黄河干流鱼类群落特征及其历史变化

为了解黄河干流鱼类群落现状及其历史变化,于2008年春季(5-6月)和秋季(9-11月)开展了黄河干流鱼类调查。共记录到鱼类54种,隶属于7目13科43属,其中该流域特有种4种。种类组成以鲤形目为主,占总数的68.5%。上游物种少,群落较为简单,中游和下游物种丰富,群落较为复杂并且较相似,种数自上游至下游逐渐增加。黄河鱼类在洄游、摄食、繁殖及栖息习性等方面呈现多样化特征。调查河段渔获物组成虽存在差异,但都以黄颡鱼属(Pelteobagrus spp.)、鲇(Silurus asotus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)以及鮈亚科等小型鱼类为主,小型化现象明显。对比历史资料分析显示,黄河鱼类物种多样性和资源量均呈明显下降趋势,特有种鱼类退化尤为显著,推测水资源过度开发、大量水工建筑、水体污染以及不合理利用等人为因素是导致变化的主要原因。     

塔里木盆地鱼类入侵及区系演变趋势

鱼类入侵是塔里木盆地土著鱼类濒危的关键性影响因素之一,结合历史文献数据及近年调查数据,系统综述了塔里木盆地鱼类入侵现状,并就鱼类入侵引起的鱼类区系均一化问题进行了分析。结果显示,该地区记录鱼类63种,其中土著种19种,入侵种44种。尽管入侵鱼类提升了塔里木盆地鱼类群落属级及科级的多样性水平,但相应的G-F多样性指数却明显下降,表明该区鱼类群落从物种组成简单、分化明显的特点演变为物种成分复杂、分化贫乏的特点。入侵种中源于长江和额尔齐斯河分别有30种(68.2%)和7种(15.9%),源于美欧和亚洲其他区域的有7种(15.9%)。入侵鱼类的进入引起塔里木盆地与其相关区域鱼类区系相似性显著上升(P0.01),并导致该区鱼类区系从单一的中亚高原山区复合体演变为多区系混合体。进一步利用鱼类个体生态矩阵分析方法研究显示,外来种在塔里木盆地适应性广泛,能够占据水域各种栖息生境,显著压缩了土著种的栖息空间,进而通过捕食、食物竞争及其他作用途径严重危及土著鱼类种群的续存,提示须采取有力措施限制入侵种的进一步扩散及对濒危土著物种迅速开展人工保育工作。     

清水江的鱼类区系及生态类型

为了系统研究清水江的鱼类区系和生态类型,在2002-2004年对清水江进行了鱼类标本的采集和生态学调查.共采集鱼类标本2 500余号,经鉴定为71种(亚种).其中中华花鳅、拟尖头鲌、长身鳜和长吻鮠等52种(亚种)鱼类为清水江鱼类新记录,而红尾副鳅、长薄鳅、海南拟、福建纹胸鮡和长须黄颡鱼则首次被发现分布于沅江水系.结合文献记录与调查表明:清水江共有鱼类4目13科57属86种(亚种),其中仅胡子鲇为外来种;清水江鱼类区系具有土著鱼类占优势、特有种类和易(濒)危种类较多、区系组成较复杂和与珠江水系之间存在着鱼类跨水系分布的现象等特点.清水江鱼类在洄游、食性、繁殖和栖息习性等方面分别属于不同的生态类型.     

小型水坝梯级开发对永宁河流域鱼类多样性的影响

永宁河是长江上游右岸的一级支流,其干、支流上共建有20余座小型水坝。为探究梯级水电站对鱼类多样性的影响,在永宁河流域设置共42个采样点,覆盖干支流及各个水坝,分别于2018年7月、10月和2019年1月、4月进行了四次鱼类资源调查。调查期间通过刺网、地笼、电捕等方法共采集到鱼类69种7332尾,隶属于4目13科54属,其中有长江上游特有鱼类13种,列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》濒危和易危鱼类3种,国家二级重点保护鱼类岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi)1种。Pinkas相对重要性指数(IRI)值较大主要为宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)乐山小鳔鮈(Microphysogobio kiatingensis)等小型鱼类,29种鱼类的IRI值小于10;平均全长＜10cm的鱼类有24种3620尾,平均体重＜50g的鱼类有47种6493尾,鱼类规格较小,小型化严重。永宁河干流下游种类最多,多样性最高,干流中游鱼类数量最多。受自然环境以及水坝等的影响,永宁河的鱼类分布具有明显的空间差异。水坝类型对鱼类多样性有显著影响;而季节对鱼类多样性影响不显著。无水坝阻隔河段鱼类多样性著高于低头坝和高头坝阻隔河段;夏季的短距离洄游鱼类种数显著高于冬季和春季,但由于数量较少对鱼类多样性的季节性变化影响不明显。各种结果表明水坝阻隔对永宁河鱼类多样性和时空分布存在明显影响,为保护受小型水电站影响河流的鱼类多样性,有必要修复重要鱼类栖息地,适当拆除部分小型水坝,并科学开展增殖放流。     

长江上游支流南广河的鱼类多样性及资源现状

南广河是长江上游一级支流, 为全面了解该河流的鱼类多样性, 作者于2017年11月至2018年9月在南广河干流及支流28个采样点进行了6次调查, 共采集鱼类64种, 隶属于5目13科48属, 其中四川省重点保护鱼类有鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi)和岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi) 2种, 长江上游特有鱼类17种, 列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》的濒危和易危的鱼类有9种。南广河现有分布鱼类以小型种类为主, 宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)和鲤(Cyprinus carpio)为优势种。南广河鱼类多样性总体较高, Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数及Pielou均匀度指数分别为6.57、3.10、0.93、0.74; 中游河段的鱼类种类和数量较丰富, 分别占渔获物总种类和总数量的65.63%和28.98%; 支流镇舟河的鱼类种类和数量也较丰富, 分别占37.50%和20.48%。南广河不同河段的鱼类种类组成具有明显差异, 大坝建设和过度捕捞可能影响了鱼类分布并导致其资源量下降。     

Fish assemblage structure in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea during autumn and spring

Based on bottom trawl surveys in autumn 2000 and spring 2001, the fish assemblage structure in the southern Yellow Sea and the continental shelf of the East China Sea was analysed. Four groups of fishes were identified for each season by the two-way indicator species analysis (TWIA). Although seasonal migration caused a slight difference in fish assemblages between autumn and spring, two major groups of fishes, corresponding to the Yellow Sea and East China Sea were identified. Inshore and offshore groups were subsequently separated. Changes in water depth may be most important in the separation of the groups in the offshore waters of the East China Sea. Temperature affected the groupings between north and south, particularly in the central part of the Yellow Sea. Here, the cold water mass affected the species composition which was low in diversity and different from the other areas.     

Fish assemblage changes relative to environmental factors and time in the Warta River, Poland, and its oxbow lakes

Four oxbow lakes and two neighbouring sections of their parent Warta River (Odra River system, Poland) were sampled to investigate differences in fish assemblages between habitats in 1999–2000. Additional comparisons were made with 12 other oxbow lakes in this section of the river that were sampled 30–40 years ago. Downstream of a man‐made reservoir, higher species number, diversity and evenness were recorded in oxbow lakes than in the river channel. Upstream of the reservoir, differences in these variables from both habitats were insignificant. Fluvial and stagnant water samples were clearly separated in the multivariate space of a detrended correspondence analysis (DCA). For two oxbow lakes and two neighbouring sections of the Warta River, 12 abiotic and biotic environmental variables were available, and only velocity, water temperature and conductivity were significantly correlated with canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) axes. Fish assemblages of four recently investigated oxbow lakes were clearly separated in the multivariate space of DCA from other neighbouring oxbows sampled 30–40 years ago. Species previously subdominant were becoming rare. Oxbow lakes that are continuously or at least periodically connected with the channel are indispensable for maintaining high biodiversity and a sustainable fishery in the river system.     

The status and distribution of lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in the Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec: a genetic perspective

Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequence variation indicates that most of a sample of 396 lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, from the northern part of their range belonged to either one of two haplotypes. The vast majority of fish from the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence and Mississippi drainages were of a single haplotype while those from the Hudson/James Bay were composed of both haplotypes. This haplotypic distribution suggests that fish from one refugium (possibly Missourian) recolonized the Hudson-James Bay drainage while those from a second (possibly Mississippian) recolonized the Laurentian Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River. Lake sturgeon still inhabit much of their native postglacial distribution in Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec. However, the stresses of commercial overexploitation and habitat alteration, usually through hydroelectric dam construction and operation, have either singly or in tandem brought about the reduction, if not extirpation, of some populations within the range. The largest zone of extirpation and population reduction has occurred in the Lake Winnipeg drainage area, which covers more than one-third of Manitoba. Other areas where populations have been reduced to remnant levels, if not extirpated, include the lower Laurentian Great Lakes of Lake Ontario and Lake Erie. In northern Ontario, lake sturgeon populations whose riverine habitats have been fragmented by two or more dams are substantially reduced from their former levels. In Quebec, more attention has been paid to limiting the exploitive stresses on lake sturgeon populations. Combination of the genetic and status data suggests that both northern and southern populations of lake sturgeon (possibly from two glacial refugia) have been impacted severely from anthropogenic influences.     

云南萨尔温江水系3条一级支流鱼类区系存在度及其在鱼类保护区设置中的意义

将经典动物区系与区系存在度分析方法相结合, 探讨云南萨尔温江水系的南滚河、南汀河及勐波罗河3条一级支流的鱼类多样性相对于萨尔温江中游水系鱼类的代表性, 比较其鱼类区系存在度差异, 分析区系组成特征及科、属在区系建成中的重要性, 旨在探讨区系存在度指标对鱼类保护区设置的指导作用。结果显示, 萨尔温江中游水系(云南段)共记录土著鱼类74种, 分隶于5目12科45属。3条支流共有土著鱼类53种, 分隶于5目12科38属, 其中南滚河鱼类有9科23属32种, 南汀河有11科33属47种, 勐波罗河有10科26属33种。按种类的绝对数排序, 3条支流均是鲤科、鮡科和条鳅科排前3位。而按区系存在度结果排序, 均是鳗鲡科、鳢科、刺鳅科、合鳃鱼科和鮡科等5个科位列前5位。两种方法排序结果显示, 3条支流表现出完全的一致性。同一属级分类阶元的区系存在度在不同支流间变异较大, 属级和种级分类阶元的地域性分布特点渐趋明显。这3条一级支流鱼类均是以老第三纪原始类群为主体, 南方类群次之, 还有少量青藏高原类群。结合鱼类区系存在度研究结果, 在设置淡水鱼类保护区时, 应考虑在大水系的上中下游分别选择1条或多条一级支流建立保护区; 如果目、科级存在度高的阶元在鱼类保护区规划时涵盖得多, 则保护了较多的高级阶元, 但并非是必须考虑的阶元; 而属级存在度值则是保护区规划时需要特别关注的事项。     

Investigations on the Ecology and Fish Fauna of the Mahakam River in East Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia

Water quality was determined on the Mahakam River floodplain from 1980 to 1987. Five water-body types were distinguished, i.e. slow-flowing and faster-flowing rivers, lakes, small waterbodies and swamps. Water quality in large rivers was stable in the short but not the long term. In all other ecotypes variability was higher, with marked fluctuations being recorded in small waterbodies. A total of 147 indigenous freshwater fish species have so far been identified from the Mahakam. The zoogeographical consequences are discussed. Migratory patterns were inferred for four fish species, Helostoma temmincki, Leptobarbus hoe-venii, Puntius schwanenfeldii and Thynnichthys vaillanti. Juvenile H. temmincki (< 3 cm SL) migrate at the surface in schools of 40-80 individuals at speeds of 0.48-1.08 km · h⁻¹, travelling 3.8-8.6 km · h⁻¹. Fecundities for P. schwanenfeldii (7,900–16,000 eggs), T. vaillanti (2,900–24,000 eggs) and H. temmincki (6,200–9,100 eggs) were determined.     

上海苏州河治理中鱼类多样性及群落结构变化

为了评估近20年来上海苏州河环境综合整治过程中鱼类多样性的变化状况, 本文于2019年6月(夏季)和9月(秋季)对苏州河13个断面的鱼类样本进行了采集, 对鱼类多样性和群落结构作了分析。结果显示, 2次采集共获得鱼类样本10,102号, 隶属于8目15科37属45种。夏季和秋季, 上游8个断面的鱼类均为36种, 下游5个断面则为12种和15种。从上游到下游, Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')、Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)和Simpson优势度指数(C)总体呈逐渐降低的趋势。相对重要性指数(IRI)显示, 夏秋两季上游断面共同的优势种为似鳊(Pseudobrama simoni), 下游为鲫(Carassius auratus)和泥鳅(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)。丰度生物量曲线表明, 全河段鱼类群落结构总体上并不稳定, 特别是夏季的下游河段。Cluster聚类和非参数多维标度排序分析可明显将鱼类群落分为上游群组(I)与下游群组(II), 似鳊、泥鳅、鲫、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和兴凯鱊(Acheilognathus chankaensis)等是造成群组间差异性的主要分歧种。与2001年的43种、2006年的28种相比, 本次调查的物种数出现了明显回升, 特别是下游河段。这种上游鱼类向下游迁移的趋势, 预示着下游中心城区与上游郊区河段的水质差别正在缩小, 水生态系统恢复迹象明显。本文认为, 上下游之间鱼类群落结构差异的缩小以及翘嘴鲌(Culter alburnus)、红鳍原鲌(Cultrichthys erythropterus)、棒花鱼(Abbottina rivularis)、子陵吻虾虎鱼(Rhinogobius giurinus)等在下游河段的出现, 可作为苏州河综合整治效果的重要生态标志。     

Fish assemblage in the Pearl River Estuary: Spatial‐seasonal variation,environmental influence and trends over the past three decades

The Pearl River Estuary is the largest estuary in South China and plays a considerable role in the local fisheries economy, yet little is known about the current state of fish assemblage in this ecosystem. To quantify spatial‐seasonal variations, environmental influences, and trends over the past three decades of the fish assemblage in the Pearl River Estuary, we sampled 11 sites seasonally from December 2013 to September 2016. Throughout the study, 285 species from 88 families and 195 genera were collected. There were obvious spatial and seasonal variations of the fish assemblage in terms of the dominant species, species richness, and composition of ecological types. Mouth distance, NH₄⁺ N, chlorophyll‐a, flow, DO, salinity and water transparency were the main variables influencing the spatial‐temporal dynamic of fishes within the estuarine systems. Compared with the record of 330 species in the 1980s, the number of fish species in the Pearl River Estuary has declined by 45 fish species. The Jaccard's similarity of fish composition between the historical investigation (the 1980's) and the present investigation (2013–2016) was 0.62, with 95 species undiscovered and 50 species increased in the present study compared to the 1980s, indicating the assemblage structure has obviously changed. However, in term of ecological guilds, there was no significant difference in the composition of all the selected ecological traits between these two periods. Anthropogenic activities including overfishing, introducing alien fish, dam construction and pollution were considered the main disturbance on fish composition over the past three decades. We conclude that there existed pronounced spatiotemporal changes of fish assemblages, which arises from the compounding effects of environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. These findings are beneficial to understanding and developing suitable conservation strategies for the management and protection of fish resources in the Pearl River Estuary.     

大川河鱼类区系及其群落生态结构的研究

鱼类区系及其群落生态结构,在理论和实践上都有十分重要的意义。但是,关于鱼类区系的生态结构问题,还未见详细报道。本文通过对大川河鱼类区系及其群落生态结构的分析,探讨鱼类区系及其群落生态结构的规律。     

Complementarity among otter trawl,cast net,and encircling gill net improves the characterization of a subtropical subtidal fish assemblage

We investigated the combined use of cast net (CN), otter trawl (OT), and encircling gill net (EG) to characterize the richness, composition, and abundance of species and functional groups of the subtidal fish assemblage in a subtropical shallow ecosystem in Brazil. Our hypothesis, that this combination would improve faunal characterization, was supported. The CN best sampled small pelagic planktivores (e.g., juvenile sardines) and detritivores (e.g., juvenile mullets); OT, small and large demersal benthivores (e.g., mojarras and croakers); and EG, large fast‐swimming species, such as piscivores (e.g., snooks and weakfishes) and large detritivores (adult mullets). The mean and total richness were best sampled with the OT. The most accurate richness estimate using non‐parametric estimators was reached by combining all three types of gear. Our findings emphasize that the careful sampling gear selection and the use of multiple gears are indispensable for solid characterizations of coastal fish fauna, and consequently, for the success of monitoring and research programs.     

世界自然遗产预选地施秉鱼类物种组成

通过对贵州省中国南方喀斯特第二批世界自然遗产提名预选地施秉县的鱼类物种组成进行调查,共采集到鱼类46种,隶属于7目15科39属,其中鲤形目(Cypriniformes) 有28种,占本次调查的61％.在物种组成上,土著鱼类是该区域河流的主体,有40种,占87％;外来鱼类有6种,约占13％.其中外来入侵物种有食蚊鱼(Gambusia affinis);大银鱼(Protosalanx hyalocroaniah属于人工放养;从人工养殖地逃逸到野外的鱼类有4种,分别为草鱼(Ctenopryngodon idellus)、鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)和团头鲂(Megalobrama amblycephala).     

夏季大亚湾鱼类群落结构与多样性

根据2018年8月大亚湾海域底拖网鱼类资源调查数据,分析了大亚湾夏季鱼类群落结构特征。结果表明:2018年大亚湾夏季渔获鱼类56种,隶属9目、34科、47属。其中,鲈形目(Perciformes)最多(39种,69.64%);物种组成以短吻鲾(Leiognathus brevirostris)、黄斑蓝子鱼(Siganus oramin)、拟矛尾鰕虎鱼(Parachaeturichthys polynema)、六指马鲅(Polynemus sextarius)和二长棘犁齿鲷(Evynnis cardinali)等小型低值鱼类为主;鱼类物种多样性存在明显的空间差异,表现为湾口海域最大,沿岸海域次之,湾中部海域最小。鱼类群落结构大体分为咸淡水湾内和海水广布湾口两个鱼类群组;对比1985—2017年夏季调查资料可知,30多年来大亚湾夏季鱼类群落物种多样性减小;优势种组成更替显著,由以大型中上层的经济鱼类为主演变为以小型底层、近底层的低值鱼类为主,其主要原因是人类活动对大亚湾生态系统的干扰,尤其是捕捞致使鱼类群落结构发生改变、趋向简单化。     

广西十万大山地区的鱼类区系及其动物地理学分析

于1998年和1999年对广西西南部十万大山地区的鱼类区系统了调查,十万大山是我国大陆最南端的山脉,该地区共有野生鱼类102种,由于南北坡河流分属不同水系,两地的鱼类组成有很大差异,北坡各支流均汇入明江（珠江水系的一个支脉）,其鱼类组成具有明显的珠江水系特点,在中国动物地理区划上属华南区珠江亚区,南坡各水系多独流入海,鱼类组成与珠江和海南岛诸水系均有较大共性,反映出地史上这些水系之间曾有广泛的交流和联系,但与海南岛亚区的鱼类区系成分更为接近,动物地理区划应归属海南岛亚区。     

黄河兰州段鱼类多样性与保护

兰州市是黄河唯一穿城而过的省会城市, 是黄河流域综合治理与高质量发展的重要区域, 了解其鱼类多样性现状及变化趋势对黄河流域水生态保护尤为重要。本文于2020年7-10月对黄河干流兰州段及其4条支流(庄浪河、大通河、湟水河和宛川河)开展了鱼类多样性、分布及影响因素调查, 以Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Cody和Routledge指数、Bray-Curtis相异性系数对黄河兰州段5条河流鱼类群落进行评估, 同时通过相对多度(relative abundance, RA)判定优势种, 利用非度量多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)展示物种空间分布格局。本次调查获得鱼类20种, 隶属于4目6科15属。其中, 国家II级重点保护野生动物1种, 受威胁鱼类4种, 中国特有鱼类7种, 黄河特有鱼类4种。区系组成属青藏高原区高原西北亚区, 其中鲤形目种类占绝对优势, 优势种为东方高原鳅(Triplophysa orientalis)、粗壮高原鳅(T. robusta)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)。庄浪河和黄河干流的α多样性较高。β多样性分析结果表明, 黄河干流与庄浪河、大通河、湟水河和宛川河间的鱼类物种明显不相似; 大通河与湟水河之间以及黄河干流与宛川河之间的鱼类物种组成相似性较高。NMDS分析表明, 黄河兰州段鱼类被划分为地理空间上相近的4个地理群。水利设施建设、外来物种和水体污染可能影响了黄河兰州段鱼类多样性和分布。本研究为黄河兰州段鱼类多样性保护和科学管理以及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供了基础调查数据。     

南海东沙岛及太平岛鱼类种类组成和动物地理学特点

就笔者等在南海之东沙岛及太平岛两处海域所调查记录到的珊瑚礁鱼类,连同自1975年以来之文献与数据库的记录作综合整理.结果表明,东沙岛有73科652种,太平岛有56科466种,两岛合计共有76科759种.太平岛所记录的总鱼种数较东沙岛为少,主要原因纯系因太平岛之礁域面积较小,且调查次数甚少之故.根据各鱼种地理分布范围之分析,发现在此二岛所记录到的鱼种几乎全部都是印度-太平洋、印度-西太平洋及西太平洋等广泛分布的鱼种,目前只有黄头刻齿雀鲷(Chrysiptera chrysocephala)1种是只在南海发现之鱼种.由此可推测南海的鱼类相应与周边海域或珊瑚三角的鱼类相充分交流,并未有明显隔离或种化的现象.东沙岛及太平岛鱼类相之Sφrensen相似性系数值虽已达85.69％,但其中仍有240种是只分布在东沙岛及台湾(165种),或太平岛及台湾(75种),而未在另一岛屿发现之鱼种,且其中只在太平岛及东沙岛发现的21种及20种鱼中,大多为稀有种,非常不容易被调查到.故推测目前在此二岛所作的调查频度相当不足,如果调查能更密集更长期,则两岛的鱼相会更相似.     

模拟降雨量变化对黄河三角洲湿地植物群落特征的影响

气候变化背景下,降雨变化能够深刻影响河口湿地土壤水盐条件,而土壤水盐条件是影响植物群落特征的关键环境因子。本研究以黄河三角洲湿地植物群落为对象,依托野外降雨控制试验平台(减雨60%、减雨40%、自然对照、增雨40%、增雨60%),探讨了经过6年降雨处理后湿地植物群落特征对降雨量变化的响应及机制。结果表明: 随降雨量增加,土壤电导率显著降低,土壤湿度显著增大。降雨量变化影响了植物群落物种组成,增雨处理降低了碱蓬和盐地碱蓬的优势地位,提高了荻和白茅的优势地位。随降雨量增加,植物群落Shannon指数和Margalef丰富度指数显著提高。与对照相比,增减雨处理均降低了群落频度、多度和盖度,增雨60%处理群落频度显著降低54.9%,减雨60%、减雨40%、增雨40%、增雨60%处理群落多度分别显著降低38.9%、33.8%、35.8%和45.7%。随降雨量增加,植物群落地上生物量显著增加,但可能受淹水胁迫的影响,增雨60%处理地上生物量显著低于增雨40%。Margalef丰富度指数与地上生物量呈显著正相关;地上生物量、Shannon指数、Margalef丰富度指数、Simpson多样性指数均与土壤电导率呈显著负相关;地上生物量与土壤湿度呈显著正相关。降雨量变化通过改变黄河三角洲湿地土壤水盐条件显著影响了植物群落生长特征、物种组成和多样性。