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1.
Andrew T. Nottingham Erland Bth Stephanie Reischke Norma Salinas Patrick Meir 《Global Change Biology》2019,25(3):827-838
Terrestrial biogeochemical feedbacks to the climate are strongly modulated by the temperature response of soil microorganisms. Tropical forests, in particular, exert a major influence on global climate because they are the most productive terrestrial ecosystem. We used an elevation gradient across tropical forest in the Andes (a gradient of 20°C mean annual temperature, MAT), to test whether soil bacterial and fungal community growth responses are adapted to long‐term temperature differences. We evaluated the temperature dependency of soil bacterial and fungal growth using the leucine‐ and acetate‐incorporation methods, respectively, and determined indices for the temperature response of growth: Q10 (temperature sensitivity over a given 10oC range) and Tmin (the minimum temperature for growth). For both bacterial and fungal communities, increased MAT (decreased elevation) resulted in increases in Q10 and Tmin of growth. Across a MAT range from 6°C to 26°C, the Q10 and Tmin varied for bacterial growth (Q10–20 = 2.4 to 3.5; Tmin = ?8°C to ?1.5°C) and fungal growth (Q10–20 = 2.6 to 3.6; Tmin = ?6°C to ?1°C). Thus, bacteria and fungi did not differ significantly in their growth temperature responses with changes in MAT. Our findings indicate that across natural temperature gradients, each increase in MAT by 1°C results in increases in Tmin of microbial growth by approximately 0.3°C and Q10–20 by 0.05, consistent with long‐term temperature adaptation of soil microbial communities. A 2°C warming would increase microbial activity across a MAT gradient of 6°C to 26°C by 28% to 15%, respectively, and temperature adaptation of microbial communities would further increase activity by 1.2% to 0.3%. The impact of warming on microbial activity, and the related impact on soil carbon cycling, is thus greater in regions with lower MAT. These results can be used to predict future changes in the temperature response of microbial activity over different levels of warming and over large temperature ranges, extending to tropical regions. 相似文献
2.
Kre Lindstrm 《Journal of phycology》1984,20(2):212-220
Optimum light, temperature, and pH conditions for growth, photosynthetic, and respiratory activities of Peridinium cinctum fa. westii (Lemm.) Lef were investigated by using axenic clones in batch cultures. The results are discussed and compared with data from Lake Kinneret (Israel) where it produces heavy blooms in spring. Highest biomass development and growth rates occurred at ca. 23° C and ≥50 μE· m?2·s1 of fluorescent light with energy peaks at 440–575 and 665 nm. Photosynthetic oxygen release was more efficient in filtered light of blue (BG 12) and red (RG 2) than in green (VG 9) qualities. Photosynthetic oxygen production occurred at temperatures ranging from 5° to 32° C in white fluorescent light from 10 to 105 μE·m?2·s?1 with a gross maximum value of 1500 × 10?12 g·cell?1·h?1 at the highest irradiance. The average respiration amounted to ca. 12% of the gross production and reached a maximum value of ca. 270·10?12 g·cell?1·h?1 at 31° C. A comparison of photosynthetic and respiratory Q10-values showed that in the upper temperature range the increase in gross production was only a third of the corresponding increase in respiration, although the gross production was at maximum. Short intermittent periods of dark (>7 min) before high light exposures from a halogen lamp greatly increased oxygen production. Depending on the physiological status of the alga, light saturation values were reached at 500–1000 μE·m?2·s?1 of halogen light with compensation points at 20–40 μE·m?2·s?1 and Ik-values at 100–200 μE·m?2·s?1. The corresponding values in fluorescent light in which it was cultured and adapted, were 25 to 75% lower indicating the ability of the alga to efficiently utilize varying light conditions, if the adaptation time is sufficient. Carbon fixation was most efficient at ca. pH 7, but the growth rates and biomass development were highest at pH 8.3. 相似文献
3.
F.Edward Dudek 《Journal of insect physiology》1975,21(3):517-528
The effects of temperature (10–30°C) on response latency and amplitude were determined in the dark- and light-adapted compound eye of the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus. Response amplitude was an inverse function of temperature under dark-adapted conditions, but was nearly independent of temperature when superimposed on a background field. Response amplitude to a test stimulus (S2) was maximum at 15–20°C when presented 10 sec after an adapting stimulus (S1). The optimum temperature (10°C or less) for maximum response amplitude from dark-adapted eyes was far below the temperature at which the animals were grown (19–25°C) and lower than previously reported for insect compound eyes. These results are discussed in terms of the adaptive implications for diurnal, terrestrial ectotherms.Response latency from dark-adapted eyes was an inverse exponential function of temperature with an apparent activation energy of 13·6 kcal mole−1. No change in activation energy could be attributed to light adaptation.Reductions of S2 response latency and amplitude, during the adaptation régimes employed in this study, were different functions of temperature. Adapting stimuli, which were equally effective at reducing S2 latency, had different effects on S2 response amplitude. Recovery of S2 response latency and amplitude were not related at either 20 or 10°C. Therefore, changes in S2 response latency as a function of adaptation appeared independent of changes in S2 response amplitude. 相似文献
4.
Judith A. Mongold Albert F. Bennett Richard E. Lenski 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1996,50(1):35-43
Following an environmental change, the course of a population's adaptive evolution may be influenced by environmental factors, such as the degree of marginality of the new environment relative to the organism's potential range, and by genetic factors, including constraints that may have arisen during its past history. Experimental populations of bacteria were used to address these issues in the context of evolutionary adaptation to the thermal environment. Six replicate lines of Escherichia coli (20°C group), founded from a common ancestor, were propagated for 2000 generations at 20°C, a novel temperature that is very near the lower thermal limit at which it can maintain a stable population size in a daily serial transfer (100-fold dilution) regime. Four additional groups (32/20, 37/20, 42/20, and 32–42/20°C groups) of six lines, each with 2000 generation selection histories at different temperatures (32, 37, 42, and daily alternation of 32 and 42°C), were moved to the same 20°C environment and propagated in parallel to ascertain whether selection histories influence the adaptive response in this novel environment. Adaptation was measured by improvement in fitness relative to the common ancestor in direct competition experiments conducted at 20°C. All five groups showed improvement in relative fitness in this environment; the mean fitness of the 20°C group after 2000 generations increased by about 8%. Selection history had no discernible effect on the rate or final magnitude of the fitness responses of the four groups with different histories after 2000 generations. The correlated fitness responses of the 20°C group were measured across the entire thermal niche. There were significant tradeoffs in fitness at higher temperatures; for example, at 40°C the average fitness of the 20°C group was reduced by almost 20% relative to the common ancestor. We also observed a downward shift of 1–2°C in both the upper and lower thermal niche limits for the 20°C selected group. These observations are contrasted with previous observations of a markedly greater rate of adaptation to growth near the upper thermal limit (42°C) and a lack of trade-off in fitness at lower temperatures for lines adapted to that high temperature. The evolutionary implications of this asymmetry are discussed. 相似文献
5.
6.
Temperature is an important determinant affecting the capacity of disease vectors like mosquitoes (Culicidae) to transmit disease agents. Although the impact of temperature on vector-borne disease dynamics has been studied intensively, the actual temperature encountered by the vector in a heterogeneous landscape is rarely taken into account. If disease vectors have temperature preferences and therefore select specific microhabitats, this would substantially influence key life history traits that determine transmission intensity. The thermal preferences of subtropical Aedes aegypti and temperate Ae. japonicus mosquitoes were investigated in a temperature gradient set-up consisting of a Plexiglas box on top of an aluminium plate on two thermal regulators. Blood-fed (one day after feeding) and unfed (non-blood-fed) mosquitoes were released in small (15–20 °C, 20–25 °C, 25–30 °C) and large (15–30 °C, 30–45 °C) temperature gradients to assess their thermal preferences after 15 min. Additionally, the effect of humidity was investigated in a two-choice chamber setup. Both mosquito species avoided higher temperatures, pronouncedly dangerously high temperatures in the 30–45 °C gradient. At lower temperatures, blood-fed mosquitoes preferred the cooler sides of the 20–25 °C and 25–30 °C gradient, which were all below their rearing temperature. In the lowest gradient of 15–20 °C, no preferences were found. The thermal preference of unfed mosquitoes was similar to that of the blood-fed mosquitoes. No humidity preference or effect of humidity on temperature preferences was observed within the tested range (40–90%). The set-up allows for assessing the thermal preference of mosquitoes under controlled conditions. The observed preference of mosquitoes for cooler temperatures would increase their longevity and slow down pathogen development. If similar microhabitat selection is observed in the field, vector borne disease models should be adjusted accordingly. 相似文献
7.
Albert F. Bennett Richard E. Lenski 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》1996,50(2):493-503
We previously demonstrated temperature-specific genetic adaptation in experimental lines of Escherichia coli. Six initially identical populations were propagated for 2000 generations under each of five regimes: constant 20°C, 32°C, 37°C, and 42°C, and a daily switch between 32°C and 42°C. Glucose was the sole carbon source in all cases. Here, we examine the physiological bases of adaptation to determine whether the same mechanisms evolved among the replicate lines within each thermal regime and across different regimes. Specifically, we investigate whether changes in glucose transport may account for the temperature-specific adaptation. We compared each line's direct response of fitness to glucose with its correlated response to maltose; glucose and maltose enter the cell by different pathways, but their catabolism is identical. Except for lines maintained at the ancestral temperature (37°C), almost all derived lines had significantly different fitnesses (relative to their common ancestor) in glucose and maltose, supporting the hypothesis that adaptation involved changes in glucose transport. An alternative explanation, that maltose transport decayed by genetic drift, appears unlikely for reasons that are discussed. Although most lines showed evidence of temperature-specific adaptation in glucose transport, several different mechanisms may underlie these improvements, as indicated by heterogeneity in correlated responses (across temperatures and substrates) among replicate lines adapted to the same regime. This heterogeneity provides a latent pool of genetic variation for responding to environmental change. 相似文献
8.
Temperature requirements for growth and maturation of the warm temperate kelp Eckloniopsis radicosa (Laminariales,Phaeophyta)
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The annual kelp Eckloniopsis radicosa is distributed along Japanese coasts and occurs within the area with a February isotherm ranging 15–18°C and August isotherm ranging 25–28°C. In this study, the effects of temperature on the gametophyte growth and maturation, and the young sporophyte growth of E. radicosa were examined and the results are discussed in relation to the distribution of other warm‐adapted kelp species and the potential effects of climate change. The optimal temperature ranges for growth of male and female gametophytes were 23–27°C and 20–26°C, respectively. The upper survival temperature for gametophyte growth was 31°C for males and 30°C for females, respectively. The optimal temperature range for maturation of female gametophytes was ≤23°C. The optimal temperature range for growth of young sporophytes was 14–22°C. It was clarified that E. radicosa has the most warm‐adapted characteristics for growth and maturation of gametophytes among members of the Laminariales studied so far. The natural seawater temperature ranges during the growth and maturation seasons for gametophytes of E. radicosa, as well as the growth season for young sporophytes near to the northern and southern distribution limits (Izu‐Oshima: 14.9–24.5°C, Ichiki‐kushikino: 17.1–29.6°C), agreed with the experimentally determined temperature requirements. The warm‐adapted gametophyte stage and annual lifecycle are major factors enabling survival of E. radicosa in warm waters near tropical regions along the Japanese coast. 相似文献
9.
TATSUOMI MATSUOKA RYUSUKE MAMIYA KOJI TANEDA 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》1990,37(4):323-328
Temperature sensitivity of Blepharisma cultured at 23°C was investigated in a temperature range between 18.5°C and 33.5°C. The cells accumulated in an optimal temperature (ca. 27°C) region when they were placed in a chamber with a temperature gradient, although a certain population of the cells accumulated at much higher temperatures. The quantitative analysis of behavioral responses exhibited by the cells revealed that three types of thermal response were responsible for thermoaccumulation of the cells in an optimal temperature: (1) an increase in the frequency of thermophobic response in the cells swimming away from the optimal temperature region; (2) acceleration of forward swimming velocity of the cells swimming toward the optimal temperature region; and (3) higher frequency of spontaneous ciliary reversal of the cells in higher temperature regions. 相似文献
10.
Ian R. Davison 《Journal of phycology》1987,23(Z2):273-283
The effect of growth temperature on photosynthetic metabolism was studied in the kelp Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour. Photosynthesis was subject to phenotypic adaptation, with almost constant photosynthetic rates being achieved at growth temperatures between 0 and 20° C. This response involved: (1) an inverse relationship between growth temperature and photosynthetic capacity, (2) a reduction in the Q10 value for photosynthesis of L. saccharina grown at 0 and 5° C compared with 10, 15 and 20° C grown sporophytes, and (3) an acquired tolerance of photosynthesis to temperatures between 15–25° C (which inhibited photosynthesis in 0 and 5° C grown L. saccharina) in sporophytes grown at 10, 15 and 20° C. The physiological basis of these adaptations is discussed in terms of observed changes in activities and kinetics of the Calvin cycle enzyme ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase (oxygenase) and efficiency of light harvesting-electron transport systems. 相似文献
11.
Adaptivity to short-term and long-term changes in water temperature and salinity was studied in larvae of the bivalve mollusk Mytilus trossulus. It was shown that water temperature of 4°C mostly suppressed growth and development of larvae. A temperature of 20°C promoted an enhanced larval growth and development. Though a temperature of 20°C caused enhanced larval growth, the temperature was not optimal, while its effect caused quality diversity of larval development, owing to the difference in their growth rates. Such diversity was not observed at moderate temperatures of 10 and 15°C. At 20°C, fast-growing mussel larvae were very sensitive to temperature drops. Growth of slowly-growing individuals did not depend on temperature in the range of 10 to 20°C. Daily temperature variations by 3–8°C did not markedly affect growth and development of the larvae. A continuous 24-h exposure to temperature drops by 3–8°C did not influence these very important physiological characteristics either. A salinity drop down to 8‰ exerted an adverse effect only on early larvae. Later on, the larvae showed their ability to adapt to such a strong desalination. The negative effect of reduced salinity (to 8‰) upon mussel larvae was increased at a temperature increase to 20°C. 相似文献
12.
Temperature response curves of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters were used to assess minimum sub-zero temperature assuring functioning of photosynthetic photochemical
processes in photosystem II (PS II) of Antarctic lichens. Umbilicaria Antarctica and Xanthoria elegans were measured within the temperature range from −20 to +10°C by a fluorometric imaging system. For potential (F
V/F
M) and actual (Φ
II) quantum yields of photochemical processes the minimum temperature was found to be between −10 and −20°C. Non-photochemical
quenching (NPQ) of absorbed excitation energy increased with temperature drop reaching maximum NPQ at −15°C. Image analysis
revealed intrathalline heterogeneity of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters with temperature drop. Temperature response of Φ
II exhibited an S-curve with pronounced intrathalline differences in X. elegans. The same relation was linear with only limited intrathalline difference in U. antarctica. The results showed that Antarctic lichen species were well adapted to sub-zero temperatures and capable of performing primary
photosynthesis at −15°C. 相似文献
13.
The roles of low temperature and light in accumulation of a 31-kDa polypeptide in the light-harvesting apparatus of maize leaves 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abstract Previously, accumulation of a 31-kDa polypeptide had been observed in the light-harvesting apparatus of thylakoids of maize leaves exposed to 5°C and high light (Hayden et al., 1986). The accumulation and disappearance of this 31-kDa polypeptide in thylakoids of maize leaves are examined as a function of photon flux density and temperature. The accumulation of large amounts of the polypeptide at 5°C was light-dependent during a 6-h chill period, with 50% of maximal accumulation occurring at a photon flux density of 60 μmol m?2 s?1.Some polypeptide accumulation did occur in leaves kept in the dark at 5°C for 6 h, i.e. ca. 18% of that accumulating at a photon flux density of 1500 μmol m?2 s?1. The temperature optimum for polypeptide accumulation was ca. 9°C with greater than 50% of maximal accumulation being achieved between 5 and 11°C. The breakdown of maximally accumulated polypeptide on returning leaves to 25°C was complete after 1 h, had a half-time of ca. 20 min and was independent of light. Breakdown of the polypeptide was also observed when thylakoids isolated from chilled leaves were incubated at 25°C. Reductions of thylakoid incubation temperature between 13 and 5°C markedly reduced the rate of polypeptide disappearance. The accumulation of the polypeptide is discussed in relation to temperature and light effects on the rate of the polypeptide synthesis and of peptidase activities. The results are also discussed in the context of accumulation of the polypeptide in maize leaves in the field and consideration is given to the possible physiological significance. 相似文献
14.
《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - Proteins and Proteomics》2014,1844(12):2229-2240
Antarctica is subjected to extremely variable conditions, but the importance of the temperature increase in cold adapted bacteria is still unknown. To study the molecular adaptation to warming of Antarctic bacteria, cultures of Shewanella frigidimarina were incubated at temperatures ranging from 0 °C to 30 °C, emulating the most extreme conditions that this strain could tolerate. A proteomic approach was developed to identify the soluble proteins obtained from cells growing at 4 °C, 20 °C and 28 °C. The most drastic effect when bacteria were grown at 28 °C was the accumulation of heat shock proteins as well as other proteins related to stress, redox homeostasis or protein synthesis and degradation, and the decrease of enzymes and components of the cell envelope. Furthermore, two main responses in the adaptation to warm temperature were detected: the presence of diverse isoforms in some differentially expressed proteins, and the composition of chaperone interaction networks at the limits of growth temperature. The abundance changes of proteins suggest that warming induces a stress situation in S. frigidimarina forcing cells to reorganize their molecular networks as an adaptive response to these environmental conditions. 相似文献
15.
Supraoptimal Temperature Effects upon Agrostis palustris 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Agrostis palustris turfs cut weekly at 1.3 cm were subjected to successive four-week periods with day-night temperature regimes of 20–10, 25–15, 30–20, 35–25 and 40–30°C. Plants grown at 40–30°C exhibited a growth character distinctly different from those grown at 20–10°C. They were more upright and bristle-like in growth habit. The percentage dry weight of leaf blade tissue increased 67% and weight per unit area increased 53% between 20–10 and 40–30°C. Reduced leaf blade width was noted first at 30–20°C while leaf blade length reduction first occurred at 35–25°C. Weekly yields were significantly reduced at the supraoptimal temperature regimes of 35–25 and 40–30°C. Chlorophyll content was lowest at 20–10 and 40–30°C, the lowest and highest temperature regimes studied. Shoot density appeared to decrease under the 35–25°C regime, but no dead plants were observed. The apparent decrease in shoot density was attributed to the upright growth habit. Density decreased at 40–30°C upon death of individual plants. A community of grass plants maintained as a turf was found to change in form quite rapidly in response to temperature. 相似文献
16.
Michael Wille Henry Hooghiemstra Hermann Behling Klaas van der Borg Alvora Jose Negret 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2001,10(2):61-77
We present a reconstruction of forest history and climatic change based on 11 pollen records from eight sites, all located
in the lower montane forest belt of the northern Andes in Colombia. We compared records from the Popayán area in southern
Colobia, Timbio (1750 m), Genagra (1750 m) and Pitalito (1300 m) and the new Piagua (1700 m) record with the records from
Lusitania (1500 m), Libano (1820 m), Pedro Palo (2000 m) and Ubaqué (2000 m) from Central Colombia. The changes of the altitudinal
position of the lower/upper montane (= subandean/Andean, S/At) forest belt transition were used to estimate temperature change
for the last 50 kyr. We infer a Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) temperature drop of 6°–7°C at 1700 m, and a steeper LGM lapse rate
of 0.76°C/100 m compared to today (ca. 0.6°C/100 m). Around 50 uncal. kyr B.P. the temperature at 1700 m was ca. 3°C lower
than today. Until 20 uncal. kyr B.P. the temperature oscillated and gradually decreased. During the LGM, temperature was down
to ca. 6°–7°C lower than today. After the LGM, temperature increased and ca. 14 uncal. kyr B.P. it was 2°–3°C lower than today
(S/At at ca. 1800 m, 500 m below present elevation; Susacá interstadial). An unquantified cooling (Ciega stadial) followed.
During ca. 12.3–11.7 uncal. kyr B.P. the S/At shifted upslope to 2100 m indicating a temperature of 1°–2°C cooler than today
(Guantiva interstadial). From 11.7–10.9 uncal. kyr B.P. the S/At was at 1800 m indicating that the temperature was ca. 3°C
lower than today and wet conditions prevailed (partly coinciding with the El Abra stadial). The period 10.9–9 uncal. kyr B.P.
was also cool, but drier. During 9–7.5 uncal. kyr B.P. temperature was ca. 1°C warmer relative to today (mid Holocene hypsithermal).
During the last 5 kyr the presence of cultivated plants demonstates human colonization of the lower montane zone in Colombia.
Received June 14, 2000 / Accepted December 19, 2000 相似文献
17.
Aleš Škorjanc Aleš Lipičnik Kazimir Drašlar 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2013,199(10):807-815
We recorded the spontaneous activity of T1 and T2 filiform sensilla from October to May in Pyrrhocoris apterus acclimatized to outdoor conditions. The aim of the study was to determine how prolonged exposure to cold affects two closely related mechanosensitive sensilla. We recorded the activity at seven temperatures from 5 to 35 °C. In both sensilla types the activity level was reduced during winter, which correlated to changes in acclimatization temperature (r = 0.7), the reduction was greater at high recording temperatures, and the effects of exposure to cold were reversed by transferring the animals indoors. However, T1 activity always increased monotonically, if the recording temperature was increased from 5 to 35 °C, whereas T2 activity in cold-acclimatized animals increased to temperatures between 20 and 30 °C and then started decreasing. As a result, the temperature sensitivity of the activity was reduced more profoundly in T2 sensilla (in T2 Q 10 was reduced from 3.5 in October to 1.4 in January, whereas in T1 it was reduced from 2.5 to 2.2). In conclusion, we have shown that prolonged exposure to cold does affect filiform sensilla; however, the effect is significantly different in the two sensilla types. 相似文献
18.
Indirect selection of thermal tolerance during experimental evolution of Drosophila melanogaster
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Catriona Condon Ajjya Acharya Gregory J. Adrian Alex M. Hurliman David Malekooti Phivu Nguyen Maximilian H. Zelic Michael J. Angilletta Jr 《Ecology and evolution》2015,5(9):1873-1880
Natural selection alters the distribution of a trait in a population and indirectly alters the distribution of genetically correlated traits. Long‐standing models of thermal adaptation assume that trade‐offs exist between fitness at different temperatures; however, experimental evolution often fails to reveal such trade‐offs. Here, we show that adaptation to benign temperatures in experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster resulted in correlated responses at the boundaries of the thermal niche. Specifically, adaptation to fluctuating temperatures (16–25°C) decreased tolerance of extreme heat. Surprisingly, flies adapted to a constant temperature of 25°C had greater cold tolerance than did flies adapted to other thermal conditions, including a constant temperature of 16°C. As our populations were never exposed to extreme temperatures during selection, divergence of thermal tolerance likely reflects indirect selection of standing genetic variation via linkage or pleiotropy. We found no relationship between heat and cold tolerances in these populations. Our results show that the thermal niche evolves by direct and indirect selection, in ways that are more complicated than assumed by theoretical models. 相似文献
19.
Insects sense thermal cues mainly through thermoreceptors located in the antenna. To analyse the impact of antennectomy on the thermal behaviour of the haematophagous bug Triatomainfestans, we studied the distribution of intact and antennectomised bugs in an experimental arena where a temperature gradient was established, as well as the biting response of insects with and without antennae to objects at the temperature of a potential host. Antennectomy did not abolish thermopreference, but modified the temperature at which the insects preferred to stay. In the arena, antennectomised insects chose to remain at a higher temperature (ca. 3 °C higher in unfed bugs), and exhibited a larger dispersion around that preferred temperature, than intact bugs. In addition, ablated insects temporarily lost their ability to bite an object at the temperature of a potential host, but that ability was gradually recovered after the fifth day post-antennectomy. Results presented here show that thermoreceptors other than those located on the antennae can also guide thermal behaviours. We conclude that the function of antennal thermoreceptors can be taken over by other receptors located in different regions of the body. Those receptors have a different sensitivity and confer the insects with a different responsiveness. 相似文献
20.
A. Jamshidnia A. Kharazi-Pakdel H. Allahyari E. Soleymannejadian 《Biocontrol Science and Technology》2010,20(6):631-640
Telenomus busseolae Gahan is the most important egg parasitoid of sugarcane stem borers in Iran. Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the functional response of T. busseolae to egg densities of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) under four different temperatures (20, 25, 30 and 35°C). Results of logistic regression revealed a type III functional response for all temperatures tested and type of functional response was not affected by temperature. Roger's random parasite equation was fitted to observed data at 35°C. In the other data sets (collected data under 20, 25 and 30 °C) Roger's equation could not provide meaningful parameters, therefore Holling's disk equation was used to fit the data. The attack rate for T. busseolae varying from 0.001784 to 0.10704, 0.0026 to 0.152, 0.0024 to 0.144 and 0.000866 to 0.05196 per h and estimated handling times were 0.59, 0.50, 0.53 and 0.29 h at 20, 25, 30 and 35°C, respectively. Based on asymptotic 95% confidence intervals, functional response parameters did not differ significantly from 20 to 30°C, which indicates that handling time and attack rate are least affected by the temperature changes. The results suggest a similar performance of T. busseolae against S. nonagrioides eggs at temperatures of 20–30°C. These results show that T. busseolae is well adapted to temperature changes during the sugarcane growing season. 相似文献