稀土离子(Nd3+)对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁结构的影响

本文的研究目的是探索稀土离子Nd^3＋对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁结构的影响作用。采用透射电镜、氨基酸自动分析仪和红外光普法等检测手段,提出了Nd^3＋可使金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁的形态和结构发生改变;低于抑菌浓度的NdCl3对金黄色葡萄球菌细胞壁的古成具有促进作用：高浓度（指杀菌浓度和抑菌浓度）Nd^3＋可断裂细胞壁中肽聚糖的大部分肽键和氢键,致使细胞壁中肽聚糖的交联网状结构被破坏。     

柯萨奇B3病毒对心肌细胞离子通道电流的影响

目的 :探讨柯萨奇B3病毒 (coxsackievirusB3,CVB3)对大鼠心肌细胞离子通道的影响 ,以了解病毒感染导致细胞电生理活动异常的机理。方法 :酶消化法获得单个心肌细胞后利用膜片钳全细胞电流记录技术观察CVB3对L型钙通道电流、钠通道电流、外向钾电流和内向整流性钾电流的影响。结果 :CVB3感染使L型钙通道电流、外向钾电流增加 ,内向整流性钾电流减小 ,对钠通道电流无明显影响。结论 :CVB3对L型钙通道电流、外向钾电流和内向整流性钾电流的影响可能是病毒感染后细胞损伤和产生异常电活动的原因。     

EFFECTS OF CALCIUM ION CONCENTRATION ON THE DEGENERATION OF AMPUTATED AXONS IN TISSUE CULTURE

Light and electron microscope studies were conducted on the nature of the degenerative changes in amputated nerve fibers of cultured rat sensory ganglia and on the effects of media with differing calcium concentrations upon these changes. With glucose-enriched Eagle's media (MEM) containing 1.6 mM calcium, the amputated myelinated and unmyelinated axons undergo a progressive granular disintegration of their axoplasm with collapse and fragmentation of myelin sheaths between 6 and 24 h after transection. With MEM containing only 25–50 µM calcium, the granular axoplasmic degeneration does not occur in transected fibers and they retain their longitudinal continuity and segmental myelin ensheathment for at least 48 h. Addition of 6 mM EGTA to MEM (reducing the estimated Ca⁺⁺ below 0.3 µM) results in the structural preservation of both microtubules and neurofilaments within transected axons. A transient focal swelling of amputated axons occurs, however, in cultures with normal and reduced calcium. These observations suggest that an alteration in the permeability of the axolemma is a crucial initiating event leading to axonal degenerative changes distal to nerve transection. The loss of microtubules and neurofilaments and the associated granular alterations of the axoplasm in transected fibers appears to result from the influx of calcium into the axoplasm.     

枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中Ag~ 对痕量金属离子吸收的影响

以药用植物宁夏枸杞愈伤组织为材料,离体培养诱导体细胞胚发生。采用多重示踪剂和γ射线能谱分析法研究不同浓度AgNO_3处理的枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中对多种痕量金属元素离子的吸收。结果表明:(1)当AgNO_3的浓度小于50mg/L时,随着AgNO_3浓度的增加,多种痕量金属离子的吸收率也随之增加,而超过此浓度后,对多种痕量金属离子的吸收影响不同。Ag~ 对痕量金属离子的吸收有协同,拮抗或竞争的作用。(2)适当浓度的AgNO_3对细胞分化及体细胞胚发生有促进作用。当AgNO_3的浓度小于50mg/L时,随着AgNO_3浓度的增加,体细胞胚的发生频率随之增加。Ag~ 对枸杞体细胞胚发生表现促进作用,当AgNO_3的浓度为50mg/L时,可大大提高愈伤组织中体细胞胚发生,是对照(不加AgNO_3)组的3倍左右。而超过此浓度后,Ag~ 对枸杞体细胞胚发生表现毒害作用,体细胞胚的发生受到明显抑制。     

THE INFLUENCE OF IONIC STRENGTH ON THE INTERACTION OF QUATERNARY DRUGS WITH MAMMALIAN ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN RELATION TO POSSIBLE REGULATORY EFFECTS

Abstract— The effects of inorganic salts, gallamine triethiodide and (+)-tubocurarine chloride on mammalian acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were examined. The results were obtained mainly from soluble erythrocyte AChE; particle-bound and detergent-solubilized rat brain enzymes were also used. Three aspects of AChE were examined, namely direct effects on activity, the recovery of activity of the diethylphosphorylated enzyme and thirdly the aggregation of the enzyme at low ionic strength as shown by chromatography on columns of Sepharose 6B. The action of gallamine on AChE was controlled by the substrate concentration and the ionic strength of the medium. Both inhibition and activation by gallamine could be observed, depending on the particular conditions used. All effects of gallamine disappeared when the ionic strength was raised to 015. The action of gallamine closely resembled the result of increasing ionic strength by adding NaCl, for in both cases the apparent affinity of AChE for substrate decreased and concomitantly the maximum velocity of hydrolysis increased. The phosphorylated enzyme recovered activity more rapidly when gallamine or tubocurarine were present, or when the ionic strength was increased. Aggregation of all enzyme forms was observed at low ionic strength; an increase to I = 015 dissociated AChE to the single molecular form. It was concluded that the mammalian enzymes closely resembled electric eel AChE. The possible methods by which regulation of AChE activity could occur are discussed in relation to these results.     

INVESTIGATIONS ON AUXIN-GIBBERELLIN INTERACTION ON THE PHOTOTROPISM OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS HYPOCOTYL

On applying IAA-GB and IAA-NAA mixtures to the hypocotyls ofHelianthus annuus, the plants showed an increase and a decrease,respectively, in their phototropic response compared with thecontrol treated with IAA-H₂O only. In the in vitro experimentsit was observed that the illumination (with 1,500 lux light,lasting for 24 hr) caused photoinactivation of IAA in the mixturesof IAA-H₂O, IAA-GB and IAA-NAA by 50%, 24% and 0%, respectively.In the presence of 0.01% riboflavin as a photosensitizer inthe same mixtures, the degree of photodestruction of IAA causedby the same illumination was 92%, 97% and 86%, respectively. The stronger positive phototropism in the IAA-GB treated hypocotylwas accounted for by the situation that on the illuminated sidethe photo-inactivation of IAA was accelerated by GB, while onthe shaded side IAA and GB acted synergistically. On the otherhand, the weaker phototropism in the IAA-NAA treated hypocotylwas explained as due to a partial inhibition of photoinactivationof IAA by NAA. (Received October 6, 1962; )     

THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION UPON THE METAMORPHIC PATTERN OF THYROXIN- AND IODINE-TREATED TADPOLES

1. It has been shown quantitatively that the degree of response of the hind limbs of tadpoles to the action of thyroxin is dependent upon the lengths of the limbs at the beginning of treatment. 2. Both the potency of the inducing substance and the rate of penetration of the substance into the animal might be involved in the effects of hydrogen ion concentration on induced development. 3. Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect the inducing power of thyroxin and iodine differently. With thyroxin, it is the rate of penetration of the molecule which determines the amount of growth, but with iodine it is the chemical form in which the substance has entered the animal which is of prime importance. 4. The hydrogen ion concentration of thyroxin solutions does not affect their potency when they are injected into tadpoles. 5. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of the environment does not affect the potency of thyroxin injected into tadpoles. 6. When thyroxin is administered in the environmental solution its effects, as measured by increase in hind limb length are greater at higher than at lower hydrogen ion concentrations in the range tested. 7. Since the potency of thyroxin is unaffected by change in hydrogen ion concentration when the thyroxin solution is injected, the above fact (point 6) seems explicable only on the basis of differences in the rate of penetration of thyroxin into the animals at the different hydrogen ion concentrations. 8. These differences in penetration of the thyroxin at different hydrogen ion concentrations may be the result of a differential effect of hydrogen ion concentration upon the rate of metabolism of the animal. The metabolic rate is significantly greater when the tadpoles are kept in solutions of higher hydrogen ion concentration than when they are kept in solutions of low hydrogen ion concentration. It is postulated that the rate of metabolism, since it controls the rate of intake of the environmental fluid and therefore of dissolved thyroxin, also controls the amount of thyroxin-induced development. 9. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of iodine solutions affects their potency when injected into tadpoles. A peak of effectiveness is reached at about the neutral point, with a lowered efficiency as the hydrogen ion concentration is either increased or decreased from this point. 10. Change in hydrogen ion concentration of the environment affects the potency of iodine injected into tadpoles. The effect is similar to that noted in point 9. 11. The hydrogen ion concentration of the environment seems to affect the chemical nature of the iodine in solution in the environment. If this is so, it is possible that the differences in the metamorphic effects of iodine at different hydrogen ion concentrations are dependent upon the chemical form of iodine present. 12. The effect of hydrogen ion concentration on normal development is similar to that on thyroxin-induced development; an effect on the rate of metabolism of the animal causes increased growth in more acid solutions.     

Ni^2＋对心肌细胞Na^＋,K^＋活度及膜钠泵活动的影响

本实验应用离子选择性微电极方法,动态监测了Ｎｉ２＋对心肌细胞Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋活度的影响,并以细胞内Ｎａ＋逐出速率［ｄ（ａｉＮａ）／ｄｔ］作为膜钠泵活动度的指标,观察了Ｎｉ２＋对膜钠泵活动的影响。结果显示：（１）在本实验浓度下Ｎｉ２＋对静息及活动（自律或电刺激）的细胞内Ｎａ＋、Ｋ＋活度无明显影响;（２）可使细胞外Ｋ＋活度升高;（３）便刺激停止即刻细胞内Ｎａ＋逐出速率下降;（４）减小无钠无钙液引起的细胞外Ｋ＋活度下降幅度。结果提示：Ｎｉ２＋对处于高水平活动的心肌细胞膜钠泵具有明显的抑制作用,而对处于一般活动状态的膜钠泵则未见有明显影响;在Ｎｉ２＋存在下心肌细胞膜对Ｋ＋的通透性有不同程度的提高。     

枸杞体细胞胚发生过程中Ag+对痕量金属离子吸收的影响

以药用植物宁夏枸杞愈伤组织为材料,离体培养诱导体细胞胚发生.采用多重示踪剂和γ射线能谱分析法研究不同浓度AgNO     

EFFECTS OF H ION ON ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS: EFFECTS ON HERBACEOUS BIOMASS,MINERALIZATION, NITRIFIERS AND NITRIFICATION IN A FOREST COMMUNITY

The effects of H ion were studied by lowering the soil pH in a deciduous forest. Increased H⁺ burden significantly reduced the dry mass of herbaceous vegetation. Increased H⁺ significantly mobilized Ca (226%) and Mg (244%) to the deeper soil profile, thus reducing uptake of those nutrients by intact vegetation. Moreover, the low pH also had a drastic impact on nitrifiers and nitrification. The 70% reduction in NO^-₃-N was directly related to the reduction in numbers of Nitrosomonas (91%) and Nitrobacter (100%). Ammonium N also declined under H⁺ stress, indicating a reduction in N-mineralization process. It was hypothesized that increased H⁺ stress in deciduous forests may deplete major nutrients, mobilize micronutrients, reduce soil microbial populations and decrease plant biomass. Thus a deciduous forest may evolve into a nutrient-poor soil ecosystem and may shift toward a “semi-podzol ecosystem.”     

THE EFFECTS OF SERUM ON SPERMATOZOA

A spermicidal factor was found in fresh human, bovine, rabbit, guinea pig, and rat sera. It kills the spermatozoa of its own species (except in the case of human serum) and the sperms of other species. It was unstable, thermolabile, and of large molecular size. It was present in limited quantity in the fresh serum and could be used up by a definite number of spermatozoa. It could be destroyed by sodium citrate, by Seitz filtration, by trypsin, and by snake venom. This factor was not present in tissue extracts and various plasma protein fractions. The strength or concentration of this factor varies in different individuals and in different species. This factor has several characteristics similar to those of complement.