氮添加对东北人工幼龄混交林土壤呼吸的影响

测定并比较短期氮添加下土壤总呼吸、异养呼吸和自养呼吸速率,分析环境条件对幼龄林土壤异养呼吸和自养呼吸速率的影响,以期揭示未来氮沉降对东北地区幼龄林的土壤呼吸及碳循环影响。以东北舒兰人工混交幼龄林为研究对象,设计了3种模拟氮添加处理:对照(CK,0 kg/hm²)、低氮(LN,50 kg/hm²)及高氮(HN,100 kg/hm²),于2021-2023年生长季测定土壤呼吸速率、土壤pH值及细根生物量密度,分析不同氮添加条件下土壤呼吸及其组分的呼吸速率与土壤温度、土壤pH值、细根生物量密度之间的关系。研究结果:(1)氮添加水平对土壤呼吸组分有显著影响,但未显著改变异养呼吸和自养呼吸的贡献率。其中低氮处理对土壤呼吸及其组分的呼吸速率都有促进作用,高氮处理则主要通过加强土壤酸化制约土壤异养呼吸速率来抑制土壤总呼吸速率。(2)氮添加改变了土壤环境(如土壤温度、土壤5 cm体积含水量、土壤pH值等)和植物细根的生长。低氮处理显著促进了幼树的生长,增加了土壤中的细根生物量密度,而高氮则呈现出相反的作用。不同氮添加处理均能提高土壤酸化程度,但高氮处理较低氮处理的作用更强。(3)土壤温度、细根生物量密度以及土壤pH值都与土壤呼吸速率显著正相关,其中土壤温度与土壤总呼吸及土壤异养呼吸速率呈显著指数相关关系,解释了土壤呼吸速率变异的20.2%-45.4%,是土壤呼吸速率的主要影响因子。研究结果强调了氮添加通过影响土壤环境及植物细根生物量密度而显著作用于土壤呼吸速率的驱动机制。不同氮添加处理中,低氮处理下土壤呼吸速率显著增加,高氮处理则降低,表明了未来氮沉降的改变会对土壤碳循环产生巨大影响。实验期内,土壤体积含水量的变化对土壤呼吸速率解释较差,氮添加作用下土壤酸化加重,与以往的研究结论不一致;氮添加、土壤pH值及细根生物量密度对土壤异养呼吸的贡献率都未产生显著影响,未来需要做进一步地探索和解释。     

下层土壤容重对玉米根际土壤微生物数量及微生物量碳、氮的影响

采用微区池栽模拟试验,研究下层(20～40cm 、40～60cm)土壤容重改变后,玉米根际微生物数量、微生物量C(MBC)和微生物量N(MBN)的动态变化规律.结果表明,玉米根际微生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌)数量、MBC和MBN随土层加深和下层土壤容重增加而降低,且相同层次不同容重的处理间差异达显著水平;不同层次土壤根际微生物数量、MBC和MBN既受本土层容重大小影响,也随相邻土层容重增大其降幅增加,且20～40cm土层容重对土壤微生物数量、MBC和MBN的影响远大于40～60cm土层容重.玉米生育期间,三者受下层土壤容重变化和玉米生长发育的双重影响,且玉米的生长发育过程放大了容重对根际微生物数量、MBC和MBN的影响效果.     

轮耕对关中一年两熟区土壤物理性状和冬小麦根系生长的影响

针对关中地区土壤连续单一耕作存在的主要问题,进行了土壤轮耕效应研究。2009年至2012年在关中一年两熟区采用连续4a旋耕(RT)、翻耕-免耕-翻耕-免耕(PNT)和深松-免耕-深松-免耕(SNT)3种耕作处理,对土壤容重、紧实度及小麦根系生长进行了研究。结果表明,与试验前相比,夏玉米收获后(2013年10月)两种轮耕处理显著(P0.05)降低了0—10、10—20 cm土壤容重,旋耕处理在0—10 cm处差异不显著,而10—20 cm土壤容重显著增大;与旋耕处理相比,两种轮耕处理0—10、10—20 cm土壤容重在第4季冬小麦整个生育期内变异系数较小,土壤紧实度较低,且改善效果在冬小麦生育中后期10—20 cm土层体现更为显著;旋耕处理0—10、10—20 cm土壤紧实度与含水量均呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.89、-0.85,两种轮耕处理相关性不显著;0—40 cm土层根重密度和根系活力表现为:两种轮耕处理连年旋耕。可见,长期旋耕后进行轮耕(免耕与翻耕、深松)有利于改善土壤物理状况,促进作物根系生长。     

Distribution and interspecific correlation of root biomass density in an arid Elaeagnus angustifolia–Achnatherum splendens community

Main objective of this study was to determine the interspecific relationships between two dominant species in terms of root distribution in a typical arid tree-herbage (Elaeagnus angustifolia–Achnatherum splendens) community at Xidatan, Pingluo County, Ningxia Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Eight concentric zones (namely, Z1–Z8) were set from the bases of E. angustifolia individuals to the open lands and five soil profiles were excavated in each zone. Each soil profile was divided into five layers at the depths of 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, 30–60 cm, 60–100 cm and 100–150 cm. Roots were collected for each species, and soil water content (SWC) and soil bulk density (SBD) were measured for each layer. We found noteworthy roots layer separation in the sub-canopy zones (Z1–Z4). The soil layers with highest fine root biomass density (FRBD) of A. splendens was primarily in the 0–10 cm, which were significantly shallower than those of E. angustifolia; whereas in the inter-canopy zones (Z5–Z8), inconsistent separation, or even overlapping of highest-FRBD-layers emerged between the two dominant species. Correlation analyses showed that negative correlations of FRBD between the two species mainly occurred in those soil layers with relatively higher FRBD and lower SWC. In contrast, positive correlations corresponded with relatively lower FRBD and higher SWC.     

Distribution and interspecific correlation of root biomass density in an arid Elaeagnus angustifolia–Achnatherum splendens community

Main objective of this study was to determine the interspecific relationships between two dominant species in terms of root distribution in a typical arid tree-herbage (Elaeagnus angustifolia–Achnatherum splendens) community at Xidatan, Pingluo County, Ningxia Autonomous Region, Northwest China. Eight concentric zones (namely, Z1–Z8) were set from the bases of E. angustifolia individuals to the open lands and five soil profiles were excavated in each zone. Each soil profile was divided into five layers at the depths of 0–10 cm, 10–30 cm, 30–60 cm, 60–100 cm and 100–150 cm. Roots were collected for each species, and soil water content (SWC) and soil bulk density (SBD) were measured for each layer. We found noteworthy roots layer separation in the sub-canopy zones (Z1–Z4). The soil layers with highest fine root biomass density (FRBD) of A. splendens was primarily in the 0–10 cm, which were significantly shallower than those of E. angustifolia; whereas in the inter-canopy zones (Z5–Z8), inconsistent separation, or even overlapping of highest-FRBD-layers emerged between the two dominant species. Correlation analyses showed that negative correlations of FRBD between the two species mainly occurred in those soil layers with relatively higher FRBD and lower SWC. In contrast, positive correlations corresponded with relatively lower FRBD and higher SWC.     

Long-term warming effects on root morphology, root mass distribution, and microbial activity in two dry tundra plant communities in northern Sweden

Effects of warming on root morphology, root mass distribution and microbial activity were studied in organic and mineral soil layers in two alpine ecosystems over>10 yr, using open-top chambers, in Swedish Lapland. Root mass was estimated using soil cores. Washed roots were scanned and sorted into four diameter classes, for which variables including root mass (g dry matter (g DM) m(-2)), root length density (RLD; cm cm(-3) soil), specific root length (SRL; m g DM(-1)), specific root area (SRA; m2 kg DM(-1)), and number of root tips m(-2) were determined. Nitrification (NEA) and denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) in the top 10 cm of soil were measured. Soil warming shifted the rooting zone towards the upper soil organic layer in both plant communities. In the dry heath, warming increased SRL and SRA of the finest roots in both soil layers, whereas the dry meadow was unaffected. Neither NEA nor DEA exhibited differences attributable to warming. Tundra plants may respond to climate change by altering their root morphology and mass while microbial activity may be unaffected. This suggests that carbon may be incorporated in tundra soils partly as a result of increases in the mass of the finer roots if temperatures rise.     

Root distribution and morphology of maize seedlings as affected by tillage and fertilizer placement

Suboptimal soil conditions are known to result in poor early growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in no-tillage (NT) systems in contrast with conventional tillage (CT) systems. However, most studies have generally focused on maize roots at later growth stages and/or do not give details on root morphology. In a 2-year field study at two locations (silt loam and loam soils) in the Swiss midlands, we investigated the impacts of tillage intensity, NT vs. CT, and NP-fertilizer sidebanding on the morphology, vertical and horizontal distribution, and nutrient uptake of maize roots at the V6 growth stage. The length density (RLD) and the length per diameter-class distribution (LDD) of the roots were determined from soil cores taken to a depth of 0.5 m and at distances of 0.05 and 0.15 m from both sides of the maize row. The temperature of the topsoil was lower, and the bulk density and penetration resistance were greater in the topsoil of NT compared with CT. The growth and the development of the shoot were slower in NT. RLD was greater and the mean root diameter smaller in CT than in NT, while the vertical and horizontal distribution of roots did not differ between CT and NT. RLD increased in the zone enriched by the sidebanded fertilizer, independent of the tillage system, but LDD did not change. The poorer growth of the roots and shoots of maize seedlings was presumably caused by the lower topsoil temperature in NT rather than by mechanical impedance. The placement of a starter fertilizer at planting under NT is emphasized.     

施入不同土层的秸秆腐殖化特征及对玉米产量的影响

耕作和秸秆还田是打破犁底层、改善黑土肥力的重要措施.本研究利用田间试验,分析了耕作和秸秆还田对秸秆腐殖化系数、总有机质含量(SOC)和玉米产量的影响.结果表明:深耕+秸秆施入20～35 cm(ST+S)能够打破犁底层,与浅耕(TT)、深耕(ST)和浅耕+秸秆还田(TT+S)相比,试验6年间土壤容重平均降低了5.7%、3.3%和5.7%,其中ST和ST+S试验第一年效果最好;试验6年后秸秆腐解率表现为0～20 cm土层(72.0%)>20～35 cm土层(59.2%);0～20和20～35 cm土层秸秆腐殖化系数在试验的第一年达到了最大值,分别为15.9%和12.7%;与初始土壤相比,TT、ST和ST+S处理0～20 cm土层SOC和轻组有机碳(LFOC)含量呈下降趋势,而TT+S处理分别增加了2.9%和12.4%,ST+S处理20～35 cm土层分别增加了9.2%和9.9%;对玉米产量的影响表现为ST+S>TT+S>ST>TT,耕作和秸秆还田的时间效应明显,其中ST处理玉米产量的影响可以持续3年,而ST+S处理可以持续6年.因此,通过耕作的方式将秸秆施入20～35 cm土层是一种有效的、可持续改善黑土质量的农业措施.     

长期模拟升温对崇明东滩湿地土壤微生物生物量的影响

以崇明东滩芦苇湿地为对象,采用开顶室生长箱(Open top chambers OTCs)原位模拟大气升温试验,研究了连续升温8a对崇明东滩湿地0—40cm土层土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量的影响。结果表明:连续升温显著提高了崇明东滩湿地土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量,从土壤表层到深层(0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40cm),微生物生物量碳分别增加了39.32%、70.79%、65.20%、74.09%,微生物生物量氮分别增加了66.46%、178.27%、47.24%、64.11%。但升温对土壤微生物生物量的影响因不同土层和不同季节并未表现出统一的规律,长期模拟升温显著提高4月0—20cm土层和7月0—40cm土层微生物生物量碳氮含量,对10月0—40cm土层微生物生物量碳含量没有影响,但是显著提高了10月0—40cm土层微生物生物量氮含量,同时,微生物生物量碳氮比在7月也显著提高。相关分析表明:无论在升温条件还是在对照条件下,土壤温度、含水量、总氮与土壤微生物生物量碳氮及微生物生物量碳氮比均无相关关系,升温条件下,有机碳与微生物生物量碳氮含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著正相关,但是在对照条件下有机碳与微生物生物量碳氮含量以及微生物生物量碳氮比呈显著负相关。因此,土壤有机碳是影响土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量对长期模拟升温响应的重要生态因子。     

Simulated climate change affecting microorganisms,nematode density and biodiversity in subarctic soils

Arctic terrestrial ecosystems are strongly dominated by temperature, and global warming is expected to have a particularly strong impact in high latitudes. The Arctic will therefore be an important region for early detection of global change. In the present study the effects of environmental manipulations simulating climate change on soil microorganisms and nematode populations were investigated. Study sites were a dwarf shrub dominated tree-line heath (450 m a.s.l.) and a high altitude fellfield (1150 m a.s.l.) at Abisko, Swedish Lapland. Soil temperature was enhanced by using passive greenhouses and the impact on soil organisms with and without NPK fertilizer addition was assessed. The nematode community was strongly affected by warming and nutrient application. Population density was twice as high for all treatments at the fellfield as compared to controls. At the heath temperature enhancement with or without fertilizer application also led to a doubling of the population density, whereas fertilization alone caused an increase of about one third. The environmental manipulations resulted in a greater microbial biomass C and active fungal biomass in the heath soil. Increased density was also recorded for bacterial and fungal feeding nematodes at both sites. The results suggest that nematodes have an important impact on microbial biomass and turnover rates in the two subarctic systems. Elevated soil temperature apparently will lead to increased grazing on microorganisms, contributing to enhanced net N and P mineralization rates and plant nutrient availability. However, biodiversity was generally affected negatively by the environmental manipulations. The effects were more severe at the high altitude fellfield indicating that the influence of elevated temperature will be more pronounced in systems already stressed by extreme climatic conditions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

藏北高寒草甸根系生物量与碳氮分布格局及关联特征

根系生物量的分布格局及其与土壤环境因子的关系对草地保护与退化草地恢复研究有重要意义。以藏北当雄县的高寒草甸为研究对象,在三个海拔上（4300、4500、4700 m）对2011年0-50 cm的群落根系生物量、根碳氮含量、土壤碳含量（SOC、DOC、MBC）、氮含量（DTN、MBN、TN）、碳氮比（MBC/MBN、SOC/TN）、pH、电导率进行了测定,以期探讨藏北高寒草甸根系生物量与碳氮的分布格局及其关联特征。结果表明：（1）土壤中所测量的各种形式的碳氮含量均随着土壤深度的增大呈下降趋势,0-50 cm的DOC和SOC都随海拔的升高呈上升趋势。（2）随土壤深度的增加,根系生物量呈指数下降。随海拔的增加,根系生物量越集中分布于上层土壤,下层土壤根系生物量分布越少且变化趋于平缓。（3）根系生物量与所测的碳氮指标、电导率呈正相关关系,与pH呈负相关关系。根系氮库是影响根系生物量分布格局的主要因素,而pH值、电导率及土壤碳氮指标是影响根系生物量分布格局的重要因素。     

不同耕作措施对冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作系统土壤有机碳和水分利用效率的影响

在连续8年田间定位试验的基础上,分析了关中平原冬小麦 夏玉米复种连作系统2008—2009年连续两个生长季期间不同耕作措施(结合秸秆还田和不还田)对土壤有机碳和水分利用率的影响.结果表明: 相对于传统耕作,保护性耕作有利于土壤有机碳、水分利用效率和作物产量的提高,其中在“深松+秸秆还田”耕作模式下的增幅最高,土壤有机碳含量在0～30 cm土层增幅达到19.5%,水分利用效率和作物产量提高了16.9%和20.5%,而免耕模式则有效提高了0～10 cm土层有机碳含量.在该地区土壤和气候条件下,深松结合秸秆粉碎还田是最理想的耕作模式,最有利于土壤有机碳累积,并提高水分利用效率和作物产量.     

不同森林类型根系分布与土壤性质的关系

在红壤丘陵区选取8种典型森林类型,对不同土层深度、不同径级的根长密度分布特征、根长分维数,以及根系特征与土壤容重、有机碳、全氮的关系进行了研究。结果表明:马尾松低效林根长密度最小,杉木低效林和湿地松林较大,表层土壤根长密度与灌草覆盖度显著相关(r=0.793,P<0.05)。各种森林类型的根长密度随着土壤深度的增加均表现为递减规律,但随深度的增加,不同森林类型的差异逐步缩小,且植物种类及生长状况对根长密度分布的影响越来越小。在相同的土层中,根长密度随径级的变化并不一致,马尾松低效林0相似文献