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1.
JOHANNES KROMDIJK HOWARD GRIFFITHS HANS E. SCHEPERS 《Plant, cell & environment》2010,33(11):1935-1948
The ability to concentrate CO2 around Rubisco allows C4 crops to suppress photorespiration. However, as phosphoenolpyruvate regeneration requires ATP, the energetic efficiency of the C4 pathway at low photosynthetic flux densities (PFD) becomes a balancing act between primary fixation and concentration of CO2 in mesophyll (M) cells, and CO2 reduction in bundle sheath (BS) cells. At low PFD, retro‐diffusion of CO2 from BS cells, relative to the rate of bicarbonate fixation in M cells (termed leakiness φ), is known to increase. This paper investigates whether this increase in ? could be explained by incomplete inhibition of photorespiration. The PFD response of φ was measured at various O2 partial pressures in young Zea mays plants grown at 250 (LL) and 750 µmol m?2 s?1 PFD (HL). φ increased at low PFD and was positively correlated with O2 partial pressure. Low PFD during growth caused BS conductance and interveinal distance to be lower in the LL plants, compared to the HL plants, which correlated with lower φ. Model analysis showed that incomplete inhibition of photorespiration, especially in the HL plants, and an increase in the relative contribution of mitochondrial respiration at low PFD could explain the observed increases in φ. 相似文献
2.
Le Li M. Luke McCormack Chengen Ma Deliang Kong Qian Zhang Xiaoyong Chen Hui Zeng Ülo Niinemets Dali Guo 《Ecology letters》2015,18(9):899-906
Leaf economics and hydraulic traits are critical to leaf photosynthesis, yet it is debated whether these two sets of traits vary in a fully coordinated manner or there is room for independent variation. Here, we tested the relationship between leaf economics traits, including leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf dry mass per area, and leaf hydraulic traits including stomatal density and vein density in five tropical‐subtropical forests. Surprisingly, these two suites of traits were statistically decoupled. This decoupling suggests that independent trait dimensions exist within a leaf, with leaf economics dimension corresponding to light capture and tissue longevity, and the hydraulic dimension to water‐use and leaf temperature maintenance. Clearly, leaf economics and hydraulic traits can vary independently, thus allowing for more possible plant trait combinations. Compared with a single trait dimension, multiple trait dimensions may better enable species adaptations to multifarious niche dimensions, promote diverse plant strategies and facilitate species coexistence. 相似文献
3.
C4 plants have a biochemical carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM) that increases CO2 concentration around ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (Rubisco) in the bundle sheath (BS). Under limiting light, the activity of the CCM generally decreases, causing an increase in leakiness, (Φ), the ratio of CO2 retrodiffusing from the BS relative to C4 carboxylation processes. Maize plants were grown under high and low light regimes (respectively HL, 600 versus LL, 100 μE m?2 s?1). Short‐term acclimation of Φ was compared from isotopic discrimination (Δ), gas exchange and photochemistry. Direct measurement of respiration in the light, and ATP production rate (JATP), allowed us use a novel approach to derive Φ, compared with the conventional fitting of measured and predicted Δ. HL grown plants responded to decreasing light intensities with the well‐documented increase in Φ. Conversely, LL plants showed a constant Φ, which has not been observed previously. We explain the pattern by two contrasting acclimation strategies: HL plants maintained a high CCM activity at LL, resulting in high CO2 overcycling and increased Φ; LL plants acclimated by down‐regulating the CCM, effectively optimizing scarce ATP supply. This surprising plasticity may limit the impact of Φ‐dependent carbon losses in leaves becoming shaded within developing canopies. 相似文献
4.
植物在盐生环境中δ13C值的改变可能包含两个成分:一个是盐分对CO2的扩散、传递或光合速率的影响而引起的δ13C值的改变;另一个是光合途径的转换引起的δ13C值的变化,δ13C值的大小与诱导发生CAM或C4代谢的程度有关.植物组织的δ13C值随盐度的变化趋势除了与植物本身固有的耐盐性有关以外,盐度和胁迫时间是影响植物δ13C的重要因素.根据盐生条件下同位素分馏特点可知,盐生植物与非盐生植物的δ13C随盐度的变化趋势有所不同.对非盐生植物而言,在低盐度和短期的盐处理下,随盐度的增加和胁迫时间的延长植物的δ13C值增大,这个阶段限制光合作用的主要因素是气孔导度;但是如果盐度过低,δ13C变化很小,则难以表现出应有的相关性;随着胁迫的加强,当限制光合作用的非气孔因素成为主导因素时,由于光合作用受到强烈抑制(光合结构遭到破坏),δ13C将随之降低.对盐生植物而言,其δ13C与最适盐度有关.最适盐度下,植物的δ13C低于其它盐度条件下的δ13C值.盐生条件下,有些C3植物可能发生光合途径的转换,无论诱导发生的是C4代谢还是CAM代谢,δ13C值均趋于增大.但是,一般情况下,盐处理诱导的光合途径的改变对植物组织整体的δ13C的影响很小.在密闭环境中或郁闭林地,植物和土壤呼吸释放的CO2再次参与光合作用,也会改变植物的δ13C值.为了更加全面地考察植物δ13C与盐度的关系,需要设置较大的盐度范围和进行长期的胁迫处理,才能够获得相对充分的数据,才有利于全面分析植物δ13C值与耐盐性的关系. 相似文献
5.
We related leaf physiological traits of four grassland species (Poa pratensis, Lolium perenne, Festuca valida, and Taraxacum officinale), dominant in a Mediterranean grassland, to their origin and success at community level. From early May to mid-June 1999, four leaf samplings were done. Species originating from poor environments (P. pratensis, F. valida) had low carbon isotope discrimination (), specific leaf area (SLA), leaf water and mineral contents, and net photosynthetic rate on mass basis (Pmass) but high chlorophyll content. The reverse traits were evident for the fast-growing species (L. perenne, T. officinale). Under the resource-limiting conditions (soil nitrogen and water) of the Mediterranean grassland, the physiological traits of P. pratensis and F. valida showed to be more adapted to these conditions leading to high species abundance and dominance. 相似文献
6.
Victoria L. DeLeo Duncan N. L. Menge Ephraim M. Hanks Thomas E. Juenger Jesse R. Lasky 《Global Change Biology》2020,26(2):523-538
Intraspecific trait variation is caused by genetic and plastic responses to environment. This intraspecific diversity is captured in immense natural history collections, giving us a window into trait variation across continents and through centuries of environmental shifts. Here we tested if hypotheses based on life history and the leaf economics spectrum explain intraspecific trait changes across global spatiotemporal environmental gradients. We measured phenotypes on a 216‐year time series of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from across its native range and applied spatially varying coefficient models to quantify region‐specific trends in trait coordination and trait responses to climate gradients. All traits exhibited significant change across space or through time. For example, δ15N decreased over time across much of the range and leaf C:N increased, consistent with predictions based on anthropogenic changes in land use and atmosphere. Plants were collected later in the growing season in more recent years in many regions, possibly because populations shifted toward more spring germination and summer flowering as opposed to fall germination and spring flowering. When climate variables were considered, collection dates were earlier in warmer years, while summer rainfall had opposing associations with collection date depending on regions. There was only a modest correlation among traits, indicating a lack of a single life history/physiology axis. Nevertheless, leaf C:N was low for summer‐ versus spring‐collected plants, consistent with a life history–physiology axis from slow‐growing winter annuals to fast‐growing spring/summer annuals. Regional heterogeneity in phenotype trends indicates complex responses to spatiotemporal environmental gradients potentially due to geographic genetic variation and climate interactions with other aspects of environment. Our study demonstrates how natural history collections can be used to broadly characterize trait responses to environment, revealing heterogeneity in response to anthropogenic change. 相似文献
7.
于2005年在宁夏灌区设3个试验点(银川2个点,惠农1个点),采用不同的灌溉方式(即充分灌溉条件和有限灌溉),在春小麦的抽穗期、灌浆期、成熟期对20份春小麦材料测定各生理及农艺指标,并对其相互关系进行统计分析研究。结果发现:不同试验处理的抽穗期旗叶碳同位素分辨率与灌浆期旗叶比叶重呈负相关,与成熟期旗叶灰分含量呈正相关;籽粒灰分含量与成熟期籽粒碳同位素分辨率呈负相关。本研究结果认为:籽粒灰分含量可作为籽粒Δ的替代指标来预测小麦基因型的蒸腾效率和产量,成熟期旗叶灰分含量及灌浆期比叶重有望作为旗叶碳同位素分辨率的替代指标。 相似文献
8.
准确模拟绿色面积指数是作物生长模拟模型可靠预测作物生长和产量的关键。该研究的目的是以生理生态过程为基础,构建油菜(Brassica napus)叶面积指数和角果面积指数变化动态的模拟模型。油菜叶面积指数模型综合考虑了库或源限制下的叶面积增长模式,其中库限制下叶面积指数的增长呈指数方程,且受到温度、水分和氮素因子的影响;源限制下叶面积指数增长用比叶面积法来模拟。油菜角果面积指数由比角果面积和角果干物重来决定。比叶面积和比角果面积均为生理发育时间的函数。利用不同类型品种的播期试验及氮肥试验资料分别对模型进行了校正和检验,结果表明模型能较好地模拟不同条件下油菜叶面积指数和角果面积指数。 相似文献
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Rizwana Rumman Owen K. Atkin Keith J. Bloomfield Derek Eamus 《Global Change Biology》2018,24(3):1186-1200
Large spatial and temporal gradients in rainfall and temperature occur across Australia. This heterogeneity drives ecological differentiation in vegetation structure and ecophysiology. We examined multiple leaf‐scale traits, including foliar 13C isotope discrimination (Δ13C), rates of photosynthesis and foliar N concentration and their relationships with multiple climate variables. Fifty‐five species across 27 families were examined across eight sites spanning contrasting biomes. Key questions addressed include: (i) Does Δ13C and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (WUEi) vary with climate at a continental scale? (ii) What are the seasonal and spatial patterns in Δ13C/WUEi across biomes and species? (iii) To what extent does Δ13C reflect variation in leaf structural, functional and nutrient traits across climate gradients? and (iv) Does the relative importance of assimilation and stomatal conductance in driving variation in Δ13C differ across seasons? We found that MAP, temperature seasonality, isothermality and annual temperature range exerted independent effects on foliar Δ13C/WUEi. Temperature‐related variables exerted larger effects than rainfall‐related variables. The relative importance of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance (gs) in determining Δ13C differed across seasons: Δ13C was more strongly regulated by gs during the dry‐season and by photosynthetic capacity during the wet‐season. Δ13C was most strongly correlated, inversely, with leaf mass area ratio among all leaf attributes considered. Leaf Nmass was significantly and positively correlated with MAP during dry‐ and wet‐seasons and with moisture index (MI) during the wet‐season but was not correlated with Δ13C. Leaf Pmass showed significant positive relationship with MAP and Δ13C only during the dry‐season. For all leaf nutrient‐related traits, the relationships obtained for Δ13C with MAP or MI indicated that Δ13C at the species level reliably reflects the water status at the site level. Temperature and water availability, not foliar nutrient content, are the principal factors influencing Δ13C across Australia. 相似文献
11.
城市绿化树种是城市生态系统的重要组成部分,为了探讨城市绿化树种水分利用效率的季节变化及其影响因素,本文对北京24个城市绿化树种(包括6个常绿针叶和18个落叶阔叶树种)叶片碳同位素组成(δ13C)的季节变化以及与土壤温湿度和气象因子的相关性进行了研究.结果表明:常绿树种叶片δ13C季节间差异不显著,春、夏和秋季的平均值都接近-25.9‰,在-27.0‰～-24.5‰间变化;落叶树种叶片δ13C季节间差异极显著(p=1.97×10-7秋季>夏季,表明绿化树种水分利用效率(WUE)也为春季>秋季>夏季.研究发现:叶片δ13C与比叶面积(SLA)呈显著的负相关(落叶p=6.195×10-8相似文献
12.
The effect of elevated carbon dioxide (600±50 cm3 m−3; C600) on growth performance, biomass production, and photosynthesis of Cenchrus ciliaris L. cv. 3108 was studied. This crop responded significantly by plant height, leaf length and width, and biomass production
under C600. Leaf area index increased triple fold in the crops grown in the open top chamber with C600. The biomass production in term of fresh and dry biomass accumulation increased by 134.35 (fresh) and 193.34 (dry) % over
the control (C360) condition where the crops were grown for 20 d. The rate of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance increased by 24.51 and
46.33 %, respectively, in C600 over C360 plants. In comparison with C360, the rate of transpiration decreased by 6.8 % under C600. Long-term exposure (120 d) to C600 enhanced photosynthetic water use efficiency by 34 %. Also the contents of chlorophylls a and b significantly increased in C600. Thus C. ciliaris grown in C600 throughout the crop season may produce more fodder in terms of green biomass. 相似文献
13.
气孔是陆生植物与外界环境进行水分和气体交换的主要通道,控制着植物的光合作用和蒸腾过程。植物往往通过多种性状的组合来适应变化的环境,叶片功能性状之间的紧密关系已经在不同尺度得到证实。然而,植物气孔特征与叶片其它功能性状是否存在关联性以及这种关联性是否会受到环境变化梯度的影响仍鲜少报道。沿长白山北坡6个海拔梯度,测定了150种植物的气孔特征和叶片功能性状。结果发现,气孔密度(SD)与比叶面积(SLA)负相关,与单位面积的叶氮含量(N_(area))正相关;除了SLA和N_(area)外,气孔长度(SL)与SLA、叶片厚度(LT)和单位质量的叶氮含量(N_(mass))均存在显著的相关性(P0.05)。然而,气孔特征与叶片功能性状的相关性只在部分海拔梯度存在。此外,发现SD与SL之间存在稳定一致的负相关关系。这些结果表明,植物气孔特征与叶片形态和化学特征对环境变化的适应存在一定的协同变异性,但这种关系不具有普适性,主要与气孔特征和叶片功能性状的选择压力存在差异以及物种分布范围相关。未来仍需要在更多物种和不同区域内来验证气孔特征与植物功能性状之间的关联关系。 相似文献
14.
Nicola Stevens Sally A. Archibald Alecia Nickless Anthony Swemmer Robert J. Scholes 《Austral ecology》2016,41(1):87-96
Leaf phenology dictates the time available for carbon assimilation, transpiration and nutrient uptake in plants. Understanding the environmental cues that control phenology is therefore vital for predicting climate‐related changes to plant and ecosystem function. In contrast to temperate systems, and to a lesser degree, tropical forest systems, the cues initiating leaf drop in tropical savannas are poorly studied. We investigated the cues for leaf fall in a tropical monodominant arid savanna species, Colophospermum mopane, using an irrigation experiment. We tracked soil moisture, solar radiation, air temperature, leaf water status, leaf health and leaf carbon balance through the dry season in both irrigated and control plants. Water was the primary cue driving leaf loss of C. mopane rather than temperature or light. Trees watered throughout the dry season retained their canopies. These leaves remained functional and continued photosynthesis throughout the dry season. Leaf carbon acquisition rates did not decline with leaf age but were affected by soil moisture availability and temperature. Leaf loss did not occur when leaf carbon gain was zero, or when a particular leaf carbon threshold was reached. Colophospermum mopane is facultatively deciduous as water availability determines leaf drop in this widespread arid savanna species. Obligate deciduosity is not the only successful strategy in climates with a long dry season. 相似文献
15.
Under the increase in atmospheric CO2 during the last century, variable increases in the intrinsic water‐use efficiency (Wi), i.e., the ratio between carbon assimilation rate (A) and stomatal conductance (gs), of C3 vegetation have been observed. Here, we ask if long‐term nutrient status and especially nitrogen supply have an effect on the CO2 response of Wi in a temperate seminatural C3 grassland. This analysis draws on the long‐term trends (1915–2009) in Wi, derived from carbon isotope analysis, of archived hay and herbage from the Park Grass Experiment at Rothamsted (South‐East England). Plant samples came from five fertilizer treatments, each with different annual nitrogen (N; 0, 48 or 96 kg ha?1), phosphorus (P; 0 or 35 kg ha?1) and potassium (K; 0 or 225 kg ha?1) applications, with lime as required to maintain soil pH near 7. Carbon isotope discrimination (13Δ) increased significantly (P < 0.001) on the Control (0.9‰ per 100 ppm CO2 increase). This trend differed significantly (P < 0.01) from those observed on the fertilized treatments (PK only: 0.4‰ per 100 ppm CO2 increase, P < 0.001; Low N only, Low N+PK, High N+PK: no significant increase). The 13Δ trends on fertilized treatments did not differ significantly from each other. However, N status, assessed as N fertilizer supply plus an estimate of biologically fixed N, was negatively related (r2 = 0.88; P < 0.02) to the trend for 13Δ against CO2. Other indices of N status exhibited similar relationships. Accordingly, the increase in Wi at High N+PK was twice that of the Control (+28% resp. +13% relative to 1915). In addition, the CO2 responsiveness of 13Δ was related to the grass content of the plant community. This may have been due to the greater CO2 responsiveness of gs in grasses relative to forbs. Thus, the greater CO2 response of grass‐rich fertilized swards may be related to effects of nutrient supply on botanical composition. 相似文献
16.
M. Vráblová D. Vrábl M. Hronková J. Kubásek J. Šantrůček 《Plant biology (Stuttgart, Germany)》2017,19(5):689-701
- Stomata modulate the exchange of water and CO2 between plant and atmosphere. Although stomatal density is known to affect CO2 diffusion into the leaf and thus photosynthetic rate, the effect of stomatal density and patterning on CO2 assimilation is not fully understood.
- We used wild types Col‐0 and C24 and stomatal mutants sdd1‐1 and tmm1 of Arabidopsis thaliana, differing in stomatal density and pattern, to study the effects of these variations on both stomatal and mesophyll conductance and CO2 assimilation rate. Anatomical parameters of stomata, leaf temperature and carbon isotope discrimination were also assessed.
- Our results indicate that increased stomatal density enhanced stomatal conductance in sdd1‐1 plants, with no effect on photosynthesis, due to both unchanged photosynthetic capacity and decreased mesophyll conductance. Clustering (abnormal patterning formed by clusters of two or more stomata) and a highly unequal distribution of stomata between the adaxial and abaxial leaf sides in tmm1 mutants also had no effect on photosynthesis.
- Except at very high stomatal densities, stomatal conductance and water loss were proportional to stomatal density. Stomatal formation in clusters reduced stomatal dynamics and their operational range as well as the efficiency of CO2 transport.
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18.
1. Growth, density and δ13 C of wood and leaf area were measured in two adjacent stands of 6 year-old Eucalyptus globulus growing in the 600–700 mm year–1 rainfall region of south-western Australia. Study sites were identical except for differences in the availability of water owing to physical properties of soil profiles and location of sites within the landscape.
2. Abundance of13 C (expressed as δ13 C) in wood of trees growing on the drought-prone site (– 24·8‰±1·4) was greater than in other trees (– 25·8‰±1·2, P <0·001) throughout the 6 years and, with further development, the δ13 C signatures of wood may become useful indices of drought-susceptibility in plantations within a few years of establishment. The seasonal pattern of δ13 C of wood appeared to reflect seasonal variation in water availability and duration of cambial activity.
3. Basic density of wood of trees growing on the more drought-prone site (496±14·0 kg m–3 ) was reduced compared to other trees (554±5·3 kg m–3 , P <0·001). δ13 C of wood across boundaries of growth-rings suggested that drought stopped cambial activity resulting in less production of late wood and less dense wood.
4. The stand growing on the drought-prone site had reduced growth, wood yield and leaf area but identical specific leaf area. Annual growth was correlated with the previous season's rainfall. Together, these results suggested that within the same evaporative climate, drought reduces growth primarily by reducing leaf area and that there is a lag between onset of drought and reduced productivity. 相似文献
2. Abundance of
3. Basic density of wood of trees growing on the more drought-prone site (496±14·0 kg m
4. The stand growing on the drought-prone site had reduced growth, wood yield and leaf area but identical specific leaf area. Annual growth was correlated with the previous season's rainfall. Together, these results suggested that within the same evaporative climate, drought reduces growth primarily by reducing leaf area and that there is a lag between onset of drought and reduced productivity. 相似文献
19.
Monclus R Dreyer E Delmotte FM Villar M Delay D Boudouresque E Petit JM Marron N Bréchet C Brignolas F 《The New phytologist》2005,167(1):53-62
Here we tested whether some leaf traits could be used as predictors for productivity in a range of Populus deltoides x P. nigra clones. These traits were assessed in 3-yr-old rooted cuttings from 29 clones growing in an open field trial, in a five randomized complete block design, under optimal irrigation. Variables were assigned to four groups describing productivity (above-ground biomass, total leaf area), leaf growth (total number of leaves increment rate), leaf structure (area of the largest leaf, specific leaf area, carbon and nitrogen contents), and carbon isotope discrimination in the leaves (Delta). High-yielding clones displayed larger total leaf area and individual leaf area, while no correlation could be detected between productivity and either leaf structure or Delta. By contrast, Delta was negatively correlated with number of leaves increment rate and leaf N content. Our study shows that there is a potential to improve water-use efficiency in poplar without necessarily reducing the overall productivity. 相似文献
20.
The relationships between leaf and kernel carbon isotope discriminations (Δ) and several leaf structural parameters that are indicators of photosynthetic capacity were studied in durum wheat grown in the field under three water regimens. A set of 144 genotypes were cultivated in two rain-fed trials, and 125 of these were grown under supplementary irrigation before heading. Total chlorophyll and nitrogen (N) contents, the dry mass per unit leaf area (LDM, the reciprocal of specific leaf area) and carbon isotope discrimination (Δ) were measured in penultimate leaves and Δ of mature kernels was also analysed. Both LDM and N per unit area showed significant (P≤ 0.001) negative correlation (r=–0.60 and r=–0.36, respectively) with leaf Δ in the wettest trial. Little or no correlation was found for any structural parameter and leaf Δ in the rain-fed trials. In contrast, in the two rain-fed trials LDM was the parameter with the strongest positive correlation (P≤ 0.001) with kernel Δ (r= 0.47 and 0.30) and grain yield (r= 0.43 and 0.29), whereas no correlation was found in the irrigation trial. These correlations, rather than representing a causal link between the amount of photosynthetic tissue and Δ, were probably indirect associations caused by a parallel effect of water status and phenology on leaf structure, grain Δ and yield. Correlations across trials (i.e. environments) between leaf structure and either Δ and yield were very high, although also spurious. Our results suggest that LDM should be used to cull segregating population differences in leaf Δ based on the internal photosynthetic capacity only in the absence of drought. Selecting for kernel Δ and grain yield on the basis of LDM is worthwhile for rain-fed trials. 相似文献