强大小蠹植物源引诱剂林间应用技术

20 0 1～ 2 0 0 2年在山西省榆次区庆城林场对自行研制生产的强大小蠹DendroctomusvalensLeConte植物引诱剂诱芯和诱捕器在林间的应用技术进行了研究 ,并在山西省的 1 3个县、林场悬挂 2 0 0 0个诱捕器开展了强大小蠹发生期监测和大面积诱杀防治推广试验工作。结果显示 ,该诱捕技术对强大小蠹成虫有较好的诱捕效果 ,2 0 0 0个诱捕器在成虫羽化期 61d共诱到大小蠹成虫近 2 0万头 ,可明显降低当代成虫虫口密度。试验表明 ,诱虫数量随林地虫口密度增加而增大 ,诱捕器设置高度对诱虫量有一定影响 ,以悬挂在主干下端距地面 5～ 1 0cm处效果最好。诱捕器之间水平距离建议间隔 1 0 0m为好。     

强大小蠹的简要形态学特征和生物学特征

强大小蠹Ｄ.ｖａｌｅｎｓＬｅｃｏｎｔｅ,俗名红脂大小蠹ＲｅｄＴｕｒｐｅｎｔｉｎｅＢａｒｋＢｅｅｔｌｅ是重要的松树害虫,它对树种的选择不严格,能危害多种松树,为了便于识别,特将其形态学特征和生物学特征加以阐述。形态学特征　体长53～83ｍｍ,平均约73ｍｍ,体长为体...     

脐腹小蠹聚集信息素的提取鉴定和引诱效果

为了确定脐腹小蠹Scolytus schevyrewi Semenov的聚集信息素成分,对脐腹小蠹成虫后肠和虫粪的挥发物进行了提取鉴定和引诱试验。经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)鉴定,结果表明:雌成虫后肠挥发物成分有十四烷、十五烷、十六烷、十八烷、十九烷、十二酸和十四酸,其中十四酸含量最高,达到了42.2%;雄成虫后肠挥发物成分有十一烷、十四烷、十五烷、十六烷、十八烷和十九烷,十六烷(23.3%)和十九烷(21.5%)含量最多;雌成虫虫粪挥发物成分有十一烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷、十八烷和十九烷,十九烷含量最高,为29.9%;雄成虫虫粪挥发物成分有庚烷、十一烷、十二烷、十四烷、十六烷、十八烷、二十二烷和二十三烷,庚烷(20.5%)相对含量最多。此外,借助触角电位仪测定了脐腹小蠹雌雄虫触角对这些单一物质刺激的反应,结果显示,触角电位相对值较大的为十二酸、十四酸和十八烷。雌雄间比较发现十二酸、十四酸和十九烷刺激后雌雄间触角电位相对值差异达到了显著水平(P0.05)。田间诱捕结果显示,十二酸、十四酸、十九烷对脐腹小蠹的引诱数量雌雄间差异性达到了显著水平(P0.05),成虫诱捕总量最多的是十八烷,诱捕量达32.1头,其后诱捕量较多的为十二酸(24.1头)和十四酸(22.7头)。可以推断,十八烷、十九烷、十二酸和十四酸是脐腹小蠹聚集信息素的主要成分。     

云南切梢小蠹对初侵害云南松挥发物的电生理和行为反应

云南切梢小蠹Tomicus yunnanensis(Kirkendall and Faccoli)是一种蛀害云南松Pinus yunnanensis的本土害虫.为深入了解其寄主选择机制,用顶空动态法和浸提法分别提取了初侵染云南松针叶和松脂的挥发性化合物,并用气相色谱-质谱联用技术(GC-MS)、气相色谱-昆虫触角电位测量系统(GC-EAD)、生测法鉴定和筛选了对云南切梢小蠹具有活性功能的成分.结果表明:云南松针叶和松脂中共有18种化合物,均为萜烯类物质,但两者化学成分的构成有显著差异.针叶中单萜类占99.98％,主要是 α-蒎烯(80.82％)、β-蒎烯(8.78％)、D-柠檬烯(4.77％)、莰烯(2.86％)和β-月桂烯(1.42％),而松脂以单萜类和双萜类为主,前者以α-蒎烯(21.38％)、3-蒈烯(21.42％)和异松油烯(2.78％)为主要成分,后者仅有长叶松酸(51.13％)一种.云南切梢小蠹对α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、γ-萜品烯和4-烯丙基苯甲醚有触角电位反应,其中α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和γ-萜品烯具引诱作用,4-烯丙基苯甲醚和β-蒎烯则为驱避功能.研究可为开发植物源引诱剂或与性信息素结合进行种群监测和诱杀提供科学依据.     

利用信息化学物质研究松树小蠹虫的扬飞规律

于2005～2006年在辽宁省千山利用信息化学物质野外诱捕黄色梢小蠹Gryphalus fulvus、红松根小蠹Hylastes plumbeus、横坑切梢小蠹Tomicus minor及纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda成虫,结果显示:这4种小蠹在4月18日至8月10日期间都明显出现2次扬飞高峰。第1次扬飞高峰持续均为30d左右,第2次扬飞高峰期约为15d;黄色梢小蠹和红松根小蠹第1次扬飞高峰期在5月上中旬出现,第2次扬飞高峰期分别在7月中下旬和上中旬;横坑切梢小蠹与纵坑切梢小蠹的扬飞高峰期基本一致,第1次扬飞高峰期为4月下旬到5月上旬,第2次扬飞高峰在7月上中旬;结果同时还表明诱虫量第1次扬飞高峰一般都明显大于第2次,只是黄色梢小蠹在首次利用信息化学物质进行监测且密度较高时例外。     

警惕检疫性有害生物亚利桑那齿小蠹入侵中国

亚利桑那齿小蠹Ips leconte为我国进境植物检疫性有害生物,对松属等植物的危害性很大。本文主要介绍了亚利桑那齿小蠹的分类地位、形态特征、生物性特性等信息。并与亚利桑那齿小蠹的近似种进行了简要的鉴别比较。该虫在我国尚无分布,对进一步研究亚利桑那齿小蠹具有重要的参考意义,并对其入侵我国的威胁提出预警。     

板栗害虫--小滑材小蠹的初步观察及防治

１９９７年春,沙县板栗试验场２０ｈｍ～２的二年生板栗树开始抽梢展绿,可是还有几百株树却迟迟不见萌芽现绿。我们现场检查发现这些树多已枯死,稍微-推在离地面１０-３０ｃｍｄ处的主干即断裂,断裂处均是交错蛀空的虫道、虫室,虫室中有一种甲虫及其幼虫、卵、蛹。把主干纵向剖开,也有众多的虫道、虫室和甲虫的成虫、幼虫、卵、蛹。我们随即对已经萌发抽梢的板栗树进行调查,发现许多树的主干上有数量不等的虫孔,株受害率高达７７．６％。该虫的危害特点,是由于成虫蛀空了主干木质部造成水分、养分无法输导,而导致全株枯死。该甲虫…     

几种化合物对松纵坑切梢小蠹的引诱试验

<正> 云南松Pinus yunnanesis Franch是云南省的主要乡土造林及用材树种。近年来,由于气候异常和经营管理不善,使部分松林遭到破坏,林木长势极度衰弱,导致松纵坑切梢小蠹Tomicus piniperda(L.)猖獗危害。1988年全省受害面积达80万亩。使用聚集信息素来检疫、监测虫情和野外诱捕,以及同各种有引诱性的诱饵相配合使用来降低虫口密度,是目前国内外害虫综合防治的新技术。傅辉恩等用外激素粗提物对光臀八齿小蠹Ips nitidusEggers、云杉大小蠹Dendroctonus micansKug等进行了引诱试验,取得较好效果。周嘉     

外来入侵害虫红脂大小蠹对寄主挥发物的反应

2002年,利用寄主挥发性物质(+)-α-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和(-)柠檬烯按不同配比制成诱芯,采用自行研制的挥发物释放装置,在山西省关帝山森林经营局西葫芦林场对危害油松Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.的重大外来入侵林业害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctomus valens LeConte进行了引诱试验。结果表明,3蒈烯对红脂大小蠹的引诱作用最强,明显优于单独使用(+)-α-蒎烯和(-)-β-蒎烯的诱虫效果,也比北美应用的标准诱芯［(+)- α蒎烯(-)-β-蒎烯与3-蒈烯的比例为1∶1∶1］效果好;在标准诱芯中加入油松另一主要成分-(-)柠檬烯会明显降低诱虫效果。红脂大小蠹引诱剂最佳释放量为150 mg/d。该研究不仅对我国红脂大小蠹的监控具有实际应用意义,也从理论上探讨了红脂大小蠹与寄主油松协同进化的化学生态学过程。     

厦门口岸进境原木截获的小蠹科害虫调查

【背景】小蠹虫是国际贸易中重要的钻蛀害虫,也是全国口岸主要截获害虫之一。【方法】本文对2010~2014年厦门口岸进境原木中截获的小蠹科害虫的寄主、来源国家、截获次数进行了统计分析,并编制了截获小蠹种类检索表,提出了口岸检疫要点。【结果】截获的小蠹害虫种类主要有长林小蠹、赤材小蠹、十二齿小蠹和南部松齿小蠹等,主要来源于澳大利亚,新西兰和巴西等国家,寄主主要有辐射松,樟子松,湿地松和海岸松等种类。【结论与意义】本研究可为一线口岸检疫查验提供指导。     

Mitochondrial COI gene transfers to the nuclear genome of Dendroctonus valens and its implications

Mitochondrial gene transfer to the nuclear genome could affect the accuracy of results in population genetics and evolutionary studies using mitochondrial gene markers. In a population genetics study of the red turpentine beetle (Dendroctonus valens), an invasive species in China, we found numerous ambiguous sites existing in the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI) gene sequences obtained directly from polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products amplified from total genomic DNA using universal primers. By comparing the profiles of restriction endonuclease digestions and the sequences of PCR products amplified from mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA of the same individuals, we confirmed it was a phenomenon of mitochondrial gene transfer to the nuclear genome. Large numbers of COI pseudogenes were detected in this species. According to different levels of condon position bias and phylogenetic analysis, these should have originated from independent integration events. The impact of nuclear mitochondrial DNA sequences on population genetics analyses was discussed.     

Genetic diversity and biogeography of red turpentine beetle Dendroctonus valens in its native and invasive regions

Sequences of 479 bp region of the mitochondrial COI gene were applied to detect population genetic diversity and structure of Dendroctonus valens populations. By comparing the genetic diversity between native and invasive populations, it was shown that the genetic diversity of Chinese populations was obviously lower than that of native populations with both indices of haplotype diversity and Nei's genetic diversity, suggesting genetic bottleneck occurred in the invasive process of D. valens , and was then followed by a relatively quick population buildup. According to phylogenetic analyses of haplotypes, we suggested that the origin of the Chinese population was from California, USA. Phylogenetic and network analysis of native populations of D. valens revealed strong genetic structure at two distinct spatial and temporal scales in North America. The main cause resulting in current biogeographic pattern was supposedly due to recycled glacial events. Meanwhile, a cryptic species might exist in the Mexican and Guatemalan populations.     

红脂大小蠹入侵机制与化学生态学研究

红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte是近来入侵我国的重大林业害虫,入侵山西后迅速在相邻省份扩展蔓延。文章围绕作者对红脂大小蠹入侵来源地、暴发机制以及红脂大小蠹化学生态学等领域开展的研究工作进展进行了总结。历史资料记载和分子证据均支持红脂大小蠹由北美(美国西海岸)地区传入。松树萜烯类化合物是红脂大小蠹寻找适合寄主的重要信号物质,近期在北美和中国几个地区同时开展的研究,确认了3-蒈烯对红脂大小蠹具有最强引诱作用,该研究结果简化和修正了先前北美一直使用的3组分植物源引诱剂配方;在筛选有效引诱成分的基础上,开展了引诱剂定量缓释载体的研究,该释放载体已经被授权专利,并得到广泛推广应用。红脂大小蠹信息素一直没有得到鉴定,近来通过对红脂大小蠹后肠提取物的分析,分离鉴定了5种电生理和行为上有生物活性的萜烯类氧化物,其中有3个组分对红脂大小蠹植物源引诱剂具有增效作用。在驱避剂方面,研究证实了马鞭草烯酮以及非寄主挥发物对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用。同时,研究证明,马鞭草烯酮对红脂大小蠹的作用存在剂量效应。目前,作者正开展红脂大小蠹-共生菌-寄主松树三者相互关系以及红脂大小蠹与土著种之间化学通讯等方面的研究,以期阐明红脂大小蠹的入侵性及暴发机制,寻求更有效的控制途径。     

Immunocompetence of the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae): Variation between developmental stages and sexes in populations in China

Immune defense imposes fitness costs as well as benefits, so organisms should optimize, not maximize, their immune function through their life cycle. We investigated this issue in the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), which is a pine-killing invasive beetle in China, though it is usually considered as a secondary pest in its native range of North America. We hypothesized that pathogen pressure may affect these beetles differently throughout their life history. We measured the insect's immunocompetence throughout life, determining encapsulation ability and phenoloxidase activity in larval stages, pupae and adults. Pupae had the highest encapsulation ability, but encapsulation was not different between final instar larvae and adults. Phenoloxidase (PO) activity was highest in final instar larvae and pupae, followed by the second instar larvae and adults. Total phenoloxidase activity increased significantly from the second instar larval stage to pupae, and then decreased in adults. Although the second instar larvae had the lowest phenoloxidase activity, more than 90% of total PO existed in the hemolymph in the form of the active enzyme, as compared with pupae, in which over 60% of PO occurred as a proenzyme. Both active PO and total PO were much higher in females than in males, though no significant differences were detected between the encapsulation ability of male and female adults. This result suggests the existence of a sexual dimorphism of immunocompetence in D. valens adults. Variations in immunocompetence across developmental stages suggest that D. valens adopts diverse investment strategies in immunocompetence during different stages. Potential reasons for variation in immunocompetence among developmental stages and between the sexes of D. valens are discussed.     

The role of semiochemicals in tritrophic interactions between the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus, its predators and infested spruce

Abstract:  Semiochemical interactions between the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus , its predators Medetera setiventris , Thanasimus formicarius and Thanasimus femoralis , and the host Norway spruce, Picea abies , were studied in the field. The chemicals S - cis -verbenol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, ipsdienol, (+)- α -pinene, (−)- α -pinene, (±)- α -pinene, limonene, camphor and their naturally occuring mixtures were used as trap baits in a multiple-choice design that allowed for comparison of their attractivity for the focal species. Medetera was attracted to both the prey aggregation pheromone and its multifunctional component, ipsdienol. On the contrary, both Thanasimus species responded predominantly to ipsdienol and less to the prey aggregation pheromone. In the case of I. typographus , the attractivity of aggregation pheromone seems to be increased by the addition of a mixture of monoterpenic tree volatiles, and by addition of ipsdienol. Bark beetles and predators showed species-specific responses to volatile mixtures representing different stages of tree decay and different stages of bark beetle colony establishment. These responses correlates with the optimal foraging habitat of each species. None of the predator species responded to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a substantial component of I. typographus pheromonal bouquet, thus it is hypothesized that only substances of monoterpenic origin attract predators.     

Testing semiochemicals from aphid,plant and conspecific: attraction of Harmonia axyridis

Abstract Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is an invasive specie affecting the dynamics and composition of several guilds. Nowadays, no biological control method is available to reduce the populations of this harmful coccinellid. Attractants and semiochemicals seem to be the best alternative but only few studies have tested the impact of semiochemicals on this Asian lady beetle. In this work, through wind‐tunnel experiments, semiochemicals from aphids (Z,E‐nepetalactone, [E]‐β‐farnesene, α‐pinene and β‐pinene), from coccinellids ([‐]‐β‐caryophyllene) and from the nettle Urtica dioica L. were evaluated as potential attractants. The nettle volatile compounds ([Z]‐3‐hexenol and [E]‐2‐hexenal) were extracted using a Clevenger Apparatus^® and identified by headspace gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. In the wind‐tunnel experiments, the main components of the aphid alarm pheromone as well as a component of the aphid sexual pheromone strongly attracted both sexes of the Asian lady beetle while (‐)‐β‐caryophyllene only attracted few individuals and had no impact on the males. The nettle extract as well as the (Z)‐3‐hexenol oriented both males and females to the odor source. The (E)‐2‐hexenal was shown to have no effect on females even if this green leaf volatile attracted males. Because Z,E‐nepetalactone was identified as the most efficient attractant in the wind‐tunnel experiments, this volatile was also tested in a potato field where H. axyridis has been showed to respond to this semiochemical. This study highlighted that Z,E‐nepetalactone orientated the Asian lady beetle H. axyridis under natural conditions, indicating that this volatile compound could certainly help for an efficient biological control approach against this invasive specie.     

An electroantennogram apparatus for testing the activity of semiochemicals on the olive beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (Coleoptera: Scolytidae): first recordings of the response to ethylene

Abstract. An electroantennogram (EAG) apparatus for testing the activity of pheromones of the olive beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides , is described. This inexpensive device is suitable for whole antennal recording from scolytids. The modification of the amplifier and sample injection system, described previously, eliminate parasitic noise and improve the recording of the EAG signal.
Results from previous studies revealed significant beetle attraction to a source releasing ethylene. Serial solutions of 2-chloro-ethyl phosphonic acid were tested, and 10% acetic acid served as a standard.
A significant variation in amplitude of depolarization was found among the different concentrations of 2-chloro-ethyl phosphonic acid tested. Maximum depolarization was elicited at a concentration of 0.1% in both males and females. In general, no statistical differences in responses were found between males and females, but females showed a significantly lower threshold of response.     

Larval secretions and food odors affect orientation in femalePlodia interpunctella

Substrates contaminated by wandering fifth instar larvae ofPlodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) elicit oviposition by conspecific female moths, and larval rearing diet enhances oviposition and also induces upwind flight. Two-choice oviposition assays determined that four-day-old gravid femaleP. interpunctella preferred to lay eggs on dishes containing cornmeal-based rearing diet compared to empty dishes. Pieces of cheesecloth contaminated by fifth instar larvae elicited more oviposition than untreated cheesecloth or dishes with food. The combination of larval contamination and food was preferred over food only or larval contamination only in both two- and four-choice experiments. The factor(s) in larval contamination responsible for eliciting oviposition in female moths was extracted in hexane, confirming that organic semiochemicals are responsible for the effect. The oviposition-eliciting activity of larval contamination was retained on cheesecloth for up to 30 days following treatment with larvae, suggesting the active component(s) is stable and of low relative volatility. In two-choice windtunnel bioassays female moths initiated flight only when rearing food was present in one of the treatments, and they displayed the highest landing responses to a combination of larval contamination and food. Earlier work onP. interpunctella and related pyralid species found that larval contamination due to secretions from the mandibular glands acted as both a spacing pheromone for wandering larvae and as a kairomone for host-seeking parasitoid wasps. The present study suggests that the same or a similar secretion acts as an oviposition-eliciting pheromone for conspecific females.     

Turbulence, trees and semiochemicals: wind-tunnel orientation of the predator, Rhizophagus grandis, to its barkbeetle prey, Dendroctonus micans

Abstract. Insects apparently responding to the visual stimulus offered by a tree or other object may also be responding to the variety of physical effects caused by the obstruction, including turbulence, a reduction in wind velocity and eddies. The relative importance of prey odour associated with the bark beetle Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) (Scolytidae), prey-host-tree odour, silhouette, and physical barrier to the wind, in the orientation and landing behaviour of a predatory beetle, Rhizophagus grandis Gyllenhall (Rhizophagidae), were investigated. R. grandis responded very positively to the frass of its prey when presented on a 'tree' but not to the same quantity of frass presented alone. Frass on black plastic uPVC pipes was significantly more attractive than frass on real host tree logs, suggesting that host-tree volatiles do not enhance the attractiveness of prey frass.
The beetles responded to 'transparent' Mylar three-dimensional cylinders in the same way as they did to the black plastic pipes. Beetles were also tested with frass and two-dimensional stimuli offering a visual stimulus or physical barrier alone or in combination. Frass with a two-dimensional visual stimulus was no better than frass alone: few insects landed. Significantly more insects were attracted to the same two-dimensional visual stimulus with a hidden upwind barrier producing turbulence, but a similar number were attracted to the frass in front of a hidden barrier alone. As many plants are similar in size to the logs used in these experiments, comparable effects might influence the behaviour of other phytophagous insects, their predators and parasitoids.