的科技外包服务等。通过网络平台推动资源共享,为开展药物筛选和治疗等提供平台与数据支撑。结论 本研究团队建立了国家动物模型资源共享信息平台,提供实验动物、动物模型及相关资源数据查询、供求单位需求信息发布和详细资料展示等一站式服务,为科技创新和社会发展提供高质量的实验动物与动物模型资源共享服务。     

香猪资源的开发与利用

本文主要介绍我国小型资源动物—香猪的生物学特性,资源分布,现状,合理利用及其洙议。     

蚤类生物学与鼠疫

介绍了蚤类的分类地位、生物学特性和采集方法,着重阐述了蚤类和宿主动物的关系,包括宿主的选择性和寄生方式以及对宿主动物的影响,国内外鼠疫流行的历史和现状。     

新疆的野驴、野马和野骆驼

蒙古野驴、藏野驴、野马和野骆驼四种大型有蹄类动物均属我国第一类保护动物,并都主要分布于新疆.本文就其分类地位、形态特征、生物学特性、分布和保护现状作一介绍.     

中国特有珍稀濒危植物猪血木的研究进展

对我国特有珍稀濒危植物猪血木的分类地位、资源现状及分布、生物学和生态学特性、发育生物学、保护遗传学、繁殖生物学、和濒危机制进行了综述,为该物种的种群恢复研究提供了参考.     

野生来源TW小鼠近交系培育及其生物学特性的研究

目的　培育中国特有TW (TianjinWild)野生小鼠来源的实验近交小鼠品系 ,筛选其重要的生物学特征 ,丰富现有实验动物基因库。方法　严格按照国际培育近交系动物标准 ,即每代繁育的雌雄小鼠严格按照同胎雌雄 (兄妹 )进行交配。结果　经过 1 2年的精心培育 ,培育TW小鼠至F2 2代 ,其他 1 5地野生小鼠品系均因故中断。结论　该项研究将为丰富国际现有实验小鼠基因库资源 ,建立抗肺肿瘤特性实验小鼠模型动物奠定坚实基础。     

蛋白质电泳在动物分类学中的应用

现代分类学除了形态特征外,应综合其生态行为、地理分布以及根据实验分类的资料进行分类(郑作新,1982)。对种的概念应有生物学和种群概念。在实验分类学上,最近国内外应用各种电泳技术从分子水平进行动物分类,丰富了分类学领域,具有重要作用。Avise于     

我国实验动物科学带来的动物伦理及福利问题

实验动物是在一定条件下人工饲养繁殖,具有特定的生物学特性,用于科学研究的动物。实验动物是生命科学研究不可缺少的支撑条件,是为人类的健康和发展作出贡献和牺牲的生命体。实验动物科学包括实验动物和动物实验两个方面,是生命科学的重要分支。随着人类社会、经济和文化的发展,动物福利和动物伦理问题已经全面渗透到了实验动物科学乃至生命科学的各个领域之中。在我国,实验动物科学带来的伦理问题主要表现为：缺乏相应的法律法规,对虐杀实验动物的现象缺乏管理,违背实验动物伦理的技术操作现象依然存在,动物保护主义者和实验动物科学工作者之间的矛盾,等等。动物伦理学在中国出现的社会原因是：改革开放后经济的快速发展促使人们的观念转变,与国际的交往促进了东西方文化的交融,同时也是近十几年来教育的结果。近年来,我国实验动物科学领域内关于伦理问题和动物福利的研究进展迅速,实验动物纪念碑的出现和＂3R＂研究概念的传入是其主要表现。改善实验动物的生活条件,杜绝虐杀实验动物的现象,规范动物实验的技术操作,尽快制定和完善相关的法律法规,是进一步努力的目标;而落实组织措施,成立动物伦理委员会及专家组,加强与国际上的交流,推动＂3R＂研究的进展,扩大对社会的宣传,支持爱护动物的行为,注重与动物保护组织的理解及沟通等,是为达到这一目标应采取的措施。     

Development of incident severity classification for laboratory animals

An incident reporting system (IRS) prevents possible adverse events by collecting and analyzing incidents that occur. However, few studies are available regarding IRSs in the laboratory animal field. This study aimed to develop an incident severity classification for laboratory animals (ISCLA) to evaluate the usefulness of the IRS in laboratory animal facilities. Twenty-three incidents reported from March 2019 to February 2020 on our IRS were retrospectively reviewed. Three of the 23 incidents failed to obtain some experimental data. Two of these incidents were harmless to animals, but the other caused the animals moderate distress. In addition, two of the three incidents made animals unsuitable for experiments. Since the inconsistent impact of incidents on animals and experiments prevented the comparison of the severity of individual incidents, we developed the ISCLA. According to the ISCLA, the above three incidents were classified into Category 3b and 4a. The others were classified into Category 0 (n=5), 1 (n=6), 2 (n=3), and 3a (n=6) in ascending order of severity. No incident was classified into Category 4b and 5. Furthermore, incidents occurring in the animal housing area were more severe than those occurring in the supporting area (P=0.002). This study showed that incident occurrences had characteristics that were not visible from individual incidents alone. Moreover, the ISCLA was considered useful when conducting the IRS and taking improvement measures in laboratory animal facilities.     

The use of passerine bird species in laboratory research: implications of basic biology for husbandry and welfare

Passerine birds are important models in fundamental biological research, with as many as 300,000 individuals used in laboratory experiments worldwide annually. However, because the use of passerines is rare compared with that of more conventional laboratory animals, there is often a lack of information about the basic biology and husbandry requirements of these species. We aim to address this deficit by providing an overview of the most salient aspects of passerine biology and their implications for laboratory husbandry and welfare. We start by describing the characteristics that make these birds useful and interesting research subjects. Specifically, we highlight features (e.g., birdsong) of passerine biology that differentiate these birds from more common laboratory animals. Next, we consider the implications of passerine biology for husbandry in the laboratory. Many of the aspects of passerine biology that make these species valuable to scientists are also likely to be affected by environmental variables; a good knowledge of these variables is necessary in order to choose appropriate laboratory conditions for passerines. We outline how the developmental history of the birds and choices of caging, feeding, and environmental regimes might influence their physiology and behavior and thus affect both the welfare of the birds and the quality of the resulting data. We stress the importance of a sound understanding of the biology of any species to ensure good welfare and good science.     

实验动物饲养和运输的伦理与福利

本文提出实验动物福利是人类应当给予实验动物的良好条件（正面因素）,主要体现在动物的饲养和运输等过程,以“5F”为基本理论;伦理则是人类给予动物实验处理（负面因素）时应遵循的原则,主要体现在动物实验过程中,以“3R”为基本理论.同时总结了实验动物饲养和运输过程的实际经验,从环境、笼具、垫料、密度、饲料和饮水、社会和行为需要、安乐死、运输等方面,介绍了保障实验动物福利的具体做法.     

啮齿类螺杆菌的分离鉴定

目的对分离自啮齿类实验动物的17株螺杆菌进行鉴定,以期获得生物学、遗传学特性典型的菌株作为模式菌株。方法通过生物学特性、16S rRNA序列测定、系统发育树及超微结构分析,对螺杆菌进行种的鉴定。结果确定所分离的17株菌株分为两大类,其中一类为胆汁螺杆菌(H.bilis);另外一类属于螺杆菌属成员。结论所分离到的菌株分别是胆汁螺杆菌和未鉴定到种的螺杆菌,其中胆汁螺杆菌与ATCC51630模式菌株16SrRNA序列比较,相似性达99.6%,可作为检测用的模式菌株。     

The experiments with laboratory animals from a bioethical point of view--history, modern time, perspectives

The origin of laboratory animal science was called forth by violent development of experimental biology and medicine in the XIX century on the one hand, and on the other hand by the necessity to have standard healthy animals for experiments with strictly definite biological characteristics. With this aim in view management technology and animal use in experiments have been constantly improved. "Laboratory animal" notion has been formed by the end of the XIX century. At the beginning of laboratory animal science development ethical problems were not as urgent as they are now. It is established that the three Rs bioethical conception of W.M.S. Russel and R.L. Burch (1959) has influence on modern state and perspectives of the development of animal experimental methods. It is shown that the existence of laboratory animal protection laws and the reflection in them of compulsory ethical review of scientific project and statistics of used laboratory animals is absolutely necessary.     

Characteristics and classification of the lakes of Signy Island, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica

SUMMARY. The lakes of Signy Island (60° 43'S, 45° 38'W), South Orkney Islands, Antarctica, provide a unique laboratory for the study of many processes including natural eutrophication. Current relationships between the lakes have been examined by principal components analysis of environmental data from a long-term monitoring programme. The results from the analysis have been combined with some biological data to provide a classification scheme for the lakes. The study has produced a valuable baseline for use in future research.     

动物实验中的兽医作用

实验动物是现代医学研究中的重要基础和条件,随着我国实验动物科学的迅速发展和实验动物和动物实验质和量的不断提高,对实验动物兽医的需求越来越大,对实验动物兽医的要求和期望也越来越高,本文简要阐述了兽医在动物实验中的作用.文章就实验动物兽医应该具备的资质、实验动物兽医的基本职责以及实验动物健康与兽医管理等方面进行了讨论,明确了实验动物兽医的各项基本职责及任务.兽医在实验动物的管理以及动物实验的过程中有着非常重要的作用,在动物实验中应充分发挥兽医的作用.     

面向代谢组学的模式识别技术应用与展望

代谢组学是后基因时代新兴的一门研究生物体内所有小分子代谢物的组学学科,是系统生物学的有机组成部分。由于代谢组学是基于数据驱动的学科,因此如何有效利用数据预处理、模式识别等信息处理技术从代谢组学复杂的高维样本中挖掘深层次的“知识”是代谢组学乃至整个系统生物学的关键问题。对模式识别技术在代谢组学中的应用作了全面的综述。总结代谢组学数据特性及其对模式识别技术的特殊要求,揭示面向代谢组学的模式识别技术所遇到的困难并在此基础上提出相应的解决办法。